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Virtual Anthropology: A guide to a new interdisciplinary field [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 423 pages, kõrgus x laius: 279x210 mm, kaal: 1408 g, XXII, 423 p. With online files/update., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2010
  • Kirjastus: Springer Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 321148647X
  • ISBN-13: 9783211486474
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Virtual Anthropology: A guide to a new interdisciplinary fieldSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 423 pages, kõrgus x laius: 279x210 mm, kaal: 1408 g, XXII, 423 p. With online files/update., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2010
  • Kirjastus: Springer Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 321148647X
  • ISBN-13: 9783211486474
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783211486474.html
Märksõnad:
This first textbook for "Virtual Anthropology", a new branch of science that combines elements from such different fields as anthropology, radiology, forensics, mathematics, and computer science, is intended to be used by all kinds of students from biological to medical and technical fields as well as by teachers, journalists, and interested laymen. The content spans from an introduction into the discipline over medical imaging and digitising techniques, the analysis and reconstruction of morphology based on spatial geometry of biological objects, to many examples of real applications and future perspectives for researchers. Readers are not stressed with a flood of technical details but rather introduced step by step into the methods of operation to particularly understand their relevance for research and society. Readers are likewise encouraged to have a go on their own using the enclosed DVD that contains instructive exercises, answers, links to free software, and 2D and 3D data to make the first steps.

This volume details Virtual Anthropology, a new branch of science that combines elements from such different fields as anthropology, radiology, forensics, mathematics, and computer science. It offers an ideal introduction into the discipline. Coverage details medical imaging and digitizing techniques as well as the analysis and reconstruction of morphology based on spatial geometry of biological objects. Many examples of real applications and future perspectives are featured throughout the volume. In addition, an accompanying DVD contains instructive exercises, answers, links to free software, and 2D and 3D data, allowing readers to take their first steps into the subject. The volume carefully walks readers, step-by-step into the methods of operation to particularly understand their relevance for research and society. It is ideal for all kinds of students from biological to medical and technical fields as well as by teachers, journalists, and interested laymen.

Muu info

Enter a new world
Extra Online Material xv
1 Virtual Anthropology: A new interdisciplinary field of science
1(36)
1.1 What is "Virtual Anthropology"?
2(9)
1.1.1 Taung 1, the first australopithecine
5(1)
1.1.2 Digitise
6(1)
1.1.3 Expose
6(1)
1.1.4 Compare
7(1)
1.1.5 Reconstruct
8(2)
1.1.6 Materialise
10(1)
1.1.7 Share
10(1)
1.2 Virtual Anthropology is a multidisciplinary approach
11(18)
1.2.1 Medical imaging
11(6)
1.2.2 Computer science
17(3)
1.2.3 Statistical science
20(1)
1.2.4 Rapid prototyping (RP)
21(1)
1.2.5 Physical anthropology
22(7)
1.3 Working with virtual objects
29(5)
1.3.1 Virtual environments
29(3)
1.3.2 About real and virtual objects
32(2)
1.4 The Virtual Anthropology lab
34(3)
2 Mapping the physical world: Digitise
37(72)
2.1 Ways of recording
38(1)
2.2 The nature of measurements in biology
39(9)
2.2.1 Anthropometry -- some classic approaches
42(1)
2.2.2 The turn to images as data
43(4)
2.2.3 From projected geometry back to 3D geometry
47(1)
2.3 Volume scanning
48(47)
2.3.1 Computed tomography (CT)
49(7)
2.3.2 Micro-CT (μCT, Industrial CT)
56(3)
2.3.3 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
59(8)
2.3.4 Data volumes and voxels
67(4)
2.3.5 Grey values and thresholds
71(6)
2.3.6 Data files and formats
77(4)
2.3.7 Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction
81(6)
2.3.8 Effects and artefacts
87(6)
2.3.9 Some considerations for CT scans of bones and fossils
93(2)
2.4 Surface scanning
95(9)
2.4.1 Contact scanners
97(2)
2.4.2 Contact-free scanner
99(3)
2.4.3 Data files and formats
102(2)
2.5 Other sliced data
104(1)
2.6 Finite element analysis (FEA)
105(4)
3 Looking inside: Expose
109(60)
3.1 Externalise the interior
110(3)
3.2 The Tyrolean Iceman
113(5)
3.3 Methodological considerations
118(11)
3.3.1 Data
118(1)
3.3.2 Segmentation
118(9)
3.3.3 Morphological filtering
127(2)
3.4 "Expose" applied to studies in human evolution and medicine
129(40)
3.4.1 Virtual endocasts
129(22)
3.4.2 Electronic preparation (e-preparation)
151(7)
3.4.3 How good are measurements on virtual specimens?
158(6)
3.4.4 From the sense of balance to mummies and murderers
164(5)
4 Using numbers: Compare
169(62)
4.1 Introduction and reader's guide
170(4)
4.1.1 Overview
170(2)
4.1.2 Historical notes and recommended readings
172(2)
4.2 A necessary philosophical prologue: What sort of quantitative science is VA?
174(3)
4.3 The underlying quantitative methodology
177(13)
4.3.1 Labelled locations as data
178(4)
4.3.2 One single pattern analysis
182(8)
4.4 The basic tools of geometric morphometrics for VA
190(15)
4.4.1 The distances of geometric morphometrics
190(3)
4.4.2 Procrustes shape coordinates and their subspaces
193(7)
4.4.3 The thin-plate spline in 2D and 3D
200(5)
4.5 An extended practical application
205(26)
4.5.1 Trimming the sample
207(6)
4.5.2 A sample of 22 configurations of 20 landmarks, and its pattern analysis
213(11)
4.5.3 Semilandmarks: representation and information content of curving form
224(7)
5 Missing data: Reconstruct
231(64)
5.1 Taphonomy and the need for reconstruction
232(3)
5.2 Considerations about reconstruction
235(19)
5.2.1 Disturbances of the form of an object
235(4)
5.2.2 The value of reconstructions
239(3)
5.2.3 Towards solutions for reconstruction problems
242(12)
5.3 Physical reconstruction in anthropology
254(12)
5.4 Virtual reconstruction
266(29)
5.4.1 Reconstructions mainly based on anatomical reconstruction
268(9)
5.4.2 Reference-based reconstruction
277(13)
5.4.3 Some final remarks on virtual reconstruction
290(5)
6 Back to the real world: Materialise
295(32)
6.1 Data sources for morphological studies
296(8)
6.1.1 Originals and conventional casts
297(4)
6.1.2 Rapid prototyping models
301(3)
6.2 Rapid prototyping processes
304(11)
6.2.1 Stereolithography (STL, SL)
307(5)
6.2.2 Fused deposition modelling (FDM)
312(1)
6.2.3 Selective laser sintering (SLS)
313(1)
6.2.4 3D Printing
314(1)
6.3 RP Applications
315(12)
7 Collaborate at the speed of light: Share
327(28)
7.1 Networked research
328(1)
7.2 Accessibility of specimens
329(8)
7.3 Information and data
337(3)
7.4 Data categories of potential importance for VA archives
340(3)
7.5 Data archives
343(4)
7.5.1 Access
343(1)
7.5.2 Incentive to publish
344(1)
7.5.3 Structure
345(1)
7.5.4 Curation and its costs
346(1)
7.6 Glasnost for paleoanthropology
347(8)
8 Views into the future
355(10)
8.1 What can Virtual Anthropology change?
356(2)
8.1.1 Our view on the situation of anthropology at present (early 2010)
356(1)
8.1.2 A perspective on collaboration
357(1)
8.2 Cross-disciplinary research calls for networks
358(7)
8.2.1 EVAN, the European Virtual Anthropology Network
359(6)
Picture Credits 365(6)
Glossary 371(12)
References 383(32)
Index 415
Gerhard W. Weber is associate professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Vienna. A pioneer in digital extensions of anthropology since the early 1990s, he leads the Virtual Anthropology workgroup and the Vienna Micro-CT Lab as well as other projects at the University of Vienna towards centred on the new technology. He also established the digital@rchive of Fossil Hominoids and initiated and coordinated the EU-funded European Virtual Anthropology Network. He has been active for a decade in field work in the Afar Triangle in Ethiopia. His teaching comprises applied statistics, human evolution, and Virtual Anthropology. Fred L. Bookstein, an American, is Professor of Morphometrics at the University of Vienna and Professor of Statistics at the University of Washington, Seattle. He is the principal figure responsible for the emergence of Morphometrics over the last quarter-century as an interdisciplinary method combining medical imaging, analytic geometry, and multivariate statistics in novel tools for the analysis of biological form and its variation. The course he most enjoys teaching is Numbers and Reasons, about the origins of quantitative methods in the real world.