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Virtual Humans: Today and Tomorrow [Kõva köide]

(Prof of Higher Education Research at Coventry University, UK),
Virtual Humans provides a much-needed definition of what constitutes a virtual human and places virtual humans within the wider context of Artificial Intelligence development. It explores the technical approaches to creating a virtual human, as well as emergent issues such as embodiment, identity, agency and digital immortality, and the resulting ethical challenges. The book presents an overview of current research and practice in this area, and outlines the major challenges faced by todays developers and researchers. The book examines the possibility for using virtual humans in a variety of roles, from personal assistants to teaching, coaching and knowledge management, and the book situates these discussions around familiar applications (e.g. Siri, Cortana, Alexa) and the portrayal of virtual humans within Science Fiction.

Features











Presents a comprehensive overview of this rapidly developing field





Provides an array of relevant, real-life examples from expert practitioners and researchers from around the globe in how to create the avatar body, mind, senses and ability to communicate





Intends to be broad in scope yet practical in approach, so that it can serve the needs of several different audiences, including researchers, teachers, developers and anyone with an interest in where these technologies might take us





Covers a wide variety of issues which have been neglected in other research texts; for example, definitions and taxonomies, the ethical challenges of virtual humans and issues around digital immortality





Includes numerous examples and extensive references

Arvustused

"This book presents an overview of the present state of play with virtual humans. Appearance, attributes, communication and intelligence are all investigated, and the architectures involved are covered in detail. If you have little knowledge of what a virtual human is, but want to find out, then this is the book for you. For researchers in the virtual human field this is a definite must."

-Professor Kevin Warwick, Coventry University

"David Burden and Maggi Savin-Badens Virtual Humans offers a thorough, research-based treatment of how digital entities with human-like features and capabilities have left the domain of science fiction and are rapidly becoming a major aspect of human culture. In their clearly-written and well-organized work, they describe the current forms and abilities of virtual humans (including smart speakers and virtual assistant systems like Siri, Alexa, and Cortana and various types of Internet-based chatbots); examine how the creation of virtual bodies, senses, and minds can be combined to create virtual humans; and consider potential developments in the nature and functionality of virtual agents across a range of timeframes from the end of the next decade to the end of the century. Significantly, the authors recognize and discuss the great ethical, moral and social implications of these technological developments which makes their work relevant and important for the social sciences and humanities as well as the domains of computing and information sciences. I certainly intend to use Virtual Humans as an assigned reading in the interdisciplinary courses I teach on the personal and social impact of leading-edge digital technologies."

-Richard Gilbert, Professor of Psychology and Director of the Psychology and New Technology Research Lab, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California

"Intelligent, pragmatic and insightful, Virtual Humans is an essential guide for those who want to understand the complex landscape of todays technology when thinking about designing and building a virtual human. Helpfully, it clearly deploys a wealth of supporting analysis, case studies, research, ethical questions, and moral dilemmas and adds a refreshing dose of healthy common sense along the way."

-Nicola Strong, Strong Enterprises

List Of Figures xxi
List Of Tables xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
Authors xxvii
Introduction xxix
Section I The Landscape
Chapter 1 What Are Virtual Humans?
3(22)
Introduction
3(1)
What Is A Virtual Human
3(2)
Existing Definitions Of Virtual Human
5(1)
From Self-Driving Car To Virtual Human
6(1)
The Traits Of A Virtual Human
6(6)
Physical Or Digital?
7(1)
Visual, Auditory Or Textual?
7(1)
Embodied Or Disembodied?
8(1)
Humanoid Or Non-Humanoid?
9(1)
Natural Language Or Command-Driven Communication?
9(1)
Autonomous Or Controlled?
9(1)
Emotional Or Unemotional?
10(1)
Presence Of A Personality?
10(1)
Ability To Reason?
11(1)
Can It Learn?
11(1)
Is It Imaginative?
12(1)
Sentient Or Non-Sentient?
12(1)
Demonstrating Intelligence?
12(1)
A Virtual Human Profile
13(1)
Virtual Humanoids And Virtual Sapiens
14(2)
Towards A Working Definition
16(1)
Examples Of Virtual Humans
17(4)
Chatbots
17(1)
Autonomous Agents
18(1)
Conversational Agents
19(1)
Pedagogical Agents
20(1)
Virtual Mentors
20(1)
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning And Virtual Humans
21(1)
Conclusion
21(1)
References
22(3)
Chapter 2 Virtual Humans And Artificial Intelligence
25(24)
Introduction
25(1)
An Artificial Intelligence Landscape
26(4)
Complexity And Sophistication
26(2)
Presentation And Humanness
28(1)
Marketing Ai Versus Real Ai
28(2)
The Three Big Challenges In Al Development
30(1)
The Turing Test And Uncanny Valley
31(1)
Virtual Humans Landscape
32(1)
Artificial Intelligence Versus Augmented Intelligence
33(1)
Virtual Humans In Science Fiction
33(9)
Film And Television
33(2)
Radio
35(1)
Drama
36(1)
Literature
37(1)
Games
38(4)
Conclusion
42(1)
References
43(6)
Section II Technology
Chapter 3 Body And Senses
49(22)
Introduction
49(1)
What Makes An Avatar?
49(2)
Facial Rendering
51(2)
Facial And Speech Animation
53(1)
Hair Modelling
54(1)
Hair Shape Modelling
54(1)
Hair Dynamics
55(1)
Hair Rendering
55(1)
Body Rendering/modelling
55(1)
Body Animation/mechanics
56(1)
Clothes And Cloth Modelling
57(1)
Body Physiological Model
58(6)
Senses
60(1)
Sight
61(1)
Hearing
62(1)
Other Human Senses
63(1)
Data As A Sense
63(18)
Data From A Virtual World
63(1)
Data From A Physical World
64(1)
Data From The Cyber-World
64(1)
Conclusion
64(1)
References
65(6)
Chapter 4 Mind
71(26)
Understanding What Constitutes The Mind
71(1)
Perception
72(1)
Attention
73(2)
Appraisal, Emotion And Mood
75(2)
Personality
77(2)
Motivation, Goals And Planning
79(2)
Decision-Making, Problem-Solving And Reasoning
81(3)
World Models
82(2)
Memory
84(1)
Learning
85(2)
Imagination And Creativity
87(2)
Meta-Management And Self-Monitoring
89(1)
Conclusion
90(1)
References
91(6)
Chapter 5 Communications
97(18)
Introduction
97(1)
Communications: Non-Language Modalities
97(1)
Communications: Language-Based Modalities
98(3)
Speech Recognition
98(3)
Speech Generation (Text To Speech)
101(6)
Natural Language Understanding And Communication
103(2)
Machine Learning
105(1)
Conversation Management
105(1)
Uses And Future Developments
106(1)
Natural Language Generation
107(2)
Internal Dialogue
109(1)
Conclusion
110(1)
References
110(5)
Chapter 6 Architecture
115(28)
Introduction
115(1)
Background
115(2)
The Soar Model
117(2)
ACT-R
119(1)
Sloman's H-Cogaff Model
120(2)
OpenCOG
122(3)
Rodriguez's Neuroscience Model
125(1)
Lin's EmoCOG Architecture
126(2)
The Fearnot! Affective Mind Architecture And PSI Models
128(2)
Becker-Asano's Wasabi Model
130(2)
University Of Southern California's Virtual Human Toolkit
132(2)
OpenAI
134(1)
Integration Standards
135(1)
Critique And Futures
135(2)
Conclusion
137(1)
References
138(5)
Chapter 7 Embodiment
143(16)
Introduction
143(1)
From Symbolic To Embodied Artificial Intelligence
144(1)
Embodiment And Cognition
144(3)
Intelligence And Emergence
146(1)
Situatedness
146(1)
Embodiment
146(1)
Grounding
147(2)
Enactive AI
149(1)
Challenges To Embodied AI
150(1)
Virtual Humans And Virtual Worlds
151(4)
Assessing Virtual Worlds Against Brooks' Five Principles
153(2)
Assessing Virtual Worlds Against Other Embodied Models
155(1)
Conclusion
155(1)
References
156(3)
Chapter 8 Assembling And Assemblages
159(22)
Building A Virtual Human
159(5)
The Natural Language Core
160(1)
Memory And Knowledge
160(1)
Problem-Solving And Decision-Making
161(1)
Representation
161(1)
Emotions And Motivation
162(1)
Embodiment
162(1)
Meta-Management And Personality
163(1)
Its Own Life
163(1)
Halo - A Case Study
164(2)
The Roles Of Virtual Humans
166(6)
Intelligent Speaker
167(1)
Customer Service Chatbot
167(1)
Personal Virtual Assistant
168(1)
Virtual Tutor
168(1)
Virtual Non-Player Character
168(1)
Virtual Life Coach
169(1)
Virtual Expert
169(1)
Virtual Persona
170(1)
Virtual Person
171(1)
Digital Immortal
171(1)
And Sentience?
171(1)
Transhuman Space Revisited
171(1)
Virtual Humans Through Different Lenses
172(4)
The Lens Of Trust In Technology
173(1)
The Species Lens
174(1)
The Lens Of Personhood
175(1)
More Than The Sum Of Its Parts?
176(1)
References
177(4)
Section III Issues And Futures
Chapter 9 Digital Ethics
181(16)
Introduction
181(1)
Recent Considerations Of Ethics And Virtual Humans
181(4)
Robotics Ethics
181(1)
Machine Morality And Intimacy Ethics
182(2)
Technical And Design Ethics
184(1)
Legal Issues
184(1)
Ethical Standpoints And Virtual Humans
185(3)
Utilitarian
186(1)
Deontological
186(1)
Virtue Ethics
186(1)
Situational Ethics
186(1)
Discourse Ethics
186(2)
Practical Implications
188(1)
Ethical Guidelines And Research
188(5)
Ethical Behaviour
189(1)
Ethical Practice
190(1)
Anonymity
190(1)
Confidentiality
190(1)
Informed Consent
190(1)
Minimal Risk
191(1)
Honesty
191(1)
Privacy
191(1)
Plausibility
192(1)
Research Governance
192(1)
Disclosure
193(1)
The 'Human Subject' And Virtual Humans
193(2)
Conclusion
195(1)
References
195(2)
Chapter 10 Identity And Agency
197(16)
Introduction
197(1)
Rethinking Identity
197(3)
Dimension One: Dislocated Avatars
198(1)
Dimension Two: Representative Avatars
198(1)
Dimension Three: Avatars As Toys And Tools
198(1)
Dimension Four: Avatars As Extensions Of Self
199(1)
Dimension Five: Avatars As Identity Extensions
199(1)
Formations And Formulations Of Identity
200(3)
Spatial Identities
200(1)
Networked Identities
201(1)
Bridged Identities
201(1)
Discarded Or Left-Behind Identities
202(1)
Cyberspace And Virtual Humans
203(1)
Understanding Agency
203(3)
Phenomenological Agency
204(1)
Neurocognitive Agency
205(1)
Attributed Agency
205(1)
Agency And Affordances
206(1)
Proxemics
207(2)
Agency And Identity
209(1)
Conclusion
210(1)
References
210(3)
Chapter 11 Virtual Humans For Education
213(18)
Introduction
213(1)
Learning
213(2)
Networked Learning And Technology-Enhanced Learning: Some Debates
215(3)
Networked Learning
215(1)
Technology-Enhanced Learning
216(1)
Online Learning
216(1)
Blended Learning
216(1)
Digital Education
217(1)
Virtual Humans As Interruption And Change To Current Pedagogic Practices
218(2)
Using Virtual Humans In Educational Settings
220(4)
Virtual Humans As Teachable Agents
220(1)
Virtual Humans As Teaching Assistants
220(3)
Virtual Humans For Motivating Learning
223(1)
Learning, Immersion And Virtual Humans
224(1)
Directions For Future Research
224(3)
Conclusion
227(1)
References
227(4)
Chapter 12 Digital Immortality
231(16)
Introduction
231(1)
Background
231(2)
Research And Literature
233(1)
Models, Concepts And Practices
233(3)
Models Of Grief
234(1)
Digital Grief Concepts
234(1)
Digital Grief Practices
235(1)
Forms Of Digital Immortality
236(1)
Digital Immortality Creators
236(1)
Digital Immortality Recipients
236(1)
Digital Legacy
236(1)
Digital Immortality And Virtual Humans
237(2)
Creating Digital Immortality
239(3)
Passive Updating
241(1)
Interacting With Systems
241(1)
Interacting With People
242(1)
Interacting With The Physical World
242(1)
Consent And Digital Immortality
242(1)
Conclusion
243(1)
References
243(4)
Chapter 13 Futures And Possibilities
247(24)
Introduction
247(1)
Future Caution
248(3)
The Gartner Hype-Cycle
248(1)
McLuhan's Tetrad
249(2)
Future Scenarios
251(6)
Taking Stock: Virtual Humans 2018-2030
251(2)
Developments 2030-2050: Routes To An Artificial Mind
253(2)
Uploading The Brain
253(1)
The Technological Singularity
254(1)
Developments 2050-2100
255(2)
The Three Challenges
257(6)
Challenge 1: Improving Humanness
258(1)
Challenge 2: Artificial General Intelligence
258(2)
Challenge 3: 2100 And Onwards - Artificial Sentience And Virtual Sapiens
260(3)
The Anthropomorphic Challenge
263(1)
Virtual Sapiens: The Future?
264(3)
References
267(4)
Glossary 271(8)
Index 279
David Burden is a Chartered European Engineer and the Founder and CEO of Daden Limited

Maggi Savin-Baden is a Professor of Education at the University of Worcester