List Of Figures |
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xxi | |
List Of Tables |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxv | |
Authors |
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xxvii | |
Introduction |
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xxix | |
Section I The Landscape |
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Chapter 1 What Are Virtual Humans? |
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3 | (22) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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Existing Definitions Of Virtual Human |
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5 | (1) |
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From Self-Driving Car To Virtual Human |
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6 | (1) |
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The Traits Of A Virtual Human |
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6 | (6) |
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7 | (1) |
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Visual, Auditory Or Textual? |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Humanoid Or Non-Humanoid? |
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9 | (1) |
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Natural Language Or Command-Driven Communication? |
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9 | (1) |
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Autonomous Or Controlled? |
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9 | (1) |
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Emotional Or Unemotional? |
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10 | (1) |
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Presence Of A Personality? |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Sentient Or Non-Sentient? |
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12 | (1) |
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Demonstrating Intelligence? |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Virtual Humanoids And Virtual Sapiens |
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14 | (2) |
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Towards A Working Definition |
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16 | (1) |
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Examples Of Virtual Humans |
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17 | (4) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning And Virtual Humans |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Virtual Humans And Artificial Intelligence |
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25 | (24) |
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25 | (1) |
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An Artificial Intelligence Landscape |
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26 | (4) |
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Complexity And Sophistication |
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26 | (2) |
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Presentation And Humanness |
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28 | (1) |
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Marketing Ai Versus Real Ai |
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28 | (2) |
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The Three Big Challenges In Al Development |
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30 | (1) |
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The Turing Test And Uncanny Valley |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Artificial Intelligence Versus Augmented Intelligence |
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33 | (1) |
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Virtual Humans In Science Fiction |
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33 | (9) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (4) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (6) |
Section II Technology |
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Chapter 3 Body And Senses |
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49 | (22) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (2) |
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Facial And Speech Animation |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Clothes And Cloth Modelling |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (6) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (18) |
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Data From A Virtual World |
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63 | (1) |
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Data From A Physical World |
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64 | (1) |
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Data From The Cyber-World |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (6) |
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71 | (26) |
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Understanding What Constitutes The Mind |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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Appraisal, Emotion And Mood |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (2) |
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Motivation, Goals And Planning |
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79 | (2) |
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Decision-Making, Problem-Solving And Reasoning |
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81 | (3) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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Imagination And Creativity |
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87 | (2) |
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Meta-Management And Self-Monitoring |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (6) |
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97 | (18) |
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97 | (1) |
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Communications: Non-Language Modalities |
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97 | (1) |
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Communications: Language-Based Modalities |
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98 | (3) |
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98 | (3) |
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Speech Generation (Text To Speech) |
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101 | (6) |
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Natural Language Understanding And Communication |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Uses And Future Developments |
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106 | (1) |
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Natural Language Generation |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (5) |
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115 | (28) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (3) |
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Rodriguez's Neuroscience Model |
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125 | (1) |
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Lin's EmoCOG Architecture |
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126 | (2) |
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The Fearnot! Affective Mind Architecture And PSI Models |
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128 | (2) |
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Becker-Asano's Wasabi Model |
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130 | (2) |
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University Of Southern California's Virtual Human Toolkit |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (5) |
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143 | (16) |
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143 | (1) |
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From Symbolic To Embodied Artificial Intelligence |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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Intelligence And Emergence |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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Challenges To Embodied AI |
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150 | (1) |
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Virtual Humans And Virtual Worlds |
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151 | (4) |
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Assessing Virtual Worlds Against Brooks' Five Principles |
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153 | (2) |
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Assessing Virtual Worlds Against Other Embodied Models |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Assembling And Assemblages |
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159 | (22) |
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159 | (5) |
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The Natural Language Core |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Problem-Solving And Decision-Making |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Meta-Management And Personality |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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The Roles Of Virtual Humans |
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166 | (6) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Personal Virtual Assistant |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Virtual Non-Player Character |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Transhuman Space Revisited |
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171 | (1) |
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Virtual Humans Through Different Lenses |
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172 | (4) |
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The Lens Of Trust In Technology |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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More Than The Sum Of Its Parts? |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (4) |
Section III Issues And Futures |
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181 | (16) |
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181 | (1) |
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Recent Considerations Of Ethics And Virtual Humans |
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181 | (4) |
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181 | (1) |
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Machine Morality And Intimacy Ethics |
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182 | (2) |
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Technical And Design Ethics |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Ethical Standpoints And Virtual Humans |
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185 | (3) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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Ethical Guidelines And Research |
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188 | (5) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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The 'Human Subject' And Virtual Humans |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Identity And Agency |
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197 | (16) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (3) |
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Dimension One: Dislocated Avatars |
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198 | (1) |
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Dimension Two: Representative Avatars |
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198 | (1) |
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Dimension Three: Avatars As Toys And Tools |
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198 | (1) |
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Dimension Four: Avatars As Extensions Of Self |
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199 | (1) |
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Dimension Five: Avatars As Identity Extensions |
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199 | (1) |
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Formations And Formulations Of Identity |
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200 | (3) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Discarded Or Left-Behind Identities |
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202 | (1) |
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Cyberspace And Virtual Humans |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (3) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Virtual Humans For Education |
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213 | (18) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Networked Learning And Technology-Enhanced Learning: Some Debates |
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215 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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Technology-Enhanced Learning |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Virtual Humans As Interruption And Change To Current Pedagogic Practices |
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218 | (2) |
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Using Virtual Humans In Educational Settings |
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220 | (4) |
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Virtual Humans As Teachable Agents |
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220 | (1) |
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Virtual Humans As Teaching Assistants |
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220 | (3) |
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Virtual Humans For Motivating Learning |
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223 | (1) |
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Learning, Immersion And Virtual Humans |
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224 | (1) |
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Directions For Future Research |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
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Chapter 12 Digital Immortality |
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231 | (16) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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Models, Concepts And Practices |
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233 | (3) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Forms Of Digital Immortality |
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236 | (1) |
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Digital Immortality Creators |
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236 | (1) |
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Digital Immortality Recipients |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Digital Immortality And Virtual Humans |
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237 | (2) |
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Creating Digital Immortality |
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239 | (3) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Interacting With The Physical World |
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242 | (1) |
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Consent And Digital Immortality |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (4) |
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Chapter 13 Futures And Possibilities |
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247 | (24) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (6) |
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Taking Stock: Virtual Humans 2018-2030 |
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251 | (2) |
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Developments 2030-2050: Routes To An Artificial Mind |
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253 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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The Technological Singularity |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (6) |
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Challenge 1: Improving Humanness |
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258 | (1) |
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Challenge 2: Artificial General Intelligence |
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258 | (2) |
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Challenge 3: 2100 And Onwards - Artificial Sentience And Virtual Sapiens |
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260 | (3) |
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The Anthropomorphic Challenge |
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263 | (1) |
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Virtual Sapiens: The Future? |
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264 | (3) |
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267 | (4) |
Glossary |
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271 | (8) |
Index |
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279 | |