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Water for the Environment: From Policy and Science to Implementation and Management [Pehme köide]

Edited by (Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University o), Edited by , Edited by (Dept of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia), Edited by , Edited by (Dept of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 758 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 1610 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Aug-2017
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128039078
  • ISBN-13: 9780128039076
Teised raamatud teemal:
Water for the Environment: From Policy and Science to Implementation and ManagementSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 758 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 1610 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Aug-2017
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128039078
  • ISBN-13: 9780128039076
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780128039076.html
Märksõnad:

Water for the Environment: From Policy and Science Through To Implementation provides a holistic view of environmental water management, offering clear links across disciplines that allow water managers to face mounting challenges.

The book highlights current challenges and potential solutions, helping define the future direction for environmental water management. In addition, it includes a significant review of current literature and state of knowledge, providing a one-stop resource for environmental water managers.

  • Presents a multidisciplinary approach that allows water managers to make connections across related disciplines, such as hydrology, ecology, law, and economics
  • Links science to practice for environmental flow researchers and those that implement and manage environmental water on a daily basis
  • Incudes case studies to demonstrate key points and address implementation issues

Muu info

An innovative, multidisciplinary approach to the environmental water management process
About the Editors xxi
About the Contributors xxv
Acknowledgments xxxvii
SECTION I INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 The Environmental Water Management Cycle
3(16)
Avril C. Horne
Erin L. O'Donnell
J. Angus Webb
Michael J. Stewardson
Mike Acreman
Brian Richter
1.1 What Is This Book About?
3(2)
1.2 Environmental Water Management
5(8)
1.2.1 Vision and Objectives for the River
7(1)
1.2.2 How Much Water Is Needed: Tools for Environmental Flows Assessment
7(2)
1.2.3 Environmental Water Within Water Resource Planning
9(3)
1.2.4 Active Management of Environmental Water
12(1)
1.3 What Remains Ahead?
13(6)
References
15(4)
SECTION II HISTORY AND CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL WATER MANAGEMENT
Chapter 2 Drivers and Social Context
19(18)
Mike Acreman
Sharad K. Jain
Matthew P. McCartney
Ian Overton
2.1 Water Use and Human Development
19(1)
2.2 Environment and Water Management
20(1)
2.3 Development of National and International Policies
21(1)
2.4 Setting Objectives
21(2)
2.5 Pathways to Environmental Water Policy
23(8)
2.5.1 Environmental Water in the United Kingdom
23(2)
2.5.2 Environmental Water in India
25(3)
2.5.3 Environmental Water in Southeast Asia
28(1)
2.5.4 Environmental Water in Australia
29(2)
2.6 Conclusion
31(6)
2.6.1 Common Threads and Contrasts
32(1)
References
33(4)
Chapter 3 Understanding Hydrological Alteration
37(28)
Michael J. Stewardson
Mike Acreman
Justin F. Costelloe
Tim D. Fletcher
Keirnan J.A. Fowler
Avril C. Horne
Gaisheng Liu
Michael E. McClain
Murray C. Peel
3.1 Introduction
37(2)
3.2 Assessing the Level and Significance of Hydrological Alteration
39(2)
3.3 Alteration to the Land Surface Water Balance
41(4)
3.3.1 Vegetation Change
41(1)
3.3.2 Urbanization
42(3)
3.4 Surface Water Impoundment and Diversion
45(5)
3.4.1 Large Water Supply Dams
46(1)
3.4.2 Hydropower Dams
46(2)
3.4.3 Flood Alleviation Dams
48(1)
3.4.4 Small Farm Dams
49(1)
3.5 Groundwater Extraction and Depletion
50(4)
3.6 Altered Surface Drainage Network
54(2)
3.7 Synthesis of Hydrological Alterations
56(1)
3.8 Future Outlook
56(9)
References
58(7)
Chapter 4 Environmental and Ecological Effects of Flow Alteration in Surface Water Ecosystems
65(18)
Robert J. Rolls
Nick R. Bond
4.1 Introduction
65(2)
4.2 Hydrological Components: Linking Drivers of Change With Ecological Responses
67(4)
4.2.1 Reduced Baseflow(s)
68(1)
4.2.2 Reduced Floods
69(2)
4.2.3 Increased Baseflow(s) (Antidrought)
71(1)
4.2.4 Increased Short-Term Variability (Hydropeaking)
71(1)
4.3 Ecological Effects of Flow Alteration
71(4)
4.3.1 Reduced Baseflow(s) and Increased Intermittency
71(1)
4.3.2 Reduced Flood Magnitude and Frequency
72(1)
4.3.3 Reduced Overbank Flooding
73(1)
4.3.4 Increased Baseflow(s) (Antidrought)
73(1)
4.3.5 Increased Short-Term Flow Variability (Hydropeaking)
74(1)
4.3.6 Nonhydrological Impacts of Flow Regulation Requiring Consideration for Holistic Management of Environmental Water
74(1)
4.4 The Importance of Local Factors
75(1)
4.5 Conclusion
76(7)
Acknowledgments
77(1)
References
77(6)
Chapter 5 Geomorphological Effects of Flow Alteration on Rivers
83(18)
Geoff J. Vietz
Brian L. Finlayson
5.1 Introduction
83(1)
5.2 The Role of Geomorphology in Aquatic Ecosystems
84(2)
5.3 Common Settings That Influence River Geomorphology
86(10)
5.3.1 Vegetation Change
86(2)
5.3.2 Urbanization
88(3)
5.3.3 Dams
91(5)
5.4 Conclusion
96(5)
Acknowledgments
97(1)
References
97(4)
Chapter 6 Impacts of Hydrological Alterations on Water Quality
101(28)
Meenakshi Arora
Roser Casas-Mulet
Justin F. Costelloe
Tim J. Peterson
Alexander H. McCluskey
Michael J. Stewardson
6.1 Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers of Water Quality
101(1)
6.2 Salinity
102(3)
6.2.1 Stream Salinity Processes
103(1)
6.2.2 Anthropogenic Influences on Stream Salinity
104(1)
6.2.3 Management Options to Control Stream Salinity
105(1)
6.3 Water Temperature
105(5)
6.3.1 Thermal Processes and Controlling Mechanisms in Rivers
106(2)
6.3.2 Anthropogenic Impacts to Stream Thermal Processes
108(1)
6.3.3 Management Options
109(1)
6.4 Nutrients
110(3)
6.4.1 Nitrogen Transformation Processes and Controlling Mechanisms in Rivers
110(2)
6.4.2 Anthropogenic Influences on Stream Nitrogen Levels
112(1)
6.4.3 Management Options to Control Stream Nitrogen Loads
113(1)
6.5 Dissolved Oxygen
113(4)
6.5.1 Processes and Controlling Mechanisms in Rivers
113(3)
6.5.2 Anthropogenic Influences
116(1)
6.5.3 Management Options
116(1)
6.6 Other Contaminants
117(1)
6.7 Conclusion
117(12)
References
119(10)
SECTION III VISION AND OBJECTIVES FOR THE RIVER SYSTEM
Chapter 7 Stakeholder Engagement in Environmental Water Management
129(22)
John C. Conallin
Chris Dickens
Declan Hearne
Catherine Allan
7.1 Introduction
129(2)
7.2 Stakeholder Engagement Within Environmental Water Management
131(1)
7.2.1 Stakeholders
131(1)
7.3 Engagement
132(1)
7.4 Integrating Stakeholder Engagement Into the Management Framework
133(1)
7.5 Principles for Engagement
133(4)
7.6 Established Tools for Stakeholder Engagement Including Conflict Resolution
137(3)
7.7 Five Steps for Devising an Effective Stakeholder Engagement Strategy
140(1)
7.8 Preengagement Preparation Phase: Be Prepared!
140(4)
7.8.1 Step 1: Internal Engagement Strategy and Integration Within Overall Management Framework
141(1)
7.8.2 Step 2: Who to Engage: Stakeholder Mapping/Analysis
141(3)
7.9 Full Engagement Commencement Steps
144(3)
7.9.1 Step 3: When and How to Fully Engage
144(1)
7.9.2 Step 4: Develop and Implement Stakeholder Engagement Plan
145(1)
7.9.3 Step 5: Implementation and Evaluation of Engagement Strategy
146(1)
7.10 Conclusion
147(4)
References
147(4)
Chapter 8 Environmental Water Regimes and Natural Capital: Free-Flowing Ecosystem Services
151(22)
David J. Gilvear
Lindsay C. Beevers
Jay O'Keeffe
Mike Acreman
8.1 Introduction
151(4)
8.2 Environmental Water, Natural Capital, and Ecosystem Services
155(2)
8.3 Identifying and Assessing Ecosystem Services
157(3)
8.4 Challenges of Measuring and Valuing Freshwater Fluvial Ecosystem Services
160(2)
8.5 Opportunities and Challenges for Environmental Water Delivery of Ecosystem Services
162(1)
8.6 African Case Studies in Ecosystem Service and Environmental Flows Assessment Research and Implementation
163(4)
8.6.1 Zambezi River
163(2)
8.6.2 Balancing Water Resource Use and Ecosystem Services Within Areas of Nature Conservation Value
165(2)
8.7 Conclusion and Way Forward
167(6)
References
168(5)
Chapter 9 How Much Water Does a Culture Need? Environmental Water Management's Cultural Challenge and Indigenous Responses
173(16)
Sue Jackson
9.1 Introduction
173(2)
9.2 Water Cultures and Indigenous Waterscapes
175(2)
9.3 Trends in the Recognition of Indigenous Water Interests in Australia
177(2)
9.4 Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Water Management
179(2)
9.5 Indigenous Responses and Their Water Rights Strategies
181(3)
9.6 Conclusion
184(5)
References
185(4)
Chapter 10 Visions, Objectives, Targets, and Goals
189(14)
Avril C. Horne
Christopher Konrad
J. Angus Webb
Mike Acreman
10.1 Introduction
189(1)
10.2 Establishing a Vision for a River
190(1)
10.3 Establishing Objectives for Environmental Water
191(1)
10.4 Setting Targets
192(2)
10.5 Goals
194(3)
10.6 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Adaptive Management
197(1)
10.7 Conclusion
197(6)
References
197(6)
SECTION IV HOW MUCH WATER IS NEEDED: TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ASSESSMENT
Chapter 11 Evolution of Environmental Flows Assessment Science, Principles, and Methodologies
203(34)
N. LeRoy Poff
Rebecca E. Tharme
Angela H. Arthington
11.1 Introduction
203(9)
11.1.1 Foundations and Types of Environmental Flows Assessment Methodologies
204(8)
11.2 Holistic Environmental Flows Assessment Methods
212(4)
11.2.1 Evolution of Principles and Approaches
212(2)
11.2.2 A Survey of Holistic Methods
214(2)
11.3 Flow---Ecology and Flow Alteration---Ecological Response Relationships
216(2)
11.4 From Local to Regional Scales of Environmental Water Assessment
218(4)
11.5 New Challenges for Environmental Water: Moving From Static Systems to Nonstationary Dynamics
222(3)
11.5.1 Hydrology: Regimes and Events
223(1)
11.5.2 Ecology: States, Rates, and Traits
224(1)
11.6 Conclusion: Guiding Elements for Best Practice in Environmental Flows Assessment
225(12)
References
228(9)
Chapter 12 Tools for Sediment Management in Rivers
237(28)
David E. Rheinheimer
Sarah M. Yarnell
12.1 Introduction
237(2)
12.2 Sediment Mobilization Theory
239(7)
12.2.1 Sediment Entrainment
239(3)
12.2.2 Sediment Transport
242(2)
12.2.3 Sediment Deposition
244(2)
12.3 Environmental Flows Assessment Methods for Geomorphic Maintenance
246(3)
12.3.1 Threshold-Based Approaches
246(2)
12.3.2 Field/Laboratory Methods
248(1)
12.3.3 Sediment Management in Holistic Environmental Flow Methods
248(1)
12.4 Complementary Options for Sediment Management
249(7)
12.4.1 Catchment-Scale Conceptual Sediment Models and Budgets
250(1)
12.4.2 Basin Land Management
250(3)
12.4.3 Sediment Management Through Dams
253(1)
12.4.4 Sediment Augmentation Below Dams
254(2)
12.4.5 Stream Restoration
256(1)
12.5 Conclusion
256(9)
Acknowledgments
258(1)
References
258(7)
Chapter 13 Physical Habitat Modeling and Ecohydrological Tools
265(22)
Nicolas Lamouroux
Christoph Hauer
Michael J. Stewardson
N. LeRoy Poff
13.1 Introduction: Principles of Ecohydrological and Hydraulic-Habitat Tools
265(3)
13.2 Predictive Power of Ecohydrological and Hydraulic-Habitat Tools
268(1)
13.3 Examples of Ecohydrological Tools
269(4)
13.3.1 Overview
269(1)
13.3.2 Case Study 1: Ecohydrological Assessment of a Large River Catchment
270(3)
13.4 Examples of Hydraulic-Habitat Approaches
273(7)
13.4.1 Overview
273(2)
13.4.2 Case Study 2: Unsteady 2D-Numerical Habitat Modeling for Assessing the Effect of Hydropeaking in Austrian Alpine Rivers
275(2)
13.4.3 Case Study 3: 2D-Numerical Habitat Modeling for Assessing the Effect of Morphological Restoration
277(2)
13.4.4 Case Study 4: Catchment-Scale Distributed Habitat Modeling Using Statistical Habitat Models
279(1)
13.5 Conclusion: Combining Hydrological and Hydraulic-Habitat Tools Within Modular Libraries
280(7)
References
282(5)
Chapter 14 Models of Ecological Responses to Flow Regime Change to Inform Environmental Flows Assessments
287(30)
J. Angus Webb
Angela H. Arthington
Julian D. Olden
14.1 Introduction
287(2)
14.2 Conceptual Bounds
289(1)
14.3 Striving for Parsimony in Environmental Flows Assessments
289(1)
14.4 What Choices Exist for Ecological Modeling to Assist Environmental Flows Assessments?
290(8)
14.4.1 Simple Linear Models
291(1)
14.4.2 Generalized Linear and Nonlinear Models
292(1)
14.4.3 Hierarchical Models
293(2)
14.4.4 Functional Linear Models
295(1)
14.4.5 Machine Learning Approaches
295(1)
14.4.6 Bayesian Networks
296(2)
14.5 Comparing Modeling Approaches
298(4)
14.5.1 Classifying Modeling Approaches: Data Requirements Versus Need for Knowledge of Ecological Processes
298(2)
14.5.2 Implementing Modeling Approaches: The Need for Technical Expertise
300(2)
14.6 Arriving at a Parsimonious Model
302(4)
14.6.1 Identifying Existing Models or Gaps
302(3)
14.6.2 Improving Model Parsimony Over Time
305(1)
14.7 Uptake
306(2)
14.8 Building Knowledge and Improving Ecological Response Models
308(3)
14.8.1 Adaptive Learning, the Importance of Maintaining Close Links to Research
308(1)
14.8.2 What Might the Future Hold?
308(3)
14.9 Conclusion
311(6)
References
312(5)
Chapter 15 Uncertainty and Environmental Water
317(30)
Lisa Lowe
Joanna Szemis
J. Angus Webb
15.1 Why Consider Uncertainty?
317(1)
15.2 The Nature of Uncertainty
318(1)
15.3 Sources of Uncertainty in Environmental Flows Assessments
319(7)
15.3.1 Context
320(1)
15.3.2 Inputs
321(3)
15.3.3 Structure
324(1)
15.3.4 Parameters
325(1)
15.3.5 Outputs
326(1)
15.4 Quantifying Uncertainty
326(10)
15.4.1 Probability Distributions
328(1)
15.4.2 Statistical Methods
329(1)
15.4.3 Scenario Approach
330(2)
15.4.4 Bayesian Statistics
332(1)
15.4.5 Subjective Judgment
333(1)
15.4.6 Combining Uncertainties
334(2)
15.4.7 Challenges for Quantifying Uncertainty
336(1)
15.5 Addressing Uncertainty
336(4)
15.5.1 Improved Knowledge
336(2)
15.5.2 Reporting Uncertainties
338(1)
15.5.3 Incorporating Uncertainty in Decision Making
339(1)
15.5.4 Challenges for Addressing Uncertainty
339(1)
15.6 Conclusion
340(7)
References
340(7)
SECTION V ENVIRONMENTAL WATER WITHIN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING
Chapter 16 Water Budgets to Inform Sustainable Water Management
347(14)
Brian Richter
Stuart Orr
16.1 Introduction
347(1)
16.2 Constructing a Water Budget
348(5)
16.3 Rebalancing a Water Budget for Long-Term Sustainability
353(6)
16.3.1 Setting Limits on Consumptive Use
354(1)
16.3.2 Reallocating Water to Environmental Use
355(1)
16.3.3 The Economic and Political Prospects for Environmental Water Regime Restoration
355(4)
16.4 Conclusion
359(2)
References
359(2)
Chapter 17 Mechanisms to Allocate Environmental Water
361(38)
Avril C. Horne
Erin L. O'Donnell
Rebecca E. Tharme
17.1 Introduction
361(1)
17.2 Types of Allocation Mechanisms: Legal Basis, Function, and Operation
362(8)
17.2.1 Allocation Mechanisms That Impose Conditions on Other Water Users
364(4)
17.2.2 Allocation Mechanisms That Create Legal Water Rights for the Environment
368(2)
17.3 Selection of an Appropriate Mechanism for Environmental Water Allocation
370(7)
17.3.1 Framing the Problem: Initial Conditions and Fundamental Constraints
371(1)
17.3.2 Philosophy on Environmental Values
372(2)
17.3.3 Responsiveness to Variability and Change
374(3)
17.4 Current Mechanisms for Environmental Water Allocation: Case Studies Illustrating Factors for Success in Implementation
377(15)
17.4.1 The Murray-Darling Basin, Australia
377(3)
17.4.2 Columbia River Basin, United States
380(4)
17.4.3 South Africa
384(6)
17.4.4 Yellow River, People's Republic of China
390(2)
17.5 Conclusion
392(7)
References
393(6)
Chapter 18 Rebalancing the System: Acquiring Water and Trade
399(22)
Claire Settre
Sarah A. Wheeler
18.1 Introduction
399(1)
18.2 Water Market Fundamentals
400(3)
18.3 Acquiring Water for the Environment
403(9)
18.3.1 Conditions for the Environment Entering the Water Market
404(1)
18.3.2 Water Products for the Environment
404(4)
18.3.3 Who Can Buy Water for the Environment?
408(1)
18.3.4 Examples of Environmental Water Markets
409(3)
18.4 Challenges to Environmental Water Acquisitions
412(3)
18.4.1 Government Intervention, Institutional, and Economic Challenges
413(1)
18.4.2 Community and Participatory Challenges
414(1)
18.5 Conclusion
415(6)
References
416(5)
Chapter 19 Environmental Water Organizations and Institutional Settings
421(32)
Erin L. O'Donnell
Dustin E. Garrick
19.1 Introduction
421(2)
19.2 What Type of Environmental Water Organization Is Required?
423(9)
19.2.1 Environmental Water Organizations: Functions and Activities
424(2)
19.2.2 Active or Passive Management: What Does This Mean?
426(2)
19.2.3 Choosing Your Environmental Water Organization: A Guide
428(1)
19.2.4 Hydrology, Scale, and Partnerships
429(3)
19.3 Protection and Maintenance
432(4)
19.3.1 Protection in Advance: Proposed Conditions on Operators of the Proposed Patuca III Dam in Honduras
432(1)
19.3.2 Protection and Maintenance Across Multiple States: The Murray---Darling Basin Cap
433(1)
19.3.3 Protection in Fully or Overallocated Systems: Setting a Cap and Protecting Minimum Flows
434(2)
19.4 Recovery and Management
436(7)
19.4.1 Recovery by Passive Organizations: Changing Conditions for Storage Operations in Ghana and the United States
437(2)
19.4.2 Recovery and Management Across National and State Borders: Environmental Water Rights in the Colorado River
439(1)
19.4.3 Recovery and Management by Private Organizations: Environmental Water Rights in the Western United States
439(2)
19.4.4 Management of Recovered Environmental Water Rights in Australia
441(2)
19.5 Getting the Institutional Settings Right
443(2)
19.6 Conclusion
445(8)
References
448(5)
Chapter 20 Management Options to Address Diffuse Causes of Hydrologic Alteration
453(30)
Avril C. Horne
Carlo R. Morris
Keirnan J.A. Fowler
Justin F. Costelloe
Tim D. Fletcher
20.1 Introduction
453(1)
20.2 The Nature of Diffuse Catchment Changes and Their Management Challenges
453(3)
20.2.1 Regulation and Licensing
454(1)
20.2.2 Technical Solutions
455(1)
20.2.3 Collaborative Management
456(1)
20.3 Managing Farm Dams
456(5)
20.3.1 Characterizing Farm Dam Hydrological Impacts
456(2)
20.3.2 Options Available to Address Hydrological Impacts of Farm Dams
458(3)
20.4 Managing Hydrological Alteration Due to Groundwater Changes
461(4)
20.4.1 Characterizing Groundwater---Surface Water Impacts
462(1)
20.4.2 Options Available to Address Hydrological Impacts From Groundwater Use
463(2)
20.5 Managing Hydrological Alteration Due to Urbanization
465(6)
20.5.1 Characterizing Storm water Impacts
466(1)
20.5.2 Options Available to Address Hydrological Impacts From Urbanization
467(4)
20.6 Managing Hydrological Alteration Due to Reforestation
471(2)
20.6.1 Characterizing Reforestation Impacts
471(1)
20.6.2 Options Available to Address Hydrological Impacts From Reforestation
472(1)
20.7 Conclusion
473(10)
References
474(9)
Chapter 21 Managing Infrastructure to Maintain Natural Functions in Developed Rivers
483(36)
Gregory A. Thomas
21.1 Introduction
483(2)
21.2 A Brief Overview of River Basin Infrastructure and Implications for River Functions
485(5)
21.2.1 Dams
485(2)
21.2.2 Diversion Structures
487(2)
21.2.3 Levees
489(1)
21.3 Managing Infrastructure to Preserve or Restore Natural Functions in Developed River Systems
490(9)
21.3.1 Rules of Thumb for Dam Siting
491(3)
21.3.2 Design of Infrastructure for Environmental Compatibility
494(5)
21.4 Operating Dams to Maintain Natural Functions in the Downstream Environment
499(8)
21.4.1 Important Factors for Dam Reoperation
500(3)
21.4.2 Operation and Reoperation of Hydropower Systems
503(4)
21.5 Reoperations of Irrigation Infrastructure for Environmental Restoration
507(3)
21.5.1 Conjunctive Water Management Through Groundwater Banking
507(2)
21.5.2 REOPS Tool for Irrigation Systems
509(1)
21.6 Reoperations of Flood Control Infrastructure for Environmental Restoration
510(3)
21.6.1 Flood Control Operations
511(1)
21.6.2 Options for Reoperating Flood Control Systems
512(1)
21.7 Conclusion
513(6)
Acknowledgments
514(1)
References
514(5)
Chapter 22 Environmental Water and Integrated Catchment Management
519(20)
Michael J. Stewardson
Wenxiu Shang
Giri R. Kattel
J. Angus Webb
22.1 Introduction
519(2)
22.2 Multiple Stressors
521(6)
22.2.1 Impact of Nonflow Stressors on the Effectiveness of Environmental Water Delivery
521(4)
22.2.2 Diagnosing Critical Stressors to Target in Catchment Management
525(2)
22.3 Environmental Interactions Across Catchment
527(2)
22.4 Implementing Integrated Catchment Management
529(3)
22.5 Conclusions
532(7)
References
532(7)
SECTION VI ACTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL WATER
Chapter 23 Planning for the Active Management of Environmental Water
539(24)
Jane M. Doolan
Beth Ashworth
Jody Swirepik
23.1 Introduction
539(2)
23.2 Institutional Imperatives for Active Environmental Management
541(2)
23.3 Active Environmental Water Management in a Local Integrated Waterway Management Context
543(2)
23.4 Policy Framework for Active Environmental Water Management
545(5)
23.4.1 Overall Policy Objective
546(1)
23.4.2 Policy Guidance for Active Environmental Water Management in a Variable Climate
547(2)
23.4.3 Conclusion
549(1)
23.5 Annual Planning for the Use of Environmental Water
550(8)
23.5.1 Planning for the Next Few Years: Decisions on Carry Over and Trade
553(1)
23.5.2 Planning for Complex Multisite Watering at a System Scale in Highly Interconnected Systems
554(3)
23.5.3 Conclusion
557(1)
23.6 Opportunities and Challenges
558(5)
23.6.1 Social License to Operate
558(1)
23.6.2 Understanding Greatest Environmental Benefit
558(1)
23.6.3 Increasing Community Demands on Environmental Water Use
559(1)
23.6.4 New Knowledge
560(1)
References
560(3)
Chapter 24 Environmental Water Delivery: Maximizing Ecological Outcomes in a Constrained Operating Environment
563(36)
Benjamin B. Docker
Hilary L. Johnson
24.1 Introduction
563(4)
24.1.1 The Murray---Darling Basin
565(1)
24.1.2 The Columbia and Colorado Basins
565(2)
24.2 Operational Flow Management for the Environment
567(5)
24.2.1 Governance and Implementation Arrangements
567(3)
24.2.2 Administrative Arrangements
570(1)
24.2.3 Risk Management
571(1)
24.2.4 Operational Monitoring
571(1)
24.3 Delivery Challenges in Implementing Environmental Water Regimes
572(17)
24.3.1 Delivering Water to Maximize Environmental Outcomes
573(12)
24.3.2 Limitations on Environmental Water Releases
585(4)
24.4 Continuous Improvement
589(5)
24.4.1 From Flow Events to Flow Regimes
589(1)
24.4.2 Adaptive Management in Practice
589(4)
24.4.3 Achieving Results
593(1)
24.5 Conclusion
594(5)
References
595(4)
Chapter 25 Principles for Monitoring, Evaluation, and Adaptive Management of Environmental Water Regimes
599(26)
J. Angus Webb
Robyn J. Watts
Catherine Allan
Andrew T. Warner
25.1 Introduction
599(1)
25.2 Background: History of Adaptive Management
600(1)
25.3 Measuring the Success of Adaptive Management
601(3)
25.4 Improving Upon Previous Monitoring and Adaptive Management
604(1)
25.5 The Long-Term Aim of Monitoring and Adaptive Management
605(2)
25.6 Challenges for Monitoring and Evaluation of Ecosystem Responses to Environmental Water Releases
607(2)
25.7 Challenges for Learning
609(1)
25.8 General Principles for Monitoring and Adaptive Management of Environmental Water Regimes
610(8)
25.8.1 Expend the Time Necessary to Build and Maintain Trusting Partnerships
611(2)
25.8.2 The Importance of Individuals, Roles, Skills, and Experience
613(2)
25.8.3 Learning From Other Projects
615(1)
25.8.4 Adaptive Management May Emerge Spontaneously
615(1)
25.8.5 Coordination of Monitoring and Evaluation Across Large Scales
616(1)
25.8.6 Create a Program of Requisite Simplicity
616(1)
25.8.7 Innovative Approaches to Analysis and Evaluation: Make the Most of Your Data
617(1)
25.8.8 Maintain the Adaptive Aspect of Adaptive Management
617(1)
25.8.9 Regular Reporting of Observations, Learnings, and Processes
618(1)
25.9 Conclusions: Adaptive Environmental Water Regimes
618(1)
25.10 Summary
619(6)
References
620(5)
Chapter 26 Defining Success: A Multicriteria Approach to Guide Evaluation and Investment
625(24)
Erin L. O'Donnell
Dustin E. Garrick
26.1 Introduction
625(2)
26.2 Defining Success: Six Criteria
627(8)
26.2.1 Effectiveness
628(1)
26.2.2 Efficiency
629(1)
26.2.3 Legitimacy
630(1)
26.2.4 Legal and Administrative Framework
631(1)
26.2.5 Organizational Capacity
632(1)
26.2.6 Partnership
632(3)
26.3 Illustrating the Criteria in the Field: The Columbia and Murray---Darling Basins
635(4)
26.3.1 Columbia Basin
637(1)
26.3.2 Murray---Darling Basin
638(1)
26.4 What Gets Measured, Gets Managed: Moving From Criteria to Evaluation
639(3)
26.4.1 Establish a Baseline
640(1)
26.4.2 Measure Success Across Multiple Dimensions and Time Frames
640(1)
26.4.3 Long-Term Success Depends on Legitimacy
641(1)
26.5 Conclusion
642(7)
References
643(6)
SECTION VII REMAINING CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD
Chapter 27 Moving Forward: The Implementation Challenge for Environmental Water Management
649(26)
Avril C. Horne
Erin L. O'Donnell
Mike Acreman
Michael E. McClain
N. LeRoy Poff
J. Angus Webb
Michael J. Stewardson
Nick R. Bond
Brian Richter
Angela H. Arthington
Rebecca E. Tharme
Dustin E. Garrick
Katherine A. Daniell
John C. Conallin
Gregory A. Thomas
Barry T. Hart
27.1 Introduction
649(2)
27.2 How Much Water Do Rivers Need?
651(4)
27.3 How Do We Increase the Number of Rivers Where Environmental Water Is Provided?
655(4)
27.4 How Can We Embed Environmental Water Management As a Core Element of Water Resource Planning?
659(1)
27.5 How Can Knowledge and Experience be Transferred and Scaled?
660(2)
27.6 How Can We Enhance the Legitimacy of Environmental Water Programs?
662(3)
27.7 Can Adaptive Management Become Standard Practice?
665(1)
27.8 Conclusion
666(9)
References
668(7)
Maps 675(8)
Abbreviations 683(4)
Glossary 687(4)
Index 691
Avril Horne is an environmental water policy specialist, currently working in the Environmental Hydrology and Water Resources Group in the Department of Infrastructure Engineering at the University of Melbourne. Avril has experience across a range of interdisciplinary projects in water resource management challenges having spent time in consulting, government, and academia. She was heavily involved in the development of the water trading rules for the Murray-Darling Basin Plan. Avril returned to academia in 2014, and is currently working on projects developing tools and systems to assist in the active management of environmental water. Dr. Angus Webb is a Senior Lecturer in Environmental Hydrology and Water Resources at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He originally trained as a marine ecologist before moving into the study and restoration of large-scale environmental problems in freshwater systems. Much of his research centers on improving the use of the existing knowledge and data for such problems. To this end he has developed innovative approaches to synthesizing information from the literature, eliciting knowledge from experts, and analyzing large-scale data sets. His teaching at the University of Melbourne is focused on monitoring and evaluation in aquatic systems.

Angus is heavily involved in the monitoring and evaluation of ecological outcomes from environmental water delivered under the Australian governments Murray-Darling Basin Plan, leading the program for the Goulburn River, Victoria, and advising on data analysis at the basin scale. Angus has authored over 100 publications in the international literature, including 58 journal papers. In addition to this book, he is currently editing two journal special issues on different aspects of environmental water science and management, and is an Associate Editor for the journal Environmental Management. He was awarded the 2013 prize for Building Knowledge in Waterway Management by the River Basin Management Society in Australia, and the 2012 Australian Society for Limnology Early Career Achievement Award.

Over the last 24 years, Prof. Michael Stewardsons research has focused on interactions between hydrology, geomorphology and ecology in rivers (http://www.findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/display/person14829). This has included physical habitat modelling, flow-ecology science, and innovation in environmental water practice. Michael has participated in Australias water reforms through advisory roles at all levels of government. More recently, his research has focused on the physical, chemical and biological processes in streambed sediments and their close interactions in regulating stream ecosystem services. He leads the Environmental Hydrology and Water Resources Group in Infrastructure Engineering at The University of Melbourne (http://www.ie.unimelb.edu.au/research/water/). Brian Richter has been a global leader in water science and conservation for more than 30 years. After leading The Nature Conservancys global water program for two decades, he now serves as President of Sustainable Waters, a global water education organization. In this role, Brian also promotes sustainable water use and management with governments and local communities, and serves as a water advisor to some of the worlds largest corporations, investment banks, and the United Nations, and has testified before the U.S. Congress on multiple occasions. Brian has consulted on more than 150 water projects worldwide. He also teaches a course on Water Sustainability at the University of Virginia.

Brian has developed numerous scientific tools and methods to support river protection and restoration efforts, including the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration software that is being used by water managers and scientists worldwide. Brian was featured in a BBC documentary with David Attenborough on How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth?” He has published many scientific papers on the importance of ecologically sustainable water management in international science journals, and co-authored a book with Sandra Postel entitled Rivers for Life: Managing Water for People and Nature (Island Press, 2003). His new book, Chasing Water: A Guide for Moving from Scarcity to Sustainability, has now been published in six languages. Mike Acreman is Science Area Lead on Natural Capital at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK and visiting Professor of Eco-hydrology at University College London. He has over 30 years research experience at the interface of hydrology and freshwater ecology. His PhD was on flood risk estimation at the University of St Andrews. He worked for the Institute of Hydrology as a flood modeller. In the 1990s he was freshwater management advisor to the IUCN-The World Conservation Union. He has worked in numerous countries worldwide for DFID, The World Bank, European Commission, IUCN, Ramsar Convention, Biodiversity Convention and national governments. At CEH he leads a team of 40 scientists studying catchment processes, river ecology and wetland hydrology. Prof Acremans specialist interests include hydro-ecological processes in wetlands and definition of ecological flow requirements of rivers, particularly at extremes of floods and droughts. He led the World Bank programme on environmental flows and was hydrological advisor to DFID with major input to the World Commission on Dams. He is a member of the WWF-UK board, the Ramsar Convention science panel and is a member of the Natural England Science Advisory Board. He is co-Editor of Hydrological Sciences Journal and edited Special Issues on Ecosystem Services of Wetlands and Environmental Flows and has published over 170 scientific papers.