Western Philosophy: An Anthology 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

Preface		xvii
Acknowledgements		xxii
Advice to Readers and Format of the Volume		xxx
Part I Knowledge and Certainty		1	(66)
Innate Knowledge		3	(9)
Plato
Knowledge versus Opinion		12	(6)
Plato
Demonstrative Knowledge and its Starting-points		18	(3)
Aristotle
New Foundations for Knowledge		21	(4)
Rene Descartes
The Senses as the Basis of Knowledge		25	(6)
John Locke
Innate Knowledge Defended		31	(4)
Gottfried Leibniz
Scepticism versus Human Nature		35	(5)
David Hume
Experience and Understanding		40	(3)
Immanuel Kant
From Sense-certainty to Self-consciousness		43	(5)
Georg Hegel
Against Scepticism		48	(6)
G. E. Moore
Does Empirical Knowledge have a Foundation?		54	(6)
Wilfrid Sellars
The Conditions for Knowledge		60	(7)
Edmund Gettier
Specimen Questions		63	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		64	(3)
Part II Being and Reality		67	(74)
The Allegory of the Cave		69	(7)
Plato
Individual Substance		76	(4)
Aristotle
Supreme Being and Created Things		80	(6)
Rene Descartes
Qualities and Ideas		86	(5)
John Locke
Substance, Life and Activity		91	(6)
Gottfried Leibniz
Nothing Outside the Mind
George Berkeley
The Limits of Metaphysical Speculation		102	(6)
David Hume
Metaphysics, Old and New		108	(7)
Immanuel Kant
Being and Involvement		115	(6)
Martin Heidegger
The End of Metaphysics?		121	(6)
Rudolf Carnap
The Problem of Ontology		127	(5)
W. V. O. Quine
Why is There Anything?		132	(9)
Derek Parfit
Specimen Questions		137	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		138	(3)
Part III Language and Meaning		141	(60)
The Meanings of Words		143	(7)
Plato
Language and its Acquisition		150	(2)
Augustine
Thought, Language and its Components		152	(3)
Language, Reason and Animal Utterance		155	(2)
Rene Descartes
Abstract General Ideas		157	(4)
John Locke
Particular Ideas and General Meaning		161	(4)
George Berkeley
Denotation versus Connotation		165	(5)
John Stuart Mill
Names and their Meaning		170	(4)
Gottlob Frege
Definite and Indefinite Descriptions		174	(6)
Bertrand Russell
Non-descriptive Uses of Language		180	(5)
J. L. Austin
Language, Meaning and Context		185	(6)
Paul Grice
How the Reference of Terms is Fixed		191	(10)
Saul Kripke
Specimen Questions		197	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		197	(4)
Part IV Mind and Body		201	(72)
The Immortal Soul		203	(7)
Plato
Soul and Body, Form and Matter		210	(4)
Aristotle
The Human Soul		214	(7)
Thomas Aquinas
The Incorporeal Mind		221	(6)
Rene Descartes
The Identity of Mind and Body		227	(3)
Benedict Spinoza
Mind-Body Correlations		230	(6)
Nicolas Malebranche
Body and Mind as Manifestations of Will		236	(4)
Arthur Schopenhauer
The Problem of Other Minds		240	(4)
John Stuart Mill
The Hallmarks of Mental Phenomena		244	(7)
Franz Brentano
The Myth of the `Ghost in the Machine'		251	(5)
Gilbert Ryle
Mental States as Functional States		256	(7)
Hilary Putnam
The Subjective Dimension of Consciousness		263	(10)
Thomas Nagel
Specimen Questions		268	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		269	(4)
Part V The Self and Freedom		273	(70)
The Self		275	(1)
The Self and Consciousness		275	(5)
John Locke
The Self as Primitive Concept		280	(5)
Joseph Butler
The Self as Bundle		285	(5)
David Hume
The Partly Hidden Self		290	(6)
Sigmund Freud
Liberation from the Self		296	(6)
Derek Parfit
Selfhood and Narrative Understanding		302	(5)
Charles Taylor
Freedom		307	(1)
Human Freedom and Divine Providence		307	(5)
Augustine
Freedom to Do What We Want		312	(6)
Thomas Hobbes
Absolute Determinism		318	(2)
Pierre Simon de Laplace
Condemned to be Free		320	(6)
Jean-Paul Sartre
Determinism and our Attitudes to Others		326	(6)
Peter Strawson
Freedom, Responsibility and the Ability to do Otherwise		332	(11)
Harry G. Frankfurt
Specimen Questions		339	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		340	(3)
Part VI God and Religion		343	(68)
The Existence of God		345	(3)
The Five Proofs of God		348	(3)
Thomas Aquinas
God and the Idea of Perfection		351	(5)
Rene Descartes
The Wager		356	(3)
Blaise Pascal
The Problem of Evil		359	(6)
Gottfried Leibniz
The Argument from Design		365	(5)
David Hume
Against Miracles		370	(6)
David Hume
Faith and Subjectivity		376	(6)
Søren Kierkegaard
Reason, Passion and the Religious Hypothesis		382	(5)
William James
The Meaning of Religious Language		387	(7)
John Wisdom
God's Commands as the Foundation for Morality		394	(5)
Robert M. Adams
Against Evidentialism		399	(7)
Alvin Plantinga
Specimen Questions		406	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		407	(4)
Part VII Science and Method		411	(74)
Four Types of Explanation		413	(2)
Aristotle
Experimental Methods and True Causes		415	(7)
Francis Bacon
Mathematical Science and the Control of Nature		422	(5)
Rene Descartes
The Limits of Scientific Explanation		427	(6)
George Berkeley
The Problem of Induction		433	(5)
David Hume
The Relation between Cause and Effect		438	(5)
David Hume
Causality and our Experience of Events		443	(4)
Immanuel Kant
The Uniformity of Nature		447	(6)
John Stuart Mill
Science and Falsifiability		453	(7)
Karl Popper
How Explaining Works		460	(9)
Carl G. Hempel
Scientific Realism versus Instrumentalism		469	(6)
Grover Maxwell
Change and Crisis in Science		475	(10)
Thomas Kuhn
Specimen Questions		481	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		482	(3)
Part VIII Morality and the Good Life		485	(70)
Morality and Happiness		487	(5)
Plato
Ethical Virtue		492	(4)
Aristotle
Virtue, Reason and the Passions		496	(4)
Benedict Spinoza
Human Feeling as the Source of Ethics		500	(6)
David Hume
Duty and Reason as the Ultimate Principle		506	(6)
Immanuel Kant
Happiness as the Foundation of Morality		512	(5)
John Stuart Mill
Utility and Common-sense Morality		517	(7)
Henry Sidgwick
Against Conventional Morality		524	(5)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Duty and Intuition		529	(5)
W. D. Ross
Rational Choice and Fairness		534	(6)
John Rawls
Ethics as Rooted in History and Culture		540	(6)
Alasdair MacIntyre
Could Ethics be Objective?		546	(9)
Bernard Williams
Specimen Questions		551	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		552	(3)
Part IX Problems in Ethics		555	(66)
Inequality, Freedom and Slavery		557	(4)
Politics
War and Justice		561	(2)
Thomas Aquinas
Taking One's Own Life		563	(6)
David Hume
Gender, Liberty and Equality		569	(5)
Mary Wollstonecraft
Partiality and Favouritism		574	(2)
William Godwin
The Status of Non-human Animals		576	(3)
Immanuel Kant
The Purpose of Punishment		579	(6)
Jeremy Bentham
Our Relationship to the Environment		585	(5)
Aldo Leopold
Abortion and Rights		590	(6)
Judith Jarvis Thomson
The Relief of Global Suffering		596	(6)
Peter Singer
Medical Ethics and the Termination of Life		602	(6)
James Rachels
Cloning, Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering		608	(13)
Leon R. Kass
Specimen Questions		616	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		617	(4)
Part X Authority and the State		621	(72)
Our Obligation to Respect the Laws of the State		623	(4)
Plato
The Just Ruler		627	(4)
Thomas Aquinas
Sovereignty and Security		631	(5)
Thomas Hobbes
Consent and Political Obligation		636	(6)
John Locke
Against Contractarianism		642	(5)
David Hume
Society and the Individual		647	(6)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Unified State - From Individual Desire to Rational Self-determination		653	(6)
Georg Hegel
Property, Labour and Alienation		659	(6)
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
The Limits of Majority Rule		665	(6)
John Stuart Mill
The Minimal State		671	(6)
Robert Nozick
Social Co-operation and Rational Self-interest		677	(6)
David Gauthier
Liberalism, Resources and Equal Worth		683	(10)
Ronald Dworkin
Specimen Questions		690	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		691	(2)
Part XI Beauty and Art		693	(70)
Art and Imitation		695	(6)
Plato
The Nature and Function of Dramatic Art		701	(5)
Aristotle
The Idea of Beauty		706	(5)
Francis Hutcheson
Aesthetic Appreciation		711	(5)
David Hume
The Concept of the Beautiful		716	(7)
Immanuel Kant
The Metaphysics of Beauty		723	(5)
Arthur Schopenhauer
The Two Faces of Art		728	(6)
Friedrich Nietzsche
The Value of Art		734	(5)
Leo Tolstoy
Imagination and Art		739	(5)
Jean-Paul Sartre
What is Aesthetics?		744	(6)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
The Basis of Judgements of Taste		750	(6)
Frank Sibley
Artistic Representation and Reality		756	(7)
Nelson Goodman
Specimen Questions		761	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		762	(1)
Part XII Human Life and its Meaning		763	(60)
How to Accept Reality and Avoid Fear		765	(3)
Lucretius
Life Guided by Stoic Philosophy		768	(3)
Seneca
Meaning through Service to Others		771	(3)
Augustine
Contentment with the Human Lot		774	(4)
Michel de Montaigne
The Human Condition, Wretched yet Redeemable		778	(4)
Blaise Pascal
Human Life as a Meaningless Struggle		782	(4)
Arthur Schopenhauer
The Death of God and the Ascendancy of the Will		786	(4)
Friedrich Nietzsche
Idealism in a Godless Universe		790	(7)
Bertrand Russell
Futility and Defiance		797	(3)
Albert Camus
Involvement versus Detachment		800	(9)
Thomas Nagel
Religious Belief as Necessary for Meaning		809	(6)
William Lane Craig
Seeing our Lives as Part of the Process		815	(8)
Robert Nozick
Specimen Questions		820	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading		821	(2)
Notes on the Philosophers		823	(19)
Index		842

John Cottingham is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Reading. He is the author of many books including Rationalism (1984), Descartes (1986), The Rationalists (1988), Philosophy and the Good Life (1998), and On the Meaning of Life (2003), and is co-translator of The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. He was from 19915 Chairman of the British Society for the History of Philosophy, and is (since 1993) editor of Ratio, the international journal of analytic philosophy.