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Windfarm Visualisation: Perspective or Perception? [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 144 pages, kõrgus x laius: 280x210 mm, liberally illustrated
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Aug-2012
  • Kirjastus: Whittles Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1849950539
  • ISBN-13: 9781849950534
  • Formaat: Hardback, 144 pages, kõrgus x laius: 280x210 mm, liberally illustrated
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Aug-2012
  • Kirjastus: Whittles Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1849950539
  • ISBN-13: 9781849950534
As windfarms proliferate across the UK, visualisation as a means of predicting the scale and impacts of wind turbines has become a highly controversial subject. The purpose of any visualisation is to inform so that judgements can be made by professionals and the general public alike. Yet after nearly two decades, post-construction shocks are still common and the public demand for comprehensible and reliable pre-planning visuals increases. In Windfarm Visualisation, the author draws together a blend of knowledge and experience to explain the many scientific disciplines involved. He gives an overview of how some simple fixed standards facilitate proper validation and testing to restore confidence in visualisations which allow realistic prediction and effective planning. Photography is both an art and a science which, if used scientifically, must be capable of being tested. Current practice is found at best to be impractical and at worst an artifice to diminish potential impacts. Under scrutiny, flaws in the adopted methodology are exposed, pseudo-science is repudiated and wide-ranging problems for the public, planners and decision-makers explored and explained.The assumption that perspective geometry equates to what we see is challenged and the case is made that visual representation must take full account of human visual perception. This simple subject has been subverted by needless complexity. In Windfarm Visualisation this complexity is stripped away to provide a refreshingly informative text covering the fundamentals of photomontage visualisation, the unique challenges of representing windfarms and some simple recommendations for fixed photographic standards and presentation formats to restore confidence in predictive visualisation. It is also a scientific detective story into what we see, how it can be misrepresented and manipulated by self-interested parties and how visualisation itself has become the unwitting victim of its own potential to reliably inform the planning system and the public.

Arvustused

'...provides readers with the knowledge to make informed judgments within this suprisingly complex subject. Generously illustrated, Macdonald's rigorous technical inquiry delves into the cognitive and optical aspects of visual perception... This is particularly relevant for structures such as wind turbineswhich have few scaling features and can be seen from distances where photography struggles to convey a sense of scale within depth. ... Macdonald has produced a clear and 'straightforward story' accessible to professionals and lay people alike.' Architects' Journal '...shows clearly and in an unsensational way how virtually all current and recent windfarm application documents and presentations fail to give anything like a proper impression of the true visual impact of these schemes. ...it is quite clear that the guidelines currently applied to such visualisations are wholly inadequate and the result is that not only local communities, user groups and campaigners but also, crucially, planning officers cannot make a balanced judgement... This book should be on the desk of every planning officer and should also be made readily available to community councils, user groups and others with a genuine interest in the ever-growing impact that windfarms are having on our upland landscapes'. Roger Smith, The Great Outdoors '... this book contains a wealth of information about evaluating windfarm visualisations. It explains the methods being used in the presented graphic materials and how anyone can evaluate them properly and knowledgeably. The explanations and discussion in this book are richly supported with excellent graphics that support the text well. This book is not just for wind visualization. The discussion excels at describing photographic techniques and the planning process. ... I would recommend this book for classes where visualisation in all forms is being taught, in addition to highly recommended reading in urban planning, architecture, environmental assessment and the windfarm planning sector...' 3D Visualization World ...an excellent book ... This is a guidebook of the clever tricks and twists used by wind farm developers in depicting how their machines would not destroy landscape values. ...a versatile guide to image manipulation ... Having read this revealing book, you will be armed with all of the tools needed to identify where the public is being hoodwinked, and most significantly, where Local Planning Authorities are being exploited... Extract from letter to Countryside Voice from John Langley, CPRE

Acknowledgements vii
Preface ix
SECTION ONE
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(9)
Photomontage and Scale
1(3)
The Development of Windfarm Visualisations
4(2)
The Background
6(4)
Chapter 2 The Framework of Existing Guidance
10(11)
European EIA Directive
10(1)
Visual Impact Assessment
11(1)
Relevant Guidance and Standards
12(6)
Summary of Research Papers and Published Opinion
18(1)
Overall Summary
19(2)
Chapter 3 The Viewing Distance Methodology
21(4)
The Artist's View
21(1)
Linear Perspective
22(1)
The Viewing Distance
23(2)
Chapter 4 The Eye and The Camera
25(15)
The Human Visual System
25(7)
Camera Formats
32(2)
Camera Lenses
34(1)
Focal Length
35(3)
The 50mm Lens and the Human Eye
38(1)
The Telephoto Lens and the Human Eye
38(2)
Chapter 5 Display and Viewing Conventions
40(11)
Viewing Images
40(1)
The Shrinking Landscape
41(4)
The Diminishing Image
45(2)
The Diminishing Turbines
47(3)
Cognitive Maps
50(1)
Chapter 6 The Technical Problems
51(13)
Creating Panoramas
51(2)
Image Projection
53(1)
Perspective Distortion and Compression
54(3)
The Viewing Distance and Image Height
57(4)
Portrait Orientation
61(1)
SNH Guidance Viewing Distances
62(2)
Chapter 7 The Practical Problems
64(5)
Testing Images in the Field
64(2)
Public Accessibility
66(3)
Chapter 8 The Fundamental Issue
69(6)
The Moon Illusion
72(3)
SECTION TWO
Chapter 9 The Way Ahead
75(8)
Introduction
75(1)
Images for Comfortable Viewing
76(2)
Single Frame Images
78(1)
The Verification of Images
79(1)
The Three Fixed Standards
80(3)
Chapter 10 Images Suitable for Assessment
83(12)
Additional Tools and Applications
90(4)
Summary of Recommendations for Planning
94(1)
Chapter 11 Conclusion
95(8)
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Technical Aspects of Wireframes
103(4)
Appendix 2 Technical Aspects of Panoramas
107(2)
Appendix 3 Common Arguments against Single Frame Images
109(4)
Appendix 4 Viewing Distances and Horizontal Compression
113(2)
Appendix 5 Effect of Focal Length on Perceptions of Scale and Depth in Landscape Photographs: Implications for Visualisation Standards for Wind Energy Developments
115(2)
Appendix 6 Research Papers, Studies and Advice
117(8)
Appendix 7 Size-constancy Photograph
125(2)
Bibliography 127(4)
Index 131
Alan Macdonald, RIBA; MD, Architech Animation Studios (UK) Ltd.