| Preface |
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iii | |
| Useful Lists at a Glance |
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xix | |
| Introduction for Students |
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1 | (8) |
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PART ONE Writing for the Media |
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9 | (108) |
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Chapter 1 The Basics of Writing for Journalism |
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11 | (15) |
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Journalistic Writing Versus Fiction Writing |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (4) |
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14 | (1) |
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Write Short Sentences and Paragraphs, and Use Common Words |
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14 | (1) |
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Anticipate Readers' Questions |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Explain Numbers and Statistics |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (7) |
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18 | (1) |
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Use Correct Grammar, Usage, Spelling and Style |
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18 | (1) |
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Write to Your Audience and Purpose |
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18 | (1) |
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Use the Right Story Formula |
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19 | (1) |
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Maintain Objectivity in Your Writing |
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19 | (1) |
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Rules of Objective Writing |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (2) |
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Journalism Tip: Writing for Eighth-Grade-Level Readability |
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25 | (1) |
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Web Resources: Writing Help |
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25 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Tight Writing: Less Is More |
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26 | (42) |
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How to Tighten Your Writing |
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27 | (4) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (36) |
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Web Resources: Concise Writing |
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67 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Writing News That's Fit for Print |
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68 | (17) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (6) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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Journalism Tip: Words to Avoid in Attributing Information |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Problems With Hard-News Leads |
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77 | (2) |
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What Comes After the Hard-News Lead? |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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What Comes After the Soft-News Lead? |
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82 | (1) |
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Using Paraphrases and Transitions to Build a Story |
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83 | (1) |
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Web Resources: Journalism Reviews |
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84 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Writing News for Radio and Television |
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85 | (19) |
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Print and Online Versus Radio and TV News |
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86 | (5) |
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Use a Conversational Style |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Make It Easy to Understand |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Radio and Television Journalists Must Know Grammar |
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91 | (1) |
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Radio and Television Journalists Must Know Pronunciation |
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92 | (3) |
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Radio and Television Hard-News Leads |
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95 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Radio and Television Story Structure |
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97 | (1) |
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Radio and Television Style Summary |
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98 | (5) |
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Preparing Your Manuscript for Radio |
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98 | (1) |
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Preparing Your Manuscript for Television |
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99 | (1) |
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Editing and Other Symbols |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Web Resources: Radio and Television |
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103 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Writing for Online and Mobile Media |
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104 | (13) |
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106 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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Be Correct (and Credible) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Writing and Presenting News Online |
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108 | (8) |
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SEO: Writing With Search Engines in Mind |
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111 | (1) |
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Writing for International Audiences |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Journalism Tip: Editing Your Own Copy |
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113 | (1) |
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Promoting News on Social Media |
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114 | (1) |
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Legal and Ethical Concerns |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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Web Resources: Online Media |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (118) |
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119 | (22) |
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120 | (13) |
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1 Make sure your words agree and go together |
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120 | (2) |
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2 Make sure your words are in the right order |
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122 | (1) |
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3 Use the right form of the word |
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123 | (4) |
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127 | (2) |
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5 Punctuate according to sentence grammar |
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129 | (4) |
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Understanding in More Depth |
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133 | (7) |
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133 | (1) |
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Why Don't We Write How We Talk? |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Competing Grammars and Stylebooks |
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136 | (1) |
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When Is an Error Not an Error? |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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Web Resources: Grammar Help |
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140 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Phrases, Clauses and Sentences |
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141 | (11) |
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142 | (4) |
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1 Beware of common sentence errors |
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142 | (2) |
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2 Know the difference between restrictive versus nonrestrictive elements |
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144 | (2) |
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Journalism Tip: Punctuating Nonrestrictive Phrases and Clauses |
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146 | (1) |
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Understanding in More Depth |
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146 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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Journalism Tip: Using Different Types of Sentences |
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150 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Subjects and Objects |
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152 | (21) |
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152 | (10) |
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1 Choose among that or which, or who or whom |
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153 | (3) |
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2 Understand how to use pronouns ending in self or selves |
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156 | (1) |
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3 Spell singulars, plurals and possessives correctly |
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156 | (2) |
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4 Choose the right pronoun case |
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158 | (3) |
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5 Make sure trademarks are capitalized |
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161 | (1) |
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Journalism Tip: Using Trademarks |
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162 | (2) |
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6 Know when to capitalize names that are neither clearly proper names nor common nouns |
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163 | (1) |
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7 Make nouns and pronouns possessive before a gerund |
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163 | (1) |
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Understanding in More Depth |
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164 | (9) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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Verbal Nouns: Gerunds and Infinitives |
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168 | (1) |
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More on Forming Singulars and Plurals of Nouns |
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168 | (1) |
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More on Forming Possessives of Nouns |
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169 | (1) |
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More on Common Trademarks Used Incorrectly |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (32) |
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173 | (9) |
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1 Know when there should or should not be an s at the end of a verb |
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174 | (1) |
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2 Don't confuse the verbs can, may, shall and will with could, might, would and should, or with each other |
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174 | (1) |
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3 Don't misuse helping verbs---the verbs added to a main verb |
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175 | (1) |
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4 Don't misuse irregular verbs---those that don't make their past forms by adding ed. |
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176 | (1) |
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5 Normally, avoid passive voice |
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177 | (3) |
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6 Avoid using nouns as verbs that editors dislike |
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180 | (2) |
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Understanding in More Depth |
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182 | (23) |
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What's the Difference Between a Verb and a Predicate? |
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182 | (1) |
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What Are Helping Verbs and Main Verbs? |
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182 | (1) |
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What Are Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs? |
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183 | (1) |
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Understanding Verb Tenses |
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184 | (5) |
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Principal Parts of Common Irregular and Other Confusing Verbs |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (4) |
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Keeping Verb Tenses Consistent |
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195 | (1) |
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More on Active Voice Versus Passive Voice |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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Journalism Tip: Verb Moods |
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199 | (4) |
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203 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Making the Parts Agree |
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205 | (12) |
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205 | (8) |
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1 Make sure each subject and its verb agree in number |
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205 | (2) |
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Journalism Tip: Groups of People in the News |
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207 | (4) |
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2 Make sure each pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number, gender and person |
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211 | (1) |
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3 Make sure each sentence's words, phrases and clauses have parallel structure |
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212 | (1) |
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Understanding in More Depth |
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213 | (4) |
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More on Subject-Verb Agreement With Conjunctions |
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213 | (1) |
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More on Subject-Verb Agreement With Uncountable Nouns |
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214 | (1) |
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More on Subject-Verb Agreement With Other Confusing Nouns |
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214 | (1) |
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More on Prepositional Phrases |
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215 | (1) |
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More on Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement |
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215 | (1) |
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More on Making Verbs Parallel |
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216 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Modifiers and Connecting Words |
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217 | (12) |
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Solving Common Problems With Modifiers |
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217 | (6) |
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1 Use the correct forms of adjectives and adverbs |
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218 | (2) |
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2 Don't confuse adjectives with adverbs |
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220 | (1) |
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3 Know the difference between coordinate adjectives and compound modifiers |
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221 | (1) |
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4 Know how to use articles correctly |
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221 | (1) |
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5 Set off sentence adverbs with commas from the rest of the sentence |
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222 | (1) |
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6 Don't use double negatives |
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222 | (1) |
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7 Punctuate interjections correctly |
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223 | (1) |
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Solving Common Problems With Connecting Words |
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223 | (6) |
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1 Pay attention to how you use prepositions and whether the preposition is necessary |
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223 | (2) |
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2 Make sure that you use the correct conjunction to connect equal or unequal parts of a sentence |
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225 | (1) |
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Understanding in More Depth |
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226 | (1) |
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More About Other Kinds of Modifiers |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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More About Correlative Conjunctions |
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228 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Getting Words in the Right Order |
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229 | (6) |
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229 | (1) |
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1 Place modifiers as close as possible to the word they modify |
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229 | (2) |
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2 Adverbs require extra attention to placement in verb phrases because different orders are preferable here depending on the meaning |
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231 | (1) |
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Understanding in More Depth |
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232 | (3) |
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Understanding Preposition Placement |
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232 | (1) |
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Understanding Split Infinitives |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (96) |
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Chapter 13 Finding the Right Word |
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237 | (94) |
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Journalism Tip: Conservative Stylebook Rules |
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238 | (2) |
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Misused and Confused Words and Phrases |
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240 | (57) |
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Chapter 14 Sexism, Racism and Other "Isms" |
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296 | (1) |
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How the Individual Became the Media |
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297 | (1) |
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A Shifting "Center of Gravity" |
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298 | (1) |
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Principles for Choosing Up-to-Date Language |
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299 | (3) |
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Language Turns to the Future |
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302 | (1) |
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New Players in the New Millennium |
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303 | (2) |
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A Brief History of "Isms" |
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305 | (1) |
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Dealing With Current Reality |
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306 | (4) |
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306 | (1) |
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Racism and Religious Bias |
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306 | (3) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Up to Date or Out of Date |
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311 | (1) |
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Dumping Today's Stereotypes |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (14) |
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Web-Resources: Competent Language |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (62) |
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333 | (1) |
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Solving Common Problems With Commas |
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334 | (5) |
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1 Know when always to use a comma |
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334 | (3) |
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2 Know when never to use a comma |
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337 | (2) |
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3 Know when you might want to use a comma |
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339 | (1) |
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Solving Common Problems With Quotations |
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339 | (7) |
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1 Know what and how to quote |
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339 | (3) |
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2 Know how to attribute quotations and paraphrases |
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342 | (3) |
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3 Know how to carry quotations across paragraphs |
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345 | (1) |
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4 Know how to handle these special issues with quotes |
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345 | (1) |
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Solving Common Problems With Punctuating Pairs of Modifiers |
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346 | (3) |
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1 Use the correct conjunction to connect equal or unequal parts of a sentence---a coordinating one for equal parts, a subordinating one for unequal parts---and punctuate them correctly |
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346 | (1) |
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2 Set off conjunctive adverbs by placing a comma after them |
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347 | (1) |
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3 Know the difference between punctuating coordinate adjectives and compound modifiers |
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348 | (1) |
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Understanding in More Depth |
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349 | (7) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Periods, Exclamation Points and Question Marks |
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354 | (2) |
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Chapter 16 Spelling Relief |
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356 | (37) |
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356 | (4) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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Journalism Tip: Spelling and Your Career |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (6) |
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Hyphenation as a Spelling Problem |
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366 | (4) |
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366 | (3) |
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Looking Up Words for Hyphenation |
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369 | (1) |
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One Word, Two Words or Hyphenated? |
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370 | (17) |
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American Versus British Spelling |
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387 | (4) |
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Web Resource: Language Skills |
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391 | (2) |
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Appendix: Wire-Service Print and Web Style Summary |
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393 | (12) |
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Abbreviations and Acronyms |
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394 | (4) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (3) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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Government and College Terms |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (2) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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Social Media and Computer Terms |
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403 | (1) |
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Web Resource: Associated Press Style |
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403 | (2) |
| Web Resources: Additional Sources |
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405 | (2) |
| Bibliography |
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407 | (4) |
| Index |
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411 | (17) |
| Copy-Editing Marks |
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428 | |
