List of figures |
|
xv | |
List of tables |
|
xvii | |
Preface |
|
xix | |
To the student |
|
xxi | |
To the teacher |
|
xxii | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxiv | |
Part 1 Getting the big picture |
|
|
1 General principles of writing |
|
|
3 | (9) |
|
1.1 Fitting in, standing out |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.2 We have to start somewhere, but why research articles? |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.3 Academic English: a new language |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
1.4 Identifying good exemplar articles |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
1.5 Learning the fundamentals |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
1.6 Exploring different genres |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
1.7 Creating your own masterpiece |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
2 Overall format of research articles |
|
|
12 | (17) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
2.2 Research article formats: IMRD vs. IPTC |
|
|
12 | (8) |
|
2.2.1 IMRD and modified IMRD (IMRaDC) formats |
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
2.2.2 IPTC and modified IPTC (IPC) formats |
|
|
15 | (4) |
|
2.2.3 Why a separate format? |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
2.3 Variation in research article formats |
|
|
20 | (4) |
|
2.3.1 Formats in the natural sciences |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
2.3.2 Formats in engineering and mathematics |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
2.3.3 Formats in the social sciences |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
2.4 Determining exemplar article structure |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
Exercise 2.1 Overall structure |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
3 Argument structure of research articles |
|
|
29 | (10) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
3.2 Three implicit claims |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
3.3 Ten common component claims |
|
|
32 | (3) |
|
Exercise 3.1 Locating components |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
3.4 Supporting the claims |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
Exercise 3.2 Writing and supporting a claim |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (2) |
Part 2 Argument structure in exemplar articles |
|
39 | (76) |
|
4 Establishing the importance of and need for the research |
|
|
41 | (15) |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
4.2 Claim 1: importance of and need for your work |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
4.3 Component analysis and component markers |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
4.4 Component 1: importance |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
4.6 Component 3: research goal [ main claim] |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
4.7 Component 4: framework |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
4.8 Structure of a well-written article |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
4.9 Comparison of IMRD and IPTC |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
Exercise 4.1 Introduction division components |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
53 | (3) |
|
5 Demonstrating the continuity and novelty of your research |
|
|
56 | (13) |
|
5.1 Connected yet distinct |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
5.2 Claim 2: reliability or feasibility of your work |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
5.3 Component 4: framework |
|
|
57 | (4) |
|
5.4 Component 5: research details |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
5.5 Component 6: testing methods |
|
|
63 | (3) |
|
5.6 Comparison of IMRD and IPTC |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Exercise 5.1 Methods or Process division components |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
6 Verifying the contribution of your research |
|
|
69 | (14) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
6.2 Claim 3: the contribution of your work |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
6.3 Component 6: testing methods |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
6.4 Component 7: data patterns |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
6.5 Component 8: comparisons |
|
|
73 | (3) |
|
6.6 Component 9: interpretations |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
6.7 Component 10: conclusion |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
6.8 Comparison of IMRD and IPTC |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Exercise 6.1 Results and Discussion or Testing and Conclusion division components |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
7 Evidence from past research |
|
|
83 | (12) |
|
7.1 Connecting with accepted evidence |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
7.2 Evidence from past research |
|
|
83 | (5) |
|
7.2.1 Categories of past research |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Past research as evidence for various components |
|
|
85 | (14) |
|
Exercise 7.1 Past research and components |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
7.3 Author-prominent vs. information-prominent citations |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
Exercise 7.2 Citation types |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
90 | (3) |
|
Exercise 7.3 Citation verbs |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
8 Evidence from current research |
|
|
95 | (10) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Exercise 8.1 Past to present research |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
8.2 Evidence from current research |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
8.3 Examples and equations |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Exercise 8.2 Example and equation type and location |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
8.4 Evidence from research details |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
8.5 Data in text and graphics |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Exercise 8.3 Graphics type and location |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
8.6 Data comparison and statistics |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
8.6.1 Types of statistics |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
8.6.2 Experimental design |
|
|
100 | (7) |
|
Exercise 8.4 Statistics type and location |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
Exercise 8.5 Pointing verbs |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
|
105 | (10) |
|
9.1 Follow the yellow brick road |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
9.4 Extended vs. condensed style |
|
|
107 | (3) |
|
9.4.1 Characteristics of extended and condensed style |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
Exercise 9.1 Identifying extended and condensed styles |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
9.5 Sequencing strategies |
|
|
110 | (3) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
9.5.2 Nested or cyclical strategies |
|
|
111 | (41) |
|
Exercise 9.2 Sequencing strategies |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (2) |
Part 3 Exploring different genres |
|
115 | (62) |
|
10 Argument structure in other types of writing |
|
|
117 | (5) |
|
10.1 Variations on a theme |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
10.2 Planning to overcome difficulties |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
10.3 Goal, audience, criteria |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
|
122 | (5) |
|
11.1 So near, and yet so far |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (8) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
12.5 Industrial journal articles |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
12.6 Thesis or dissertation |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
|
135 | (6) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
13.4 Review or survey articles |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (6) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
14.4 Management or consulting reports |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
15 Writing about yourself and others |
|
|
147 | (5) |
|
15.1 Blowing your own horn |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
16 Academic and technical presentations |
|
|
152 | (11) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
16.2 Different format, same principles |
|
|
152 | (6) |
|
16.2.1 Preparing in stages |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (3) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
16.3 Academic oral presentations |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
16.4 Academic poster presentations |
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
16.5 Technical presentations |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
17 Principles for successful email |
|
|
163 | (14) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
17.2 General email etiquette |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
17.3 Position and imposition |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
17.4 Five factors affecting email success |
|
|
166 | (9) |
|
|
166 | (4) |
|
17.4.2 Justifying your request |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
17.4.3 Amount of information |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
17.4.4 Reducing imposition |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
17.4.5 Attention to detail |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
Part 4 Creating your masterpiece |
|
177 | (72) |
|
|
179 | (10) |
|
18.1 The hardest lesson for beginning writers |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
18.5 Do it right the first time |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
Exercise 18.1 Instructions to authors |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
Exercise 18.2 Paraphrasing practice |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
|
189 | (7) |
|
19.1 Planning your masterpiece |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
19.2 Initial sketch: argument structure outline |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
Exercise 19.1 Argument structure outline |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
19.3 Adding the base layer: brainstorming |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Exercise 19.2 Brainstorming |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
19.4 Placing the main elements: linearizing |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Exercise 19.3 Linearizing your article |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (4) |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
20.2 Keeping track of where you are |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
20.3 Keeping track of citations |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
20.4 Keeping track of your work |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
21 Rewriting for organization |
|
|
200 | (6) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
Exercise 21.1 Evaluating the coherence of your writing |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Exercise 21.2 Evaluating the conciseness of your writing |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
22 Rewriting for clarification |
|
|
206 | (24) |
|
22.1 Clear, concise, precise |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (9) |
|
22.2.1 Connection to past research |
|
|
207 | (3) |
|
Exercise 22.1 Highlighting your contribution |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
22.2.2 Connection within your article |
|
|
210 | (6) |
|
Exercise 22.2 Adding connectors to strengthen your argument |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (11) |
|
22.3.1 Making supportable claims |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
22.3.2 Proper use of statistical terms: significant |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
22.3.3 Proper use of statistical terms: causation vs. correlation |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
22.3.4 Types and uses of qualifiers |
|
|
220 | (10) |
|
Exercise 22.3 Using qualifiers to make your claims more supportable |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
23 Revision and finalization |
|
|
230 | (19) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (4) |
|
23.2.1 Consistency of thought |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
23.2.2 Consistency of words |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Exercise 23.1 Consistency of words |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
23.2.3 Eliminating ambiguity |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
234 | (11) |
|
23.3.1 Frequently misused words |
|
|
235 | (3) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (4) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
23.3.4 British vs. American usage |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
23.3.5 Spelling, punctuation, and formatting |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
23.3.6 Variation in an ELF research world |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
246 | (3) |
Part 5 Adding the final touches |
|
249 | (36) |
|
24 Illustrating your manuscript |
|
|
251 | (11) |
|
24.1 The purpose of graphics |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
24.2 Terms used when referring to graphics |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (4) |
|
Exercise 24.1 Evaluating tables in your exemplars |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Exercise 24.2 Evaluating graphs in your exemplars |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
24.5 Figures: illustrations |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Exercise 24.3 Evaluating illustrations in your exemplars |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
24.6 Graphics that break the rules |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
25 References and citations |
|
|
262 | (4) |
|
25.1 When the writing is done |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
25.2 Reference and citation formats |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Exercise 25.1 Entering references and citations |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
25.3 Reference management |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
26 The first shall be last |
|
|
266 | (8) |
|
26.1 Attracting attention |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (3) |
|
Exercise 26.1 Structure of exemplar abstracts |
|
|
267 | (2) |
|
Exercise 26.2 Writing the final version of your abstract |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Exercise 26.3 Creating a title for your article |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Exercise 26.4 Deciding on keywords |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Exercise 26.5 Writing highlights |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
26.6 Acknowledgments, author information, and other bits |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Exercise 26.6 Gathering the last bits |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
|
274 | (11) |
|
27.1 Warning: not every article is accepted (but it's not the end of your career) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
27.2 Choosing the right journal |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Exercise 27.1 Preparing for submission |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
27.4 How the review process works |
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
27.5 Responding to reviewer comments |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
27.6 Borrowing from your own work |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Evaluate your understanding |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (2) |
Appendix 1: Generalized component list |
|
285 | (4) |
|
|
285 | (3) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
Appendix 2: Concordance, Academic Word List, and related tools |
|
289 | (3) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (2) |
Appendix 3: List of supplemental material (online) |
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
Glossary |
|
293 | (2) |
Index |
|
295 | |