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Zeolites and Catalysis: Synthesis, Reactions and Applications [Kõva köide]

Edited by (Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia), Edited by (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic), Edited by (Chevron Texaco Energy Research and Technology Company, Richmond, USA)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Apr-2010
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  • ISBN-10: 352732514X
  • ISBN-13: 9783527325146
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Zeolites and Catalysis: Synthesis, Reactions and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 918 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 246x178x52 mm, kaal: 1982 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Apr-2010
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 352732514X
  • ISBN-13: 9783527325146
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783527325146.html
Märksõnad:
Zeolites and Catalysis Microporous, aluminosilicate minerals with regularly structured pores offer access to a wide range of applications in both academia and industry. This indispensable two-volume handbook covery everything on the hot research field of zeolites.

With information spread over two volumes: Volume 1 deals with the synthesis, modification, characterization and application of catalytic active zeolites, while Volume 2 focuses on such reaction types as cracking, hydrocracking, isomerization, reforming and other industrially important topics.

Edited by a highly experienced and internationally renowned team with chapters written by the ?Who s Who? of zeolite research, this set is valuable to catalytic, solid state, physical, and industrial chemists, chemical engineers, surface chemists and materials scientists

Arvustused

It is accessible to both experienced and inexperienced researchers in the field of micro- and mesoporous silicate materials. It has excellent micrographs of zeolite crystals, figures of processes and timelines of scientific discovery in the zeolite world. Taking all these points into account, I highly recommend this text to both experienced and early-stage researchers in the field.  (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 6 March 2015)

 

Preface xiii
List of Contributors
xvii
1 Synthesis Mechanism: Crystal Growth and Nucleation
1(56)
Pablo Cubillas
Michael W. Anderson
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Theory of Nucleation and Growth
3(8)
1.2.1 Nucleation
3(1)
1.2.2 Supersaturation
3(1)
1.2.3 Energetics
4(1)
1.2.4 Nucleation Rate
5(1)
1.2.5 Heterogeneous and Secondary Nucleation
5(1)
1.2.6 Induction Time
6(1)
1.2.7 Crystal Growth
6(1)
1.2.8 Crystal Surface Structure
6(2)
1.2.9 2D Nucleation Energetics
8(1)
1.2.10 Spiral Growth
9(1)
1.2.11 Interlaced Spirals
10(1)
1.2.12 Growth Mechanisms: Rough and Smooth Surfaces
10(1)
1.3 Nucleation and Growth in Zeolites
11(4)
1.3.1 Overview
11(2)
1.3.2 Zeolite Nucleation
13(1)
1.3.3 Crystal Growth on Zeolites and Zeotypes
14(1)
1.4 Techniques
15(8)
1.4.1 The Solid Crystal
15(1)
1.4.1.1 AFM
15(1)
1.4.1.2 HRSEM
16(1)
1.4.1.3 Confocal Microscopy
16(1)
1.4.2 Solution Chemistry - Oligomers and Nanoparticles
17(1)
1.4.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
17(2)
1.4.2.2 Mass Spectrometry
19(1)
1.4.2.3 Cryo-TEM
20(1)
1.4.3 Modeling
21(1)
1.4.3.1 Monte Carlo Modeling of Crystal Growth
21(2)
1.5 Case Studies
23(26)
1.5.1 Zeolite A
23(1)
1.5.1.1 Thompson Synthesis
24(2)
1.5.1.2 Petranovskii Synthesis
26(2)
1.5.2 Silicalite
28(5)
1.5.3 LTL
33(2)
1.5.4 STA-7
35(3)
1.5.4.1 {001} Faces
38(1)
1.5.4.2 {001} Faces
38(5)
1.5.5 Zincophosphates
43(1)
1.5.5.1 ZnPO4-Sodalite
43(4)
1.5.5.2 ZnPO4-Faujasite
47(1)
1.5.6 Metal Organic Frameworks
47(2)
1.6 Conclusions and Outlook
49(8)
References
50(7)
2 Synthesis Approaches
57(30)
Karl G. Strohmaier
2.1 Introduction
57(1)
2.2 Aluminophosphates
58(1)
2.3 Mineralizers
59(2)
2.4 Dry Gel Conversion Syntheses
61(1)
2.5 Low Water Syntheses
62(1)
2.6 Germanium Zeolites
63(2)
2.7 Isomorphous Substitution
65(2)
2.8 Structure-Directing Agents
67(3)
2.9 SDA Modeling
70(2)
2.10 Co-templating
72(1)
2.11 Layered Precursors
73(4)
2.12 Nonaqueous Solvents
77(2)
2.13 Summary and Outlook
79(8)
Acknowledgments
80(1)
References
80(7)
3 Ionothermal Synthesis of Zeolites and Other Porous Materials
87(20)
Russell E. Morris
3.1 Introduction
87(2)
3.2 Hydrothermal, Solvothermal, and Ionothermal Synthesis
89(1)
3.3 Ionothermal Aluminophosphate Synthesis
90(2)
3.4 Ionothermal Synthesis of Silica-Based Zeolites
92(1)
3.5 Ionothermal Synthesis of Metal Organic Frameworks and Coordination Polymers
92(1)
3.6 Ambient Pressure Ionothermal Synthesis
93(2)
3.7 The Role of Cation-Templating, Co-Templating, or No Templating
95(2)
3.8 The Role of the Anion - Structure Induction
97(2)
3.9 The Role of Water and Other Mineralizers
99(2)
3.10 Unstable Ionic Liquids
101(1)
3.11 Summary and Outlook
101(6)
References
102(5)
4 Co-Templates in Synthesis of Zeolites
107(24)
Joaquin Perez-Pariente
Raquel Garcia
Luis Gomez-Hortiguela
Ana Belen Pinar
4.1 Introduction
107(1)
4.2 Templating of Dual-Void Structures
108(5)
4.3 Crystallization of Aluminophosphate-Type Materials
113(3)
4.4 Combined Use of Templating and Pore-Filling Agents
116(1)
4.5 Cooperative Structure-Directing Effects of Organic Molecules and Mineralizing Anions
117(2)
4.6 Cooperative Structure-Directing Effects of Organic Molecules and Water
119(3)
4.7 Control of Crystal Size and Morphology
122(1)
4.8 Membrane Systems
123(1)
4.9 Use of Co-Templates for Tailoring the Catalytic Activity of Microporous Materials
123(2)
4.10 Summary and Outlook
125(6)
Acknowledgments
127(1)
References
127(4)
5 Morphological Synthesis of Zeolites
131(24)
Sang-Eon Park
Nanzhe Jiang
5.1 Introduction
131(1)
5.2 Morphology of Large Zeolite Crystals
132(6)
5.2.1 Large Crystals of Natural Zeolites
132(1)
5.2.2 Synthesis of Large Zeolite Crystals
133(5)
5.3 Morphology Control of MFI Zeolite Particles (of Size Less than 100 μm)
138(4)
5.3.1 Dependence of Structure-Directing Agents (SDAs)
139(2)
5.3.2 Dependence on Alkali-Metal Cations
141(1)
5.4 Morphological Synthesis by MW
142(7)
5.4.1 Examples of MW Dependency
142(1)
5.4.2 Morphological Fabrication by MW
143(3)
5.4.3 Formation Scheme of Stacked Morphology
146(3)
5.5 Summary and Outlook
149(6)
Acknowledgments
150(1)
References
150(5)
6 Post-synthetic Treatment and Modification of Zeolites
155(16)
Cong-Yan Chen
Stacey I. Zones
6.1 Introduction
155(1)
6.2 Direct Synthesis of Zeolites
155(2)
6.3 Post-synthetic Treatment and Modification of Zeolites
157(9)
6.3.1 Aluminum Reinsertion into Zeolite Framework Using Aqueous Al(NO3)3 Solution under Acidic Conditions
158(1)
6.3.1.1 Experimental Procedures
158(1)
6.3.1.2 One-Step Method versus Two-Step Method
159(1)
6.3.1.3 Effects of the Ratio of Al(NO3)3 to Zeolite
160(1)
6.3.1.4 Effects of pH, Time, Temperature, and Other Factors
161(1)
6.3.1.5 Applicable to Medium Pore Zeolite?
161(1)
6.3.2 Synthesis of Hydrophobic Zeolites by Hydrothermal Treatment with Acetic Acid
162(1)
6.3.2.1 Experimental Procedures
162(1)
6.3.2.2 Highly Crystalline Pure-Silica Zeolites Prepared via This Technique
163(1)
6.3.2.3 Effects of Type of Acid, pH, Temperature, and Other Factors
163(1)
6.3.2.4 Experimental Results from Our Lab
164(2)
6.4 Summary and Outlook
166(5)
Acknowledgments
167(1)
References
167(4)
7 Structural Chemistry of Zeolites
171(38)
Paul A. Wright
Gordon M. Pearce
7.1 Introduction
171(1)
7.2 Zeolite Structure Types Exemplified by Those Based on the Sodalite Cage
172(13)
7.2.1 Introduction
172(3)
7.2.2 The Framework: Secondary Building Units in Zeolite Structural Chemistry
175(2)
7.2.3 Assembling Sodalite Cages: Sodalite, A, Faujasites X and Y, and EMC-2
177(1)
7.2.4 Faujasitic Zeolites X and Y as Typical Examples
178(1)
7.2.5 Key Inorganic Cation-Only Zeolites Pre-1990
179(3)
7.2.6 Structures Templated by Simple Alkylammonium Ions
182(2)
7.2.7 Lessons from Nature
184(1)
7.3 The Expanding Library of Zeolite Structures: Novel Structures, Novel Features
185(16)
7.3.1 Introduction
185(2)
7.3.2 Novel Structures and Pore Geometries
187(4)
7.3.3 Expansion of the Coordination Sphere of Framework Atoms
191(2)
7.3.4 The Current Limits of Structural Complexity in Zeolites
193(2)
7.3.5 Chirality and Mesoporosity
195(2)
7.3.6 Ordered Vacancies and Growth Defects
197(1)
7.3.7 Zeolites from Layered Precursors
198(1)
7.3.8 Substitution of Framework Oxygen Atoms
199(2)
7.4 Summary and Outlook
201(8)
7.4.1 Summary
201(1)
7.4.2 Outlook
202(2)
References
204(5)
8 Vibrational Spectroscopy and Related In situ Studies of Catalytic Reactions Within Molecular Sieves
209(28)
Eli Stavitski
Bert M. Weckhuysen
8.1 Introduction
209(2)
8.2 Acidity Determination with IR Spectroscopy of Probe Molecules
211(7)
8.3 Zeolite Synthesis Processes
218(3)
8.4 Selection of Zeolite-Based Catalytic Reactions
221(10)
8.4.1 Catalytic Decomposition of Nitric Oxides
221(4)
8.4.2 Methanol-to-Olefin Conversion
225(6)
8.5 IR Microspectroscopy
231(1)
8.6 Concluding Remarks and Look into the Future
232(5)
Acknowledgment
234(1)
References
234(3)
9 Textural Characterization of Mesoporous Zeolites
237(46)
Lei Zhang
Adri N.C. van Laak
Petra E. de Jongh
Krijn P. de Jong
9.1 Introduction
237(2)
9.2 Methods for Generating Meso- and Macropores in Zeolites
239(7)
9.2.1 Postsynthesis Modification
239(1)
9.2.1.1 Dealumination
239(2)
9.2.1.2 Desilication
241(1)
9.2.1.3 Detitanation
242(1)
9.2.2 Templating Method
243(1)
9.2.2.1 Hard Template
243(1)
9.2.2.2 Soft Template
244(1)
9.2.3 Other Methods
245(1)
9.3 Characterization of Textural Properties of Mesoporous Zeolites
246(27)
9.3.1 Gas Physisorption
246(5)
9.3.2 Thermoporometry
251(4)
9.3.3 Mercury Porosimetry
255(1)
9.3.4 Electron Microscopy
256(1)
9.3.4.1 SEM and TEM
256(10)
9.3.5 NMR Techniques
266(1)
9.3.5.1 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy
266(3)
9.3.5.2 PFG NMR
269(2)
9.3.6 In situ Optical and Fluorescence Microscopy
271(2)
9.4 Summary and Outlook
273(10)
Acknowledgments
274(1)
References
274(9)
10 Aluminum in Zeolites: Where is it and What is its Structure?
283(18)
Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
Nadiya Danilina
10.1 Introduction
283(1)
10.2 Structure of Aluminum Species in Zeolites
284(5)
10.2.1 Reversible versus Irreversible Structural Changes
285(1)
10.2.2 Cautionary Note
286(1)
10.2.3 Development of Activity and Changing Aluminum Coordination
286(3)
10.3 Where is the Aluminum in Zeolite Crystals?
289(7)
10.3.1 Aluminum Zoning
289(3)
10.3.2 Aluminum Distribution Over the Crystallographic T Sites
292(4)
10.4 Summary and Outlook
296(5)
Acknowledgment
298(1)
References
298(3)
11 Theoretical Chemistry of Zeolite Reactivity
301(34)
Evgeny A. Pidko
Rutger A. van Santen
11.1 Introduction
301(1)
11.2 Methodology
302(5)
11.2.1 Ab initio Methods
303(1)
11.2.2 DFT Methods
303(1)
11.2.3 Basis Sets
304(2)
11.2.4 Zeolite Models
306(1)
11.3 Activation of Hydrocarbons in Zeolites: The Role of Dispersion Interactions
307(9)
11.4 Molecular-Level Understanding of Complex Catalytic Reactions: MTO Process
316(5)
11.5 Molecular Recognition and Confinement-Driven Reactivity
321(5)
11.6 Structural Properties of Zeolites: Framework Al Distribution and Structure and Charge Compensation of Extra-framework Cations
326(4)
11.7 Summary and Outlook
330(5)
References
331(4)
12 Modeling of Transport and Accessibility in Zeolites
335(26)
Sofia Calero Diaz
12.1 Introduction
335(1)
12.2 Molecular Models
336(2)
12.2.1 Modeling Zeolites and Nonframework Cations
336(1)
12.2.2 Modeling Guest Molecules
337(1)
12.3 Simulation Methods
338(8)
12.3.1 Computing Adsorption
339(2)
12.3.2 Computing Free Energy Barriers
341(2)
12.3.3 Computing Volume-Rendered Pictures, Zeolite Surface Areas, and Zeolite Pore Volumes
343(1)
12.3.4 Computing Diffusion
344(2)
12.4 Molecular Modeling Applied to Processes Involving Zeolites
346(7)
12.4.1 Applications in Technological Processes
346(1)
12.4.1.1 Molecular Modeling of Confined Water in Zeolites
346(2)
12.4.1.2 Molecular Modeling of Hydrocarbons in Zeolites
348(1)
12.4.1.3 Molecular Modeling of Separation of Mixtures in Zeolites
349(2)
12.4.2 Applications in Green Chemistry
351(1)
12.4.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Capture
351(1)
12.4.2.2 Natural Gas Purification
352(1)
12.5 Summary and Outlook
353(8)
Acknowledgments
354(1)
References
354(7)
13 Diffusion in Zeolites - Impact on Catalysis
361(28)
Johan van den Bergh
Jorge Gascon
Freek Kapteijn
13.1 Introduction
361(1)
13.2 Diffusion and Reaction in Zeolites: Basic Concepts
362(6)
13.2.1 Importance of Adsorption
364(1)
13.2.2 Self-Diffusivity
364(1)
13.2.3 Mixture Diffusion
365(1)
13.2.4 Diffusion Measurement Techniques
365(1)
13.2.5 Relating Diffusion and Catalysis
366(2)
13.3 Diffusion in Zeolites: Potential Issues
368(7)
13.3.1 Concentration Dependence of Diffusion
368(2)
13.3.2 Single-File Diffusion
370(2)
13.3.3 Surface Barriers
372(2)
13.3.4 The Thiele Concept: A Useful Approach in Zeolite Catalysis?
374(1)
13.4 Pore Structure, Diffusion, and Activity at the Subcrystal Level
375(4)
13.5 Improving Transport through Zeolite Crystals
379(3)
13.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
382(7)
References
383(6)
Preface xiii
List of Contributors
xvii
14 Special Applications of Zeolites
389(22)
Victor Sebastian
Clara Casado
Joaquin Coronas
14.1 Introduction
389(1)
14.2 Zeolite Membranes
389(7)
14.2.1 Membrane Reactors and Microreactors
390(2)
14.2.2 Zeolite-Based Gas Sensors
392(2)
14.2.3 Mixed-Matrix Membranes
394(2)
14.3 Host-Guest Interactions
396(3)
14.4 Medical and Veterinary Applications
399(2)
14.4.1 Medical Applications
399(1)
14.4.2 Veterinary Applications
400(1)
14.5 Other Applications
401(3)
14.5.1 Racemic Separations
401(1)
14.5.2 Magnetic Zeolites
402(1)
14.5.3 Hydrogen Storage
403(1)
14.6 Summary and Outlook
404(7)
References
406(5)
15 Organization of Zeolite Microcrystals
411(38)
Kyung Byung Yoon
15.1 Introduction
411(1)
15.2 Organization of Zeolite Microcrystals into Functional Materials by Self-Assembly
411(27)
15.2.1 Monolayer Assembly on Solid Substrates
412(1)
15.2.1.1 Types of Linkages
412(3)
15.2.1.2 Types of Substrates
415(1)
15.2.1.3 Methods
415(1)
15.2.1.4 Characteristic Points to Monitor the Quality of the Monolayers
416(1)
15.2.1.5 Four Key Processes Occurring during Monolayer Assembly
417(7)
15.2.1.6 Effect of Method on Rate, DCP, Coverage, and Binding Strength
424(2)
15.2.1.7 Factors Affecting Binding Strengths
426(1)
15.2.1.8 Driving Forces for Uniform Orientation and Close Packing
427(2)
15.2.2 Patterned Monolayer Assembly on Substrates
429(2)
15.2.3 Multilayer Assembly on Substrates
431(1)
15.2.4 Organization into 2D Arrays on Water
431(3)
15.2.5 Organization into Surface-Aligned Zeolite Microballs
434(1)
15.2.6 Self-Assembly of Substrate-Tethering Zeolite Crystals with Proteins
435(2)
15.2.7 In Situ Self-Organization of Zeolite Crystals into Arrays during Synthesis
437(1)
15.3 Monolayer Assembly of Zeolite Microcrystals by Dry Manual Assembly
438(3)
15.4 Current and Future Applications
441(1)
15.5 Summary and Outlook
442(7)
Acknowledgments
444(1)
References
444(5)
16 Industrial Potential of Zeolites
449(44)
Giuseppe Bellussi
Angela Carati
Roberto Millini
16.1 Introduction
449(1)
16.2 Application of Zeolites in Slurry Processes
450(5)
16.2.1 TS-1 Based Catalyst for Liquid-Phase Oxidation Processes
451(2)
16.2.2 New Advance in Slurry Phase Reaction with Zeolitic Catalysts
453(2)
16.3 Rebalancing the Refinery Products Slate
455(7)
16.3.1 Bottom Cracking Conversion
457(2)
16.3.2 LCO Upgrading
459(2)
16.3.3 Olefins Oligomerization
461(1)
16.4 Advanced Separation Technologies
462(5)
16.5 Zeolites and Environmental Protection: Groundwater Remediation
467(4)
16.6 New Materials for Emerging Applications
471(13)
16.6.1 Zeolites
471(2)
16.6.2 Hierarchical Zeolites
473(6)
16.6.3 Silica-Based Crystalline Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials
479(5)
16.7 Summary and Outlook
484(9)
References
485(8)
17 Catalytically Active Sites: Generation and Characterization
493(54)
Michael Hunger
17.1 Introduction
493(1)
17.2 Acid Sites in Zeolites
494(4)
17.2.1 Nature of Acid Sites
494(2)
17.2.2 Formation of Brønsted and Lewis Acid Sites
496(2)
17.3 Characterization of Acid Sites
498(23)
17.3.1 Catalytic Test Reactions
498(2)
17.3.2 Titration with Bases
500(1)
17.3.3 Temperature-Programmed Desorption of Bases
501(3)
17.3.4 Microcalorimetry
504(4)
17.3.5 FTIR Spectroscopy
508(6)
17.3.6 NMR Spectroscopy
514(7)
17.4 Base Catalysis
521(2)
17.4.1 Nature of Base Sites
521(1)
17.4.2 Formation of Base Sites
522(1)
17.5 Characterization of Base Sites in Zeolites
523(6)
17.5.1 Test Reactions
523(2)
17.5.2 Analytical and Spectroscopic Methods
525(4)
17.6 Metal Clusters in Zeolites
529(3)
17.6.1 Nature of Metal Clusters
529(1)
17.6.2 Formation of Metal Clusters
530(2)
17.7 Characterization of Metal Clusters in Zeolites
532(3)
17.7.1 Test Reactions
532(2)
17.7.2 Analytical Methods
534(1)
17.8 Summary and Outlook
535(12)
References
535(12)
18 Cracking and Hydrocracking
547(38)
Marcello Rigutto
18.1 Introduction
547(4)
18.1.1 The Oil Refinery - Where to Find Zeolites in It, and Why - and the Place of Hydrocracking and Catalytic Cracking
547(2)
18.1.2 The Changing Environment for Refining
549(2)
18.2 FCC
551(10)
18.2.1 The FCC Process
551(4)
18.2.2 The FCC Catalyst, and Catalytic Chemistry
555(3)
18.2.3 Residue Cracking and the Effect of Deposited Metals on the Catalyst
558(1)
18.2.4 Light Alkenes by Addition of ZSM-5
559(2)
18.2.5 Potential Use of Other Zeolites in FCC
561(1)
18.3 Hydrocracking
561(15)
18.3.1 The Hydrocracking Process
561(2)
18.3.2 Feedstocks and Products
563(3)
18.3.3 Hydrocracking Catalyst Systems, and Catalytic Chemistry
566(4)
18.3.4 Zeolite Y in Hydrocracking
570(5)
18.3.5 New Catalyst Developments
575(1)
18.3.6 Residue Conversion - Some Notes
576(1)
18.4 Summary and Outlook
576(9)
References
578(7)
19 Naphtha Reforming and Upgrading of Diesel Fractions
585(38)
Carlo Perego
Vincenzo Calemma
Paolo Pollesel
19.1 Introduction
585(2)
19.2 Catalytic Reforming
587(14)
19.2.1 Process
587(4)
19.2.2 Reforming Chemistry
591(4)
19.2.3 Catalyst
595(3)
19.2.3.1 Zeolite Catalysts
598(2)
19.2.3.2 Commercial Catalysts
600(1)
19.3 Upgrading Diesel Fractions: Catalytic Dewaxing
601(17)
19.3.1 Shape Selectivity
602(3)
19.3.1.1 Catalytic Dewaxing via Shape Selective Cracking
605(2)
19.3.1.2 Dewaxing via Isomerization
607(2)
19.3.2 Commercial Applications
609(1)
19.3.2.1 Commercial Processes
610(8)
19.4 Summary and Outlook
618(5)
References
619(4)
20 Recent Development in Transformations of Aromatic Hydrocarbons over Zeolites
623(26)
Sulaiman Al-Khattaf
Mohammad Ashraf Ali
Jiri Cejka
20.1 Introduction
623(1)
20.2 Zeolites under Study
623(2)
20.3 Toluene Disproportionation
625(5)
20.3.1 Zeolite Modification by Silicon Deposition
626(1)
20.3.2 Zeolite Modification by Precoking
627(1)
20.3.3 Zeolite Modification by Dealumination
627(1)
20.3.4 Zeolite Modification by Metal Deposition
628(1)
20.3.5 Factors Affecting Toluene Disproportionation
629(1)
20.4 Ethylbenzene Disproportionation
630(3)
20.4.1 Effect of Crystal Size and Surface Modification
631(1)
20.4.2 Kinetic Investigations of Ethylbenzene Disproportionation
631(2)
20.5 Disproportionation and Transalkylation of Trimethylbenzene
633(2)
20.6 Alkylation of Aromatics
635(7)
20.6.1 Ethylation of Benzene
635(1)
20.6.2 Methylation of Toluene
636(2)
20.6.2.1 Modification of the External Surface of Zeolites
638(2)
20.6.3 Ethylation of Toluene and Ethylbenzene
640(2)
20.7 Miscellaneous
642(1)
20.8 Summary and Outlook
643(6)
Acknowledgments
644(1)
References
644(5)
21 Advanced Catalysts Based on Micro- and Mesoporous Molecular Sieves for the Conversion of Natural Gas to Fuels and Chemicals
649(38)
Agustin Martinez
Gonzalo Prieto
Andres Garcia-Trenco
Ernest Peris
21.1 Introduction
649(2)
21.2 Direct Conversion of Methane
651(8)
21.2.1 Oxidative Conversion: OCM and Methylation Processes
651(3)
21.2.2 Nonoxidative Methane Homologation and Alkylation Processes
654(1)
21.2.3 Nonoxidative Methane Dehydroaromatization (MDA)
655(4)
21.3 Syngas Conversion Processes
659(19)
21.3.1 Selective Synthesis of Short-Chain (C2-C4) Olefins
659(4)
21.3.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS)
663(1)
21.3.2.1 Conventional FTS
663(5)
21.3.2.2 Modified (Bifunctional) FTS
668(2)
21.3.3 Synthesis of Oxygenates
670(1)
21.3.3.1 One-Step Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether (DME) from Syngas
670(4)
21.3.3.2 Syngas to Higher (C2+) Oxygenates
674(2)
21.3.3.3 Carbonylation of MeOH and DME
676(2)
21.4 Summary and Outlook
678(9)
Acknowledgments
680(1)
References
680(7)
22 Methanol to Olefins (MTO) and Methanol to Gasoline (MTG)
687(26)
Michael Stocker
22.1 Introduction
687(3)
22.2 Mechanism and Kinetics of the MTO and MTG Reactions
690(7)
22.3 Methanol to Olefins (MTO)
697(5)
22.3.1 Catalysts and Reaction Conditions
697(1)
22.3.2 Deactivation
697(2)
22.3.3 Process Technology and Design
699(1)
22.3.4 Commercial Aspects/Economic Impact
700(1)
22.3.5 Future Perspectives
701(1)
22.4 Methanol to Gasoline (MTG)
702(1)
22.4.1 Catalysts and Reaction Conditions
702(1)
22.4.2 Deactivation
702(1)
22.4.3 Process Technology
703(1)
22.5 Methanol to Propene (MTP)
703(2)
22.6 TIGAS Process
705(1)
22.7 Mobil's Olefiri-to-Gasoline and Distillate Process (MOGD)
706(1)
22.7.1 Catalyst and Process Operation
706(1)
22.7.2 Thermodynamic Considerations
706(1)
22.7.3 Technical Process
707(1)
22.8 Summary and Outlook
707(1)
22.9 Outlook
708(5)
References
708(5)
23 Metals in Zeolites for Oxidation Catalysis
713(32)
Takashi Tatsumi
23.1 Introduction
713(2)
23.2 Titanium-Containing Zeolites
715(21)
23.2.1 TS-1
715(7)
23.2.2 Ti-Beta
722(2)
23.2.3 Ti-MWW
724(7)
23.2.4 Other Titanium-Containing Zeolites
731(1)
23.2.5 Solvent Effects and Reaction Intermediate
732(4)
23.3 Other-Metal-Containing Zeolites
736(2)
23.4 Conclusion
738(7)
References
739(6)
24 Environmental Catalysis over Zeolites
745(30)
Gabriele Centi
Siglinda Perathoner
24.1 Introduction
745(1)
24.2 A Glimpse into Opportunities and Issues
746(10)
24.3 Fields of Applications
756(13)
24.4 Summary and Outlook
769(6)
References
770(5)
25 Zeolites as Catalysts for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals
775(52)
Maria J. Climent
Avelino Corma
Sara Iborra
25.1 Introduction
775(1)
25.2 Acid-Catalyzed Reactions
775(33)
25.2.1 Friedel-Crafts Acylation
775(5)
25.2.2 Hydroxyalkylation of Aromatic Compounds
780(3)
25.2.3 Diels-Alder Reactions
783(4)
25.2.4 Acetalization of Carbonyl Compounds
787(2)
25.2.5 Fischer Glycosidation Reactions
789(3)
25.2.6 Isomerization Reactions: Isomerization of α-Pinene and α-Pinene Oxide
792(3)
25.2.7 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
795(1)
25.2.7.1 Epoxidation Reactions
795(4)
25.2.7.2 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidations
799(4)
25.2.7.3 Meerwein-Ponndorf Verley Reduction and Oppenauer Oxidation (MPVO)
803(5)
25.3 Base-Catalyzed Reactions
808(11)
25.3.1 The Knoevenagel Condensation
809(4)
25.3.2 Michael Addition
813(3)
25.3.3 Aldol Condensations
816(3)
25.4 Summary and Outlook
819(8)
References
819(8)
26 Zeolites and Molecular Sieves in Fuel Cell Applications
827(36)
King Lun Yeung
Wei Han
26.1 Introduction
827(1)
26.2 Zeolites in Electrolyte Membrane
827(15)
26.2.1 Zeolite Conductivities
829(4)
26.2.2 Zeolite/Polymer Composite Membranes
833(6)
26.2.2.1 Zeolite/PTFE Composite Membranes
839(1)
26.2.2.2 Zeolite/PFSA Composite Membranes
839(1)
26.2.2.3 Zeolite/Chitosan Composite Membranes and Others
840(1)
26.2.2.4 Self-Humidifying Composite Membranes
841(1)
26.2.3 Zeolite and Mesoporous Inorganic Membranes
841(1)
26.3 Zeolite Electrocatalysts
842(2)
26.4 Zeolites and Molecular Sieves in Fuel Processing
844(12)
26.4.1 Removal of Sulfur Compounds in Fuel
845(1)
26.4.2 Hydrogen Production and Purification
845(1)
26.4.2.1 Reforming of Hydrocarbons
845(4)
26.4.2.2 Steam Reforming of Alcohols
849(1)
26.4.2.3 Decomposition of CH4 and NH3
849(1)
26.4.2.4 CO Removal from H2-Rich Gas
849(1)
26.4.3 Hydrogen Storage
850(6)
26.5 Summary and Outlook
856(7)
Acknowledgment
856(1)
References
856(7)
Index 863
Prof. AVELINO CORMA was born in Moncofar, Spain in 1951. He studied Chemistry at the Universidad de Valencia (1967-1973), and received his Ph.D. at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in 1976. He was a Postdoctoral researcher in the Department of chemical engineering at the Queen?s University (Canada, 1977-79). Prof. Corma is the director of the Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (UPV-CSIC) at the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia since 1990. His current research field is catalysis, and molecular sieves covering aspects of synthesis, characterization and reactivity in acid-base and redox catalysis. Avelino Corma is co-author of more than 700 articles and 100 patents on these subjects.

Prof. JIRI CEJKA was born in Roudnice nad Labem, former Czechoslovakia, in 1960. He studied at the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague and received his Ph.D. at the J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Prague in 1988. At present he is a head of the Department of Synthesis and Catalysis at J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry in Prague and lecturer at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Charles University in Prague. In 2005 he chaired the 3rd FEZA Conference on Zeolites in Prague. His research interests comprise: synthesis of zeolites, mesoporous and novel nano-structured materials, physical chemistry of sorption and catalysis, and investigation of the role of porous catalysts in transformations of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Jiri Cejka is co-author of about 200 research papers and co-editor of 5 books.

Dr. STACEY I. ZONES is a Research Fellow at Chevron's Energy and Technology Center in Richmond, CA, USA. He is the senior researcher in a group which strives to invent and explore newer zeolites and then follow through in finding applications for their use, ways to tailor their properties and methods to develop more econmical routes to introduce them into the commercial world. The group also looks for novel applications of zeolites in emerging technologies. Dr. Zones has been a co-inventor on more than 100 patents and a co-author on more than 100 journal publications. He has also been a frequent speaker and participant in the zeolite conferences around the world, and is a mentoring collaborator for elements of zeolite research programs at several universities.