Functional Anatomy of Equine Locomotor Organs Robert A. Kainer Anatomic Nomenclature and Usage 1(1) Thoracic Limb 1(37) Digit and Fetlock 1(17) Metacarpus 18(3) Carpus 21(3) Antebrachium 24(7) Cubital (Elbow) Joint 31(1) Arm and Shoulder 31(6) Lymphatic Drainage 37(1) Stay Apparatus of the Thoracic Limb 37(1) Growth Plate Closure 38(1) Pelvic Limb 38(32) Digit and Fetlock 38(4) Metatarsus 42(1) Tarsus (Hock) 43(8) Crus (Leg or Gaskin) 51(5) Stifle (Genu) 56(4) Thigh and Hip 60(8) Lymphatic Drainage 68(1) Stay Apparatus of the Pelvic Limb 68(1) Growth Plate Closure 68(2) Axial Contributors to Locomotion 70(2) The Relationship between Conformation and Lameness Ted S. Stashak Conformation of the Body 72(3) Balance 72(2) Center of Gravity 74(1) Conformation of the Limbs 75(16) The Forelimbs 75(2) Faults in Conformation of the Forelimbs 77(11) The Hindlimbs 88(1) Faults in Conformation of the Hindlimbs 88(2) Evaluation of Limb Conformation for Judging Purposes 90(1) Conformation of the Foot 91(9) Foot Axis and Pastern Axis 91(2) Foot Level 93(1) Effect of Foot Conformation on Stride and Way of Going 93(1) The Forefoot 94(1) The Hind Foot 95(1) Abnormal Conformation of the Foot 95(5) Diagnosis of Lameness Ted S. Stashak Definition of Lameness 100(2) Classification of Lameness 100(1) Character of the Stride 101(1) Anamnesis 102(1) Procedures for Examination 103(54) Visual Examination 103(4) Examination by Palpation and Manipulation 107(26) Special Considerations 133(1) Local Anesthesia 134(17) Radiography 151(1) Additional Methods of Examination 151(6) Equine Radiology Richard D. Park Jack L. Lebel Equipment 157(11) X-ray Machines 157(2) Accessory X-ray Equipment 159(7) Darkroom Equipment 166(2) Radiation Safety 168(1) Technique Charts 169(1) Special Radiographic Examinations 170(4) Draining Tract Injections (Sinus Tract and Fistula) 170(1) Arthrography 171(1) Tendonography 172(2) Myelography 174(1) Additional Imaging Techniques 174(2) Xeroradiography 174(1) Thermography 175(1) Ultrasound 175(1) Nuclear Medicine (Scintigraphy) 176(1) Principles of Radiographic Interpretation 176(11) Radiology of Soft Tissue Structures 177(1) Radiology of Bone 178(4) Radiology of Synovial Joints 182(5) Normal Radiographic Anatomy for Equine Lameness Examinations 187(84) The Role of Nutrition in Musculoskeletal Development and Disease Lon D. Lewis In the Mare and Foal 271(5) Inadequate Feed Intake 271(1) Excess Feed Intake 271(1) Protein Imbalances 272(1) Effects on the Nursing Foal 272(1) Mineral Imbalances 273(3) Vitamin Deficiencies 276(1) In the Growing Horse 276(4) Causes of Alterations in Endochondral Ossification 276(4) Nutritional Management of Alternations in Endochondral Ossification 280(1) In the Mature Horse for Maintenance or Work 280(13) Water, Electrolyte, and Energy Deficits 281(3) Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism 284(1) Vitamin D Imbalances 285(1) Vitamin A Imbalances 286(1) Selenium Toxicity 287(2) Fluorosis 289(4) Diseases of Bones and Related Structures Simon Turner Postnatal Development and Growth of the Musculoskeletal System 293(6) Morphology of the Growth Plate (Physis) 294(2) Biomechanical Aspects of the Growth Plate (Physis) 296(1) Cessation of Growth 297(1) The Effect of Physical Force on the Epiphysis: Epiphyseal Injuries 297(2) Bone Healing and Fracture Repair: Clinical Aspects 299(5) Fractures as a Cause of Lameness 299(1) Fracture Healing in Horses 300(4) Local and Systemic Diseases of Bone 304(20) Infectious Osteitis and Osteomyelitis 304(4) Other Diseases 308(16) Diseases of Muscle 324(15) Introduction 324(1) Muscle Response to Injury 325(5) Diagnosis of Muscle Diseases in the Horse 330(1) Systemic Diseases of Muscle 331(3) Other Myopathies 334(5) Diseases of Joints, Tendons, Ligaments, and Related Structures C. Wayne Mcilwraith Diseases of Joints 339(18) Anatomy and Physiology of Joints 339(6) Pathobiology of Joints and Their Reaction to Insult and Injury 345(2) Diagnosis of Joint Disease 347(10) Specific Diseases of Joints 357(90) Idiopathic Synovitis (Bog Spavin and Articular Windpuffs) 357(3) Traumatic Arthritis 360(36) Osteochondrosis 396(23) Incomplete or Defective Ossification of Carpal or Tarsal Bones 419(3) Synovial Osteochondromatosis 422(1) Infectious Arthritis 423(10) Synovial Hernia, Ganglion, and Synovial Fistula 433(2) Immune-mediated Joint Disease 435(1) Congenital Joint Anomalies 435(2) Tumors 437(10) Diseases and Problems of Tendons, Ligaments, and Tendon Sheaths 447(16) Anatomy 447(3) Developmental Problems in Tendons and Ligaments 450(13) Traumatic Problems of Tendons and Ligaments 463(18) Diseases of Bursae and Other Periarticular Tissues 481(5) Lameness Ted S. Stashak The Foot 486(35) Laminitis 486(13) Navicular Disease (Podotrochleosis) 499(15) Fractures of the Navicular Bone 514(1) Sheared Heels 515(2) Pedal Osteitis 517(2) Subchondral Bone Cysts of the Distal (Third) Phalanx 519(2) Fractures of the Distal (Third) Phalanx (Pedal Bone, Os Pedis, Coffin Bone) 521(5) Extensor Process Fractures of the Distal (Third) Phalanx 526(25) Pyramidal Disease (Buttress Foot) 528(1) Penetrating Wounds of the Foot 529(3) Quittor (Necrosis of the Collateral Cartilage) 532(2) Puncture Wounds of the White Line (Gravel) 534(3) Sidebones 537(1) Corns and Bruised Soles 538(2) Canker 540(1) Thrush 540(1) Keratoma 541(1) Selenium Toxicosis 541(2) Avulsion of the Hoof Wall at the Heel (Heel Crack or Heel Avulsion) 543(1) Toe Cracks, Quarter Cracks, Heel Cracks (Sand Cracks) 544(7) Vertical Tears of the Hoof Wall 551(1) The Pastern 551(17) Ringbone (Phalangeal Exostosis) 551(7) Luxation and Subluxation of the Pastern Joint 558(2) Fractures of the Middle (Second) Phalanx (P-2) 560(3) Longitudinal and Comminuted Fractures of the Proximal (First) Phalanx (P-1) 563(3) Desmitis of the Distal Sesamoidean Ligaments 566(2) Rachitic Ringbone 568(1) The Fetlock 568(28) Chip Fractures of the Proximal (First) Phalanx in the Metacarpophalangeal or Metatarsophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint 568(5) Fractures of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones 573(9) Sesamoiditis 582(2) Traumatic Arthritis of the Metacarpophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint (Osselets) 584(1) Traumatic Rupture of the Suspensory Apparatus 584(3) Lateral and Medial Luxation of the Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Joints (Fetlock Luxation) 587(3) Angular Limb Deformities Associated With the Metacarpophalangeal and Metarsophalangeal Joints (Fetlock Deviation) 590(3) Constriction of or by the Palmar (Volar) or Plantar Anular Ligament 593(3) The Metacarpus and Metatarsus 596(28) Periostitis and Fracture of the Dorsal Metacarpus (Bucked Shins, Shin Splints, and Stress Fracture) 596(5) Fractures of the Condyles of the Third Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones (Condylar Fractures, Longitudinal Articular Fractures) 601(5) Fractures of the Third Metacarpal or Metatarsal (Cannon) Bone 606(4) Angular Limb Deformities Associated with the Diaphysis of the Third Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones (Cannon Bone) 610(2) ``Splints 612(3) Fractures of the Small Metacarpal and Metatarsal (Splint) Bones 615(7) Lameness Associated with the Origin of the Suspensory Ligament 622(2) The Carpus 624(39) Angular Limb Deformities Associated with the Carpus (Carpus Valgus and Carpus Varus, Medial Deviation of the Carpus and Lateral Deviation of the Carpus) 624(17) Dorsal (Anterior) Deviation of the Carpal Joints (Bucked Knees, Knee Sprung, Goat Knees, and Flexion Deformity of the Carpus) 641(2) Rupture of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Tendon 643(1) Rupture of the Common Digital Extensor Tendon 643(2) Hygroma of the Carpus 645(2) Intraarticular Fractures of the Carpus 647(10) Luxations of the Carpal Joints 657(2) Carpal Canal (Tunnel) Syndrome 659(2) Fractures of the Accessory Carpal Bone 661(2) The Forearm (Antebrachium) 663(7) Osteochondroma Formation at the Distal Radius (Supracarpal Exostoses) 663(2) Sprain of the Accessory Ligament (Radial or Superior Check Ligament) of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon 665(2) Fractures of the Radius 667(3) The Elbow 670(5) Fractures of the Ulna 670(4) Rupture of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Humeroradial (Elbow) Joint 674(1) Bursitis at the Point of the Elbow (Olecranon Bursitis, Shoe Boil, Capped Elbow) 675(1) The Humerus 675(4) Fractures of the Humerus 675(3) Paralysis of the Radial Nerve 678(1) The Shoulder 679(15) Inflammation of the Bicipital Bursa (Bursa Intertubercularis, Bicipital Bursitis) 679(2) Ossification of the Tendon of the Biceps Brachii Muscle 681(2) Inflammation of the Infraspinatus Bursa 683(1) Osteochondrosis of the Scapulohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 683(4) Arthritis of the Shoulder Joint (Omarthritis) 687(1) Luxation of the Scapulohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 688(1) Paralysis of the Suprascapular Nerve (Atrophy of the Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus Muscles (Sweeny)) 689(2) Fractures of the Scapula 691(1) Fractures of the Supraglenoid Tubercle (Tuber Scapulae) 692(1) Rupture of the Serratus Ventralis Muscles 693(1) The Tarsus 694(32) Bone Spavin (Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Joint Disease of the Distal Tarsal Joints) 694(10) Cunean Tendinitis and Bursitis (Distal Tarsitis Syndrome of Harness Race Horses) 704(2) Bog Spavin (Idiopathic Synovitis Tarsocrural Effusion) 706(2) Blood Spavin 708(1) Occult Spavin (Blind Spavin) 708(1) Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Tarsocrural (Tibiotarsal) Joint 709(1) Slab Fractures of the Central and Third Tarsal Bones 710(1) Interarticular Fractures in the Tarsocrural (Tibiotarsal) Joint 711(2) Fractures of the Fibular Tarsal Bone (Calcaneus) 713(2) Luxations of the Tarsal Joints 715(1) Curb 715(3) Dislocation of the superficial Digital Flexor Tendon off the Calcaneal Tuber (Luxation of the Superficial Digital Flexor) 718(2) Rupture of the Peroneus Tertius 720(1) Restriction by the Peroneus Tertius Muscle 721(1) Rupture of the Achilles Tendon 722(1) Rupture of the Gastroenemius Tendon 722(1) Stringhalt 723(2) Shivering 725(1) The Tibia 726(7) Fractures 726(3) Osteochondrosis (Avulsion Fracture) of the Tibial Tuberosity 729(1) Fracture of the Fibula (Discontinuous Fibula) 730(1) Fibrotic and Ossifying Myopathy 730(3) The Stifle 733(11) Lamenesses of the Stifle Joint (Gonitis) 733(4) Upward Fixation of the Patella 737(4) Chondromalacia of the Patella 741(1) Distal Luxation of the Patella 741(1) Patellar Subluxation and Luxation (Patellar Ectopia) 741(2) Fracture of the Patella 743(1) The Femur 744(4) Fractures 744(2) Femoral Nerve Paralysis (Crural Paralysis) 746(1) Trochanteric Bursitis (Trochanteric Lameness, Whorlbone Lameness) 747(1) The Coxofemoral Joint 748(2) Rupture of the Round Ligament of the Coxofemoral Joint 748(1) Coxofemoral Luxation (Dislocation of the Hip Joint) 748(2) The Pelvis 750(7) Thrombosis of the Caudal Aorta or IIiac Arteries 750(2) Fractures of the Pelvis 752(1) Subluxation of the Sacroiliac Joint (Sacroiliac Strain) 753(4) The Thoracolumbar Spine 757(1) Associated Back Problems 757(4) Overlapping of Thoracic and/or Lumbar Dorsal Spinous Processes 760(1) Muscle Problems 761(1) Myositis of the Psoas and Longissimus Dorsi Muscles 761(1) Muscular Dystrophy 762(1) Tendons 762(5) Traumatic Division of the Digital Extensor Tendons of the Fore and Hindlimb 764(1) Traumatic Division of the Digital Flexor Tendons of the Fore- and Hindlimb 764(3) Idiopathic Synovitis 767(1) (Windpuffs, Windgalls) 767(1) Wounds 767(5) The Wobbler Syndrome (A. I. Nixon) 772(14) Cervical Vertebral Malformation 772(6) Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis 778(1) Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy 778(1) Equine Herpes Virus-I 778(1) Sorghum SP Toxieosis (Sudan Grass) 779(1) Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Epidural Empyema 779(1) Spinal Nematodiasis 779(1) Vertebral Fractures 779(7) Classification of Horseshoes and Horseshoe Nails Ted S. Stashak Horseshoes 786(1) Horseshoe Nails 787(1) Effects of Shoe Weights 788(1) Corrective Shoes 788(5) Shoe Pads 793(3) Trimming and Shoeing the Normal Foot Ted S. Stashak Trimming the Normal Foot 796(3) Shoeing the Normal Foot 799(4) After the Horse Has Been Shod 803(1) Foot Balance and Axis 803(1) Shoeing 803(1) Removing Horseshoes 804(3) The Effects of Improper Trimming and Shoeing Ted S. Stashak Lateral and Medial Balance 807(1) Foot-Pastern Axis and Slope 808(2) Improper Shoeing 810(3) Methods of Corrective Trimming and Shoeing Ted S. Stashak Fundamentals of Correcting Faults in Gaits 813(2) Corrective Trimming 815(1) Corrective Shoes 816(3) Square-Toe or Roller-Toe Shoes 816(1) Bar Shoes 816(1) Placement of the Shoe in Reverse Fashion 816(1) Clips 817(1) Trailers 817(1) Elevated Heels 817(1) Wide-Web Shoes 817(1) Concaved Solar Surface 818(1) Glue-On Shoes 818(1) Changing the Usable Ground Surface of the Foot 818(1) Conditions that Require Corrective Trimming and Shoeing 819(15) Base-Wide, Toe-Out in Front (Splay-Footed, Toe-Wide) 819(3) Base-Narrow, Toe-Out, Landing on Outside Wall in the Forefeet 822(1) Base-Narrow, Toe-In (Pigeon-Toed) (Toe Narrow) 823(1) Base-Wide, Toe-in, Landing on the Inside Wall of the Forefeet 824(1) Long Toes and Underrun Heels 824(1) Contracted Heels 825(2) Ringbone 827(1) Sidebones 827(1) Navicular Disease 827(1) Cow Hocks 827(1) Bone Spavin 828(1) Cross-firing 828(1) Forging and Overreaching 829(1) Elbow Hitting 830(1) Interfering 830(1) Corns 831(1) Toe and Quarter Cracks 831(1) Wire Cuts in the Coronary Band 831(1) Flexor Tendinitis or Injury 831(1) Flat Feet 832(1) Dropped Sole or ``Pumiced Foot 832(2) Natural and Artificial Gaits O. R. Adams The Walk 834(4) The Flat-Foot Walk 834(1) The Running Walk 834(1) The Trot 834(2) The Gallop or Run 836(1) The Canter 837(1) The Pace 838(1) The ``Slow Gaits (Running Walk, Fox Trot, or Amble) 838(2) Backing 839(1) Methods of Therapy Ted S. Stashak Physical Therapy 840(3) Cold 840(1) Heat (Thermotherapy) 840(2) Massage 842(1) Faradic Current 842(1) Exercise 842(1) Other Methods of Therapy 843(36) Immobilization 843(1) Immobilization of a Part 844(12) Application of Counterirritation 856(7) Cryotherapy 863(1) Radiation Therapy 863(1) X-Irradiation 864(1) Acupuncture 864(1) Laser Therapy 864(1) Electrostimulation (ES), Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields (PEM) and Magnetic Therapy (MT) 864(2) Poultices or Cataplasms 866(1) The Use of Anti-inflammatory Agents 866(13) Index 879
