| List of contributors |
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xi | |
| Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles |
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xiii | |
| 1 Introduction to technical nonwovens |
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1 | (18) |
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1.1 The nonwovens industry |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 What are technical nonwovens? |
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2 | (4) |
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6 | (5) |
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11 | (2) |
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1.5 Building and construction |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.8 Geomembranes/geosynthetics |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
| 2 Developments in fibers for technical nonwovens |
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19 | (78) |
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2.1 Introduction of fibers for technical nonwovens |
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19 | (5) |
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24 | (11) |
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35 | (16) |
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2.4 Modified and functional chemical fibers |
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51 | (20) |
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2.5 High performance fibers |
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71 | (23) |
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94 | (3) |
| 3 Developments in the use of green (biodegradable), recycled and biopolymer materials in technical nonwovens |
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97 | (18) |
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3.1 Introduction: the use of sustainable fibres in nonwovens |
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97 | (2) |
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3.2 Types and use of green (biodegradable) synthetic polymers in nonwovens |
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99 | (3) |
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3.3 Types and use of recycled materials in nonwovens |
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102 | (1) |
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3.4 Types and use of biopolymers in nonwovens |
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103 | (4) |
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3.5 Reuse and recycling of nonwoven materials |
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107 | (2) |
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3.6 Conclusions and future trends |
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109 | (2) |
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Sources of further information and advice |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (4) |
| 4 Developments in the use of nanofibres in nonwovens |
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115 | (18) |
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4.1 Introduction: the use of nanofibres in nonwovens |
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115 | (1) |
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4.2 Manufacturing processes for nanofibre nonwovens |
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115 | (5) |
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4.3 Post-millenium developments in nanofibre processes (centrifugal spinning, blow spinning, magnetospinning) |
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120 | (2) |
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4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of nanofibre technologies |
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122 | (2) |
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4.5 Properties of nanofibres |
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124 | (1) |
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4.6 Applications of nanofibre-based nonwovens |
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124 | (4) |
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4.7 Concerns over nanofibres |
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128 | (1) |
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4.8 Conclusions and future trends |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (3) |
| 5 Developments in manufacturing techniques for technical nonwovens |
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133 | (22) |
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134 | (1) |
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5.2 Process description: spunbond process |
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134 | (14) |
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148 | (2) |
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5.4 Process description of the melt blown process |
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150 | (2) |
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5.5 Future of melt blown applications in technical nonwovens |
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152 | (3) |
| 6 Methods for characterisation of nonwoven structure, property, and performance |
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155 | (58) |
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6.1 Nonwoven fabrics and general testing standards |
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155 | (2) |
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6.2 Methods for characterising nonwoven fabric structural parameters |
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157 | (13) |
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6.3 Examination of nonwoven fabric properties |
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170 | (15) |
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6.4 Standards for testing the performance of specific nonwoven products |
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185 | (16) |
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Sources of further information and advice |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (12) |
| 7 Developments in composite nonwovens and related materials |
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213 | (14) |
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7.1 Composite plastics and nonwovens |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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7.6 How are composites created? |
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215 | (1) |
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7.7 Thermoplastic composites: technology trends |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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7.9 Manufacturing technologies |
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218 | (1) |
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7.10 Automotive nonwoven composites |
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219 | (1) |
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7.11 Carbon fibre composites |
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220 | (1) |
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7.12 Composite joint ventures |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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7.14 Thermoplastic nets and scrims |
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221 | (1) |
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7.15 Composite nonwovens in labels |
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221 | (1) |
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7.16 Lightweight thermoplastic nonwoven veils |
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221 | (1) |
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7.17 Geotextile-geomembrane composites |
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221 | (1) |
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7.18 Speciality wet-laid nonwovens |
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222 | (1) |
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7.19 Centers of excellence |
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222 | (1) |
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7.20 Composite nonwoven processes |
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223 | (1) |
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7.21 Filtration composites |
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223 | (1) |
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7.22 Extrusion coating and lamination |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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7.25 Wet-laid and spunlaced nonwovens |
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225 | (1) |
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7.26 Technical data sources |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
| 8 Developments in nonwoven materials for medical applications |
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227 | (30) |
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8.1 Introduction: overview of chapter |
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227 | (1) |
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8.2 Key issues of nonwovens |
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227 | (2) |
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8.3 Strengths and limitations of nonwoven materials for medical applications |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (9) |
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241 | (8) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (8) |
| 9 Developments in nonwovens for automotive textiles |
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257 | (16) |
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257 | (1) |
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9.2 Nonwovens and the automotive supply chain |
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258 | (2) |
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9.3 Current nonwoven materials, technologies for the automotive sector |
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260 | (3) |
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9.4 Recent developments in materials, technologies and applications |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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Sources of further information and advice |
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271 | (2) |
| 10 Nonwoven fabric filters |
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273 | (38) |
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273 | (1) |
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10.2 Fibre types and processing for nonwoven fabric filters |
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274 | (9) |
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10.3 Filtration mechanism of nonwoven fabrics and their filter efficiency |
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283 | (12) |
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10.4 Applications of nonwoven fabric filters |
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295 | (6) |
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301 | (1) |
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Sources of further information |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (8) |
| 11 Developments in nonwovens as specialist membranes in batteries and supercapacitors |
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311 | (28) |
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311 | (4) |
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11.2 Technologies and products developed at commercial entities |
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315 | (19) |
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11.3 Academic and laboratory technology |
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334 | (1) |
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11.4 Summary and future trends |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (3) |
| 12 Developments in nonwoven as geotextiles |
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339 | (26) |
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339 | (1) |
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12.2 Nonwoven manufacturing processes |
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340 | (2) |
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12.3 Needle-punched nonwovens |
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342 | (1) |
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12.4 Performance characteristics of nonwoven geotextiles |
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342 | (3) |
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12.5 Geotechnical functions of nonwovens |
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345 | (5) |
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12.6 Developments in nonwoven as geotextile |
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350 | (6) |
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12.7 Key design properties and testing standards |
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356 | (2) |
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12.8 Global market outlook |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (6) |
| 13 Developments in nonwovens as agrotextiles |
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365 | (20) |
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13.1 Agrotextiles: a growing landscape with huge potential |
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365 | (1) |
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13.2 Factors influencing agricultural activities |
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366 | (1) |
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13.3 Key functional properties required for agrotextiles |
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367 | (1) |
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13.4 Application of nonwovens as agrotextiles |
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368 | (12) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (4) |
| 14 Developments in the use of nonwovens in building and construction |
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385 | (18) |
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385 | (1) |
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14.2 Current nonwoven materials, technologies, and their limitations |
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386 | (3) |
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14.3 Recent developments in materials, technologies, and applications |
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389 | (12) |
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14.4 Conclusions and future trends |
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401 | (1) |
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Sources of further information and advice |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (2) |
| 15 Developments in the use of nonwovens in home furnishing |
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403 | (20) |
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403 | (1) |
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15.2 The home furnishing sector |
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403 | (4) |
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15.3 Current applications of nonwovens in home furnishings |
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407 | (9) |
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15.4 Lighting and windows |
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416 | (2) |
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15.5 Summary and future directions |
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418 | (3) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
| 16 Developments in the use of nonwovens in packaging |
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423 | (20) |
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16.1 Introduction: main types and uses of nonwovens in packaging |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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16.5 The two market sectors |
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424 | (1) |
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16.6 Packaging formats and applications |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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16.8 Why is packaging 'a natural market' for nonwovens |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (2) |
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16.11 Largest applications |
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428 | (1) |
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16.12 Tea and coffee bags |
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428 | (3) |
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431 | (1) |
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16.14 Active and intelligent packaging |
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432 | (1) |
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16.15 Industrial packaging applications |
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433 | (1) |
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16.16 Industrial/automotive multitrip packaging |
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433 | (3) |
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436 | (1) |
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16.18 Retail markets: shopping bags |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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16.20 Other packaging applications |
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437 | (1) |
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16.21 Disruptive/innovative technologies |
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438 | (1) |
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16.22 Nonwoven packaging composites |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (2) |
| 17 Developments in nonwovens for wound dressings |
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443 | (30) |
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443 | (1) |
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17.2 A brief history of wound care |
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444 | (1) |
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17.3 Classification of medical textiles and application of textile structures |
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445 | (1) |
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17.4 Factors that interfere with wound healing |
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446 | (5) |
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17.5 A comparison of smart and conventional hybrid wound dressings and wound dressing types |
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451 | (2) |
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17.6 Latest materials for hybrid wound dressing production |
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453 | (6) |
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17.7 Test methods for wound dressings |
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459 | (6) |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (8) |
| 18 Developments in the use of nonwovens for disposable hygiene products |
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473 | (24) |
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473 | (1) |
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18.2 Key issues of disposable hygiene materials |
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473 | (3) |
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18.3 Types of nonwovens used for disposable hygiene products |
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476 | (1) |
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18.4 Properties of nonwovens for hygiene applications |
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477 | (2) |
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18.5 Applications of nonwoven hygiene materials |
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479 | (10) |
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18.6 Developments and future trends |
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489 | (2) |
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491 | (6) |
| Index |
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