| Preface |
|
iii | |
| Contributors |
|
xiii | |
|
PART I: CLINICAL ESSENTIALS |
|
|
|
The History of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
1 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
History of AS in the Literature |
|
|
5 | (5) |
|
Paleopathology of AS in Visual Arts |
|
|
10 | (6) |
|
|
|
16 | (4) |
|
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
23 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
|
|
25 | (7) |
|
|
|
32 | (4) |
|
|
|
36 | (9) |
|
Clinical Aspects of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
45 | (26) |
|
Irene E. van der Horst-Bruinsma |
|
|
Disease Characteristics of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
45 | (16) |
|
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
|
62 | (9) |
|
Imaging in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
71 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Imaging of the Sacroiliac Joints |
|
|
72 | (3) |
|
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Imaging of the Peripheral Joints |
|
|
75 | (3) |
|
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
|
|
80 | (3) |
|
Criteria and Outcome Assessment of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
83 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
83 | (3) |
|
|
|
86 | (5) |
|
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
|
|
95 | (4) |
|
|
|
PART II: BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS |
|
|
|
Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporosis in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
99 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
Bone Mineral Density in AS |
|
|
99 | (7) |
|
Bone Remodeling and Calcium Metabolism in AS |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Osteoporotic Fractures in AS |
|
|
106 | (5) |
|
Pathophysiology of Low BMD in AS |
|
|
111 | (4) |
|
Low BMD and Osteoporosis in AS in Clinical Practice |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
|
|
117 | (6) |
|
Analysis of Posture in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
123 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
Hypothetical Compensation Mechanism |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Actual Compensation Mechanism |
|
|
126 | (4) |
|
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
Sagittal Balance of the Spine in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
133 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
Radiographic Description of Sagittal Deformity |
|
|
134 | (7) |
|
Preoperative Planning for Kyphosis Correction |
|
|
141 | (5) |
|
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
Planning the Restoration of View and Balance in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
149 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
The Fundament of a Balanced Spine |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Parameters for Spinal Balance |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
Establishing the Angular Correction |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
Predicting Postoperative Spinal Balance |
|
|
155 | (3) |
|
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
|
159 | (4) |
|
PART III: THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS |
|
|
|
Medical Treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis: An Overview |
|
|
163 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
Second Line Agent in Medical Treatment of AS |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
Biologic Therapies in Spondyloarthritides---The Current State |
|
|
169 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
TNFα-Blocking Agents in Rheumatic Diseases |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Effect of Anti-TNF Therapy in AS |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
TNF-Blocking Agents in Undifferentiated Spondyloarthritis |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
TNF-Blocking Agents in Uveitis |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Side Effects of Anti-TNF Therapy |
|
|
174 | (3) |
|
Alteration of Cytokine Response During Treatment with TNF-Blockers |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Identification of Parameters Which Predict Response to Anti-TNF Therapy in AS Patients |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
Which AS Patient Should Be Treated with a TNF-Blocker? |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
Other Biologics for the Treatment of AS |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
|
180 | (7) |
|
Physiotherapy Interventions for Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
187 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Aims of Physical Therapy in AS |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Assessment of Effectiveness of Physiotherapeutic Intervention in AS |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Evidence for Benefits of Physical Therapy |
|
|
190 | (2) |
|
Optimum Therapeutic Regimen for Individual Patients |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Advantages and Disadvantages of Exercise Therapies |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Implications for Practice |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
|
194 | (3) |
|
PART IV: SURGERY FOR SPINAL DEFORMITIES IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS |
|
|
|
Anesthesiological Considerations for the Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient |
|
|
197 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
Preoperative Considerations |
|
|
197 | (5) |
|
Intraoperative Considerations |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Postoperative Considerations |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
Lumbar Osteotomy in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Structured Review of Three Methods of Treatment |
|
|
205 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
History and Current Options for Surgical Treatment |
|
|
206 | (5) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
|
211 | (9) |
|
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
|
223 | (4) |
|
Image-Based Planning and Computer Assisted Surgery in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
227 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
|
|
229 | (4) |
|
Image-Guided Surgical Procedure |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
|
|
237 | (4) |
|
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
Polysegmental Wedge Osteotomy for Thoracolumbar Kyphosis in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
243 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
The Polysegmental Technique of Correction (Zielke) |
|
|
244 | (8) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
The Closing Wedge Osteotomy for Thoracolumbar Deformity in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
255 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Indications for Surgical Correction of Kyphotic Deformity |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
An Overview of Surgical Corrective Techniques |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
Technique of the Transpedicular Wedge Resection (Thomasen Osteotomy) |
|
|
259 | (4) |
|
Results of the Transpedicular Wedge Resection |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Illustrative Case Example |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
Osteotomy of the Cervical Spine in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
267 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Cervical Disorders of Mechanical Origin in AS |
|
|
268 | (8) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
Ankylosing Spondylitis: Complications Related to Spine Surgery |
|
|
279 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
Complications in Spine Surgery |
|
|
281 | (7) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
PART V: ACUTE SPINAL INJURIES IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS |
|
|
|
Atlantoaxial Subluxation in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
291 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
Francisco J. Aceves-Avila |
|
|
|
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Anatomic Considerations and Definitions |
|
|
291 | (3) |
|
Mechanisms Explaining AAS |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Clinical Considerations and Follow-Up |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
Symptoms and Signs of AAS |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
Suggested Strategies for Clinical and Radiological Follow-Up of AAS in AS |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
299 | (4) |
|
Management of Cervical Spinal Fractures in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
303 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
The Subaxial Cervical Spine |
|
|
306 | (3) |
|
The Cervicothoracic Junction |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (4) |
|
Management of Thoracolumbar Spinal Fractures in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
315 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
Fractures of the Ankylosed Spine |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Nonoperative Management of Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures of the Ankylosed Spine |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Operative Management of Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures of the Ankylosed Spine |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
PART VI: JOINT REPLACEMENT IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS |
|
|
|
Total Hip Replacement in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
323 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Results of Total Hip Replacement |
|
|
326 | (4) |
|
|
|
330 | (3) |
|
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
Total Knee Arthroplasty for Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis |
|
|
337 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
PART VII: FUTURE DIRECTIONS |
|
|
|
Ankylosing Spondylitis in 2015 |
|
|
343 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
344 | (5) |
|
|
|
349 | (4) |
| Index |
|
353 | (8) |
| About the Editors |
|
361 | |
