| Preface |
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iii | |
| Contributors |
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xiii | |
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PART I: CLINICAL ESSENTIALS |
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The History of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (3) |
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History of AS in the Literature |
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5 | (5) |
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Paleopathology of AS in Visual Arts |
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10 | (6) |
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16 | (4) |
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20 | (3) |
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Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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23 | (22) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (7) |
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32 | (4) |
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36 | (9) |
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Clinical Aspects of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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45 | (26) |
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Irene E. van der Horst-Bruinsma |
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Disease Characteristics of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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45 | (16) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (9) |
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Imaging in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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71 | (12) |
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71 | (1) |
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Imaging of the Sacroiliac Joints |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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Imaging of the Peripheral Joints |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (3) |
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Criteria and Outcome Assessment of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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83 | (12) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (5) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (4) |
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PART II: BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS |
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Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporosis in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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99 | (24) |
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Bone Mineral Density in AS |
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99 | (7) |
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Bone Remodeling and Calcium Metabolism in AS |
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106 | (1) |
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Osteoporotic Fractures in AS |
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106 | (5) |
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Pathophysiology of Low BMD in AS |
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111 | (4) |
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Low BMD and Osteoporosis in AS in Clinical Practice |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (6) |
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Analysis of Posture in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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123 | (10) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Hypothetical Compensation Mechanism |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Actual Compensation Mechanism |
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126 | (4) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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Sagittal Balance of the Spine in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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133 | (16) |
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133 | (1) |
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Radiographic Description of Sagittal Deformity |
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134 | (7) |
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Preoperative Planning for Kyphosis Correction |
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141 | (5) |
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146 | (3) |
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Planning the Restoration of View and Balance in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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149 | (14) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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The Fundament of a Balanced Spine |
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151 | (1) |
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Parameters for Spinal Balance |
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152 | (1) |
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Establishing the Angular Correction |
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153 | (2) |
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Predicting Postoperative Spinal Balance |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (4) |
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PART III: THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS |
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Medical Treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis: An Overview |
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163 | (6) |
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Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Second Line Agent in Medical Treatment of AS |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (3) |
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Biologic Therapies in Spondyloarthritides---The Current State |
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169 | (18) |
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169 | (1) |
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TNFα-Blocking Agents in Rheumatic Diseases |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Effect of Anti-TNF Therapy in AS |
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170 | (3) |
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TNF-Blocking Agents in Undifferentiated Spondyloarthritis |
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173 | (1) |
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TNF-Blocking Agents in Uveitis |
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173 | (1) |
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Side Effects of Anti-TNF Therapy |
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174 | (3) |
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Alteration of Cytokine Response During Treatment with TNF-Blockers |
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177 | (1) |
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Identification of Parameters Which Predict Response to Anti-TNF Therapy in AS Patients |
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178 | (1) |
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Which AS Patient Should Be Treated with a TNF-Blocker? |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Other Biologics for the Treatment of AS |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (7) |
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Physiotherapy Interventions for Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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187 | (10) |
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187 | (1) |
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Aims of Physical Therapy in AS |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Assessment of Effectiveness of Physiotherapeutic Intervention in AS |
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189 | (1) |
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Evidence for Benefits of Physical Therapy |
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190 | (2) |
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Optimum Therapeutic Regimen for Individual Patients |
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192 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Exercise Therapies |
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193 | (1) |
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Implications for Practice |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (3) |
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PART IV: SURGERY FOR SPINAL DEFORMITIES IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS |
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Anesthesiological Considerations for the Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient |
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197 | (8) |
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Preoperative Considerations |
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197 | (5) |
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Intraoperative Considerations |
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202 | (1) |
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Postoperative Considerations |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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Lumbar Osteotomy in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Structured Review of Three Methods of Treatment |
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205 | (22) |
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205 | (1) |
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History and Current Options for Surgical Treatment |
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206 | (5) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (9) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (4) |
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Image-Based Planning and Computer Assisted Surgery in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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227 | (16) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (4) |
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Image-Guided Surgical Procedure |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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Polysegmental Wedge Osteotomy for Thoracolumbar Kyphosis in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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243 | (12) |
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243 | (1) |
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The Polysegmental Technique of Correction (Zielke) |
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244 | (8) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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The Closing Wedge Osteotomy for Thoracolumbar Deformity in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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255 | (12) |
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255 | (1) |
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Indications for Surgical Correction of Kyphotic Deformity |
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255 | (2) |
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An Overview of Surgical Corrective Techniques |
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257 | (2) |
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Technique of the Transpedicular Wedge Resection (Thomasen Osteotomy) |
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259 | (4) |
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Results of the Transpedicular Wedge Resection |
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263 | (1) |
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Illustrative Case Example |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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Osteotomy of the Cervical Spine in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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267 | (12) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Cervical Disorders of Mechanical Origin in AS |
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268 | (8) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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Ankylosing Spondylitis: Complications Related to Spine Surgery |
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279 | (12) |
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279 | (2) |
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Complications in Spine Surgery |
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281 | (7) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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PART V: ACUTE SPINAL INJURIES IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS |
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Atlantoaxial Subluxation in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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291 | (12) |
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Francisco J. Aceves-Avila |
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291 | (1) |
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Anatomic Considerations and Definitions |
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291 | (3) |
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Mechanisms Explaining AAS |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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Clinical Considerations and Follow-Up |
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295 | (2) |
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Symptoms and Signs of AAS |
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297 | (2) |
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Suggested Strategies for Clinical and Radiological Follow-Up of AAS in AS |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (4) |
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Management of Cervical Spinal Fractures in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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303 | (12) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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The Subaxial Cervical Spine |
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306 | (3) |
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The Cervicothoracic Junction |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (4) |
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Management of Thoracolumbar Spinal Fractures in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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315 | (8) |
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Fractures of the Ankylosed Spine |
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315 | (1) |
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Nonoperative Management of Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures of the Ankylosed Spine |
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316 | (1) |
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Operative Management of Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures of the Ankylosed Spine |
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317 | (3) |
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320 | (3) |
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PART VI: JOINT REPLACEMENT IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS |
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Total Hip Replacement in Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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323 | (14) |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (1) |
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Results of Total Hip Replacement |
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326 | (4) |
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330 | (3) |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (2) |
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Total Knee Arthroplasty for Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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337 | (6) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
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PART VII: FUTURE DIRECTIONS |
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Ankylosing Spondylitis in 2015 |
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343 | (10) |
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344 | (5) |
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349 | (4) |
| Index |
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353 | (8) |
| About the Editors |
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361 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta