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Being a Scientist: Tools for Science Students [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 320 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 229x154x17 mm, kaal: 450 g, 16 b&w illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: University of Toronto Press
  • ISBN-10: 1487588445
  • ISBN-13: 9781487588441
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Being a Scientist: Tools for Science StudentsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 320 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 229x154x17 mm, kaal: 450 g, 16 b&w illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Nov-2019
  • Kirjastus: University of Toronto Press
  • ISBN-10: 1487588445
  • ISBN-13: 9781487588441
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Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781487588441.html
Märksõnad:

Being a Scientist is a comprehensive introduction to the many aspects of scientific life beyond the classroom and laboratory. Written with undergraduate science majors in mind, the book covers ethics, the philosophical bases of scientific methods, library research, reading, peer review, creativity, proposal and paper writing, and oral and poster presentations.

In contrast to other texts in the field, which often take a simple prescriptive approach to these topics, Being a Scientist connects them to the historical and philosophical roots of modern science, as well as the common experiences of all people.

Written in a conversational style, the book makes use of metaphor, historical anecdote, and hypothetical research about everyday household questions. This approach helps undergraduates learn basic research skills without being too intimidated by the advanced concepts, vocabulary, and methods which are encountered in looking at the current scientific literature.

Being a Scientist is a textbook for a semester-long course devoted to teaching research and communication skills to undergraduate science majors, but it can be adapted for use in summer research experiences, capstone research courses, and other courses throughout the undergraduate curriculum.



Being a Scientist is an innovative text designed to help undergraduate students become members of the scientific community.

List of Figures and Tables
ix
Preface xi
Introduction xv
The Organization and Use of the Book xv
To Instructors xvi
To Students xviii
Acknowledgments xix
PART I THINKING, AND BEHAVING, LIKE A GOOD SCIENTIST
1 What Does It Mean to Be a Scientist?
3(22)
1.1 Why Become a Scientist?
3(2)
1.2 Scientists Are Humans
5(1)
1.3 Defining Science, and Scientists, More Precisely
6(2)
1.4 Aristotle, Medieval Scholasticism, and Deduction
8(3)
1.5 Francis Bacon and Induction
11(3)
1.6 Hume and the Problems with Induction
14(1)
1.7 William Whewell and Hypotheses
15(2)
1.8 Dealing with Doubts about Induction: Popper
17(1)
1.9 Holistic Views---Duhem, Kuhn, Latour, and Ziman
18(4)
1.10 Is There a Conclusion?
22(3)
2 What Should We Do, and Why? The Questions of Ethics
25(38)
2.1 Why Study Ethics?
25(3)
2.2 Systems of Ethics
28(1)
2.3 Consequentialism and Utilitarianism
28(2)
2.4 Social Contractarianism
30(2)
2.5 Deontology
32(1)
2.6 Virtue
33(1)
2.7 Ethics of Care
34(2)
2.8 Using Different Approaches to Ethics
36(1)
2.9 Ethics in Practice
37(2)
2.10 About Moral Courage
39(1)
2.11 The Ethics of Science
40(1)
2.12 The Importance of Honesty
41(2)
2.13 The Ethos of Science
43(9)
2.14 The Context of Science
52(1)
2.15 Resources for Scientific Research
53(3)
2.16 Ethical Conflicts
56(7)
PART II STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS
3 The Scientific Literature: An Overview of the Terrain, and a Brief Hike In
63(19)
3.1 History, Metaphors, and Literature
63(1)
3.2 Subramanyam's Cycle
64(5)
3.3 Approaching the Landscape
69(2)
3.4 Kinds of Books
71(4)
3.5 A Plan
75(2)
3.6 Finding Books and Reference Works
77(5)
4 Scientific Journals, Past and Present
82(19)
4.1 The History of Scientific Literature
82(2)
4.2 Did Modern Science Start with Gutenberg?
84(2)
4.3 The Rise of Scientific Journals
86(2)
4.4 The Evolution of the Scientific Journal and the Scientific Article---the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries
88(3)
4.5 What Can Be Found in Scientific Journals Today?
91(3)
4.6 What about the Future?
94(1)
4.7 Climbing into the Journal Literature
95(1)
4.8 What's in a Name?
96(5)
5 Abstracts Collections and Databases
101(12)
5.1 A Brief History of Abstracting and Indexing
101(5)
5.2 Investigating Databases
106(2)
5.3 Implementing a Search
108(5)
6 Using Cited References---Backward and Forward
113(14)
6.1 The Importance of Cited References
113(2)
6.2 Looking Backward
115(6)
6.3 The Limitations of Looking Backward, and the Need to Look Forward
121(6)
7 Reading a Scientific Paper
127(16)
7.1 Why Is It So Hard?
128(2)
7.2 Hints for Taking a First Look at a Scientific Paper
130(6)
7.3 Reading for Arguments
136(2)
7.4 Local Arguments and Larger Arguments
138(3)
7.5 Thinking beyond the Paper
141(2)
8 Peer Review
143(22)
8.1 Benefits and Limitations
143(3)
8.2 Historical Background
146(6)
8.3 Modern Peer Review in Practice
152(4)
8.4 Some Problems with Peer Review, and Some Possible Solutions
156(9)
PART III PLANNING, DOCUMENTING, AND PRESENTING SCIENCE
9 Starting Research: A Different "What Should We Do?" Question
165(15)
9.1 The Importance of Creativity
165(2)
9.2 Divergent Thinking on a Big Scale
167(4)
9.3 Divergent Thinking in a Narrower, More Advanced Context
171(1)
9.4 Convergent Thinking
172(2)
9.5 Visualization
174(3)
9.6 Situating Your Research: The Scientific Literature
177(3)
10 Refining Research Ideas and Writing a Proposal
180(19)
10.1 From Ideas to a Proposal
180(1)
10.2 Practical Quantitation
181(4)
10.3 Using Quantitative Data
185(4)
10.4 What about Statistics?
189(2)
10.5 Anticipating Problems
191(2)
10.6 Writing the Proposal
193(6)
11 The Laboratory Notebook
199(12)
11.1 The Evolution and Importance of the Laboratory Notebook
199(5)
11.2 The Format of a Notebook Entry
204(3)
11.3 The Laboratory Notebook in Real Life
207(1)
11.4 Electronic Laboratory Notebooks (ELNS)
207(4)
12 Scientific Writing: Grammar and Style
211(14)
12.1 Tense and Voice
211(3)
12.2 General Writing and Style Suggestions
214(11)
A Quick Guide to Tense and Voice
222(3)
13 Assembling and Writing a Scientific Paper
225(34)
13.1 Some Perspective
226(1)
13.2 Authorship
227(2)
13.3 Starting with the Results
229(1)
13.4 Distmguishing the Results and Discussion
230(1)
13.5 Results, Selected and Presented
231(11)
13.6 Writing about the Results
242(2)
13.7 Methods
244(1)
13.8 Discussion
245(4)
13.9 How about a Conclusions Section?
249(1)
13.10 Introduction
249(3)
13.11 Abstract
252(1)
13.12 Title
253(3)
13.13 Putting It All Together
256(3)
14 Oral and Poster Presentations
259(22)
14.1 Historical Perspective
259(2)
14.2 The Structure of Oral Presentations of Research
261(2)
14.3 Visual Aids
263(1)
14.4 How Much Text?
264(4)
14.5 Tables and Figures for Presentations
268(3)
14.6 Slide Style
271(1)
14.7 Talking the Talk
272(1)
14.8 Poster Presentations
273(3)
14.9 Poster Graphics
276(1)
14.10 Poster Layout and Display
277(1)
14.11 Supporting Your Poster
278(3)
15 Closing Thoughts
281(4)
Notes 285(6)
Index 291
Michael H. Schmidt is a professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at California State University, San Marcos.