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List of Figures and Tables |
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ix | |
| Preface |
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xi | |
| Introduction |
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xv | |
| The Organization and Use of the Book |
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xv | |
| To Instructors |
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xvi | |
| To Students |
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xviii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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PART I THINKING, AND BEHAVING, LIKE A GOOD SCIENTIST |
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1 What Does It Mean to Be a Scientist? |
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3 | (22) |
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1.1 Why Become a Scientist? |
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3 | (2) |
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1.2 Scientists Are Humans |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Defining Science, and Scientists, More Precisely |
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6 | (2) |
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1.4 Aristotle, Medieval Scholasticism, and Deduction |
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8 | (3) |
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1.5 Francis Bacon and Induction |
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11 | (3) |
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1.6 Hume and the Problems with Induction |
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14 | (1) |
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1.7 William Whewell and Hypotheses |
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15 | (2) |
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1.8 Dealing with Doubts about Induction: Popper |
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17 | (1) |
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1.9 Holistic Views---Duhem, Kuhn, La tour, and Ziman |
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18 | (4) |
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1.10 Is There a Conclusion? |
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22 | (3) |
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2 What Should We Do, and Why? The Questions of Ethics |
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25 | (38) |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.3 Consequentialism and Utilitarianism |
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28 | (2) |
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2.4 Social Contractarianism |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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2.8 Using Different Approaches to Ethics |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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2.11 The Ethics of Science |
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40 | (1) |
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2.12 The Importance of Honesty |
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41 | (2) |
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2.13 The Ethos of Science |
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43 | (9) |
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2.14 The Context of Science |
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52 | (1) |
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2.15 Resources for Scientific Research |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (7) |
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PART II STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS |
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3 The Scientific Literature: An Overview of the Terrain, and a Brief Hike In |
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63 | (19) |
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3.1 History, Metaphors, and Literature |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (5) |
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3.3 Approaching the Landscape |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (4) |
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75 | (2) |
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3.6 Finding Books and Reference Works |
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77 | (5) |
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4 Scientific Journals, Past and Present |
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82 | (19) |
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4.1 The History of Scientific Literature |
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82 | (2) |
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4.2 Did Modern Science Start with Gutenberg? |
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84 | (2) |
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4.3 The Rise of Scientific Journals |
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86 | (2) |
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4.4 The Evolution of the Scientific Journal and the Scientific Article---the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries |
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88 | (3) |
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4.5 What Can Be Found in Scientific Journals Today? |
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91 | (3) |
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4.6 What about the Future? |
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94 | (1) |
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4.7 Climbing into the Journal Literature |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (5) |
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5 Abstracts Collections and Databases |
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101 | (12) |
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5.1 A Brief History of Abstracting and Indexing |
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101 | (5) |
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5.2 Investigating Databases |
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106 | (2) |
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5.3 Implementing a Search |
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108 | (5) |
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6 Using Cited References---Backward and Forward |
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113 | (14) |
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6.1 The Importance of Cited References |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (6) |
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6.3 The Limitations of Looking Backward, and the Need to Look Forward |
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121 | (6) |
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7 Reading a Scientific Paper |
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127 | (16) |
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128 | (2) |
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7.2 Hints for Taking a First Look at a Scientific Paper |
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130 | (6) |
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7.3 Reading for Arguments |
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136 | (2) |
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7.4 Local Arguments and Larger Arguments |
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138 | (3) |
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7.5 Thinking beyond the Paper |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (22) |
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8.1 Benefits and Limitations |
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143 | (3) |
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8.2 Historical Background |
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146 | (6) |
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8.3 Modern Peer Review in Practice |
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152 | (4) |
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8.4 Some Problems with Peer Review, and Some Possible Solutions |
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156 | (9) |
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PART III PLANNING, DOCUMENTING, AND PRESENTING SCIENCE |
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9 Starting Research: A Different "What Should We Do?" Question |
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165 | (15) |
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9.1 The Importance of Creativity |
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165 | (2) |
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9.2 Divergent Thinking on a Big Scale |
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167 | (4) |
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9.3 Divergent Thinking in a Narrower, More Advanced Context |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (3) |
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9.6 Situating Your Research: The Scientific Literature |
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177 | (3) |
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10 Refining Research Ideas and Writing a Proposal |
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180 | (19) |
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10.1 From Ideas to a Proposal |
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180 | (1) |
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10.2 Practical Quantitation |
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181 | (4) |
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10.3 Using Quantitative Data |
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185 | (4) |
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10.4 What about Statistics? |
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189 | (2) |
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10.5 Anticipating Problems |
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191 | (2) |
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10.6 Writing the Proposal |
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193 | (6) |
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11 The Laboratory Notebook |
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199 | (12) |
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11.1 The Evolution and Importance of the Laboratory Notebook |
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199 | (5) |
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11.2 The Format of a Notebook Entry |
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204 | (3) |
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11.3 The Laboratory Notebook in Real Life |
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207 | (1) |
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11.4 Electronic Laboratory Notebooks (ELNS) |
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207 | (4) |
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12 Scientific Writing: Grammar and Style |
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211 | (14) |
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211 | (3) |
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12.2 General Writing and Style Suggestions |
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214 | (11) |
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A Quick Guide to Tense and Voice |
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222 | (3) |
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13 Assembling and Writing a Scientific Paper |
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225 | (34) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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13.3 Starting with the Results |
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229 | (1) |
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13.4 Distinguishing the Results and Discussion |
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230 | (1) |
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13.5 Results, Selected and Presented |
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231 | (11) |
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13.6 Writing about the Results |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (4) |
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13.9 How about a Conclusions Section? |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (3) |
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13.13 Putting It All Together |
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256 | (3) |
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14 Oral and Poster Presentations |
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259 | (22) |
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14.1 Historical Perspective |
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259 | (2) |
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14.2 The Structure of Oral Presentations of Research |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (4) |
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14.5 Tables and Figures for Presentations |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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14.8 Poster Presentations |
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273 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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14.10 Poster Layout and Display |
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277 | (1) |
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14.11 Supporting Your Poster |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (4) |
| Notes |
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285 | (6) |
| Index |
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291 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta