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Chemical Nanofluids in Enhanced Oil Recovery: Fundamentals and Applications [Kõva köide]

(IIT Guwahati, India), (Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, India), (IIT Guwahati, India)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 150 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 440 g, 13 Tables, black and white; 35 Line drawings, black and white; 35 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367425246
  • ISBN-13: 9780367425241
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 150 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 440 g, 13 Tables, black and white; 35 Line drawings, black and white; 35 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367425246
  • ISBN-13: 9780367425241

Sustainable world economy requires a steady supply of crude oil without any production constraints. Thus, the ever-increasing energy demand of the entire world can be mostly met through the enhanced production from crude oil from existing reservoirs. With the fact that newer reservoirs with large quantities of crude oil could not be explored at a faster pace, it will be inevitable to produce the crude oil from matured reservoirs at an affordable cost. Among alternate technologies, the chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique has promising potential to recover residual oil from matured reservoirs being subjected to primary and secondary water flooding operations. Due to pertinent complex phenomena that often have a combinatorial role and influence, the implementation of chemical EOR schemes such as alkali/surfactant/polymer flooding and their combinations necessitates upon a fundamental understanding of the potential mechanisms and their influences upon one another and desired response variables. Addressing these issues, the book attempts to provide useful screening criteria, guidelines, and rules of thumb for the identification of process parametric sets (including reservoir characteristics) and response characteristics (such as IFT, adsorption etc.,) that favor alternate chemical EOR systems. Finally, the book highlights the relevance of nanofluid/nanoparticle for conventional and unconventional reservoirs and serves as a needful resource to understand the emerging oil recovery technology. Overall, the volume will be of greater relevance for practicing engineers and consultants that wish to accelerate on field applications of chemical and nano-fluid EOR systems. Further, to those budding engineers that wish to improvise upon their technical know-how, the book will serve as a much-needed repository.



The text discusses key chemical nanofluid enhanced oil recovery techniques for extracting residual crude oil form the reservoirs. It will serve as an ideal guide for graduate students and academic researchers in the field of chemical and petroleum engineering.

Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Authors xv
Abbreviations xvii
Introduction xix
1 Introduction to Chemical and Nanofluids-Induced Oil Recovery
1(28)
1.1 Importance of Crude Oil
1(1)
1.2 Crude Oil - Demand and Supply
1(2)
1.3 Enhanced and Improved Oil Recovery
3(2)
1.3.1 Thermal-Enhanced Oil Recovery
4(1)
1.3.2 Gas-Enhanced Oil Recovery
5(1)
1.3.3 Chemical-Enhanced Oil Recovery
5(1)
1.4 Chemical-Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms
5(4)
1.4.1 Capillary Number
6(1)
1.4.2 Interfacial Tension (IFT)
6(1)
1.4.3 Emulsification
7(1)
1.4.4 Displacement Efficiency
8(1)
1.4.5 Mobility Ratio
8(1)
1.4.6 Wettability Alteration
9(1)
1.5 Selection Criteria for EOR and Chemical EOR Processes
9(3)
1.6 Overview of Chemical and Chemical-Nanofluid EOR
12(8)
1.7 Complexities and Literature Lacuna for Chemical and Chemical-Nanofluid EOR
20(9)
References
22(7)
2 Alkali Flooding - Mechanisms Investigation
29(16)
2.1 Introduction to Alkali Flooding
29(1)
2.2 IFT between Crude Oil and Alkaline Solution
30(3)
2.3 Alkali Flooding in Sandpack
33(5)
2.3.1 Alkali Concentration on Oil Recovery
33(1)
2.3.2 Extent of Emulsification and Size Distribution of Droplets
34(1)
2.3.3 Slug Size on Residual Oil Recovery
35(1)
2.3.4 Injection Pattern on Oil Recovery
36(1)
2.3.5 Alkali Injection Rate for Oil Recovery
37(1)
2.4 Neutralization and Saponification of Crude Oil
38(1)
2.5 Wettability Alteration of Reservoir Rock
38(1)
2.6 Overall Factors Deciding Oil Recovery
39(1)
2.7 Conclusions
40(5)
References
41(4)
3 Alkali and Surfactant Flooding
45(20)
3.1 Introduction to Alkali-Surfactant Flooding
45(2)
3.2 Selection of Alkali Based on IFT
47(2)
3.2.1 IFT between Crude Oil and Different Alkalis
47(1)
3.2.2 Temperature and Salinity Effect on Alkali-Crude IFT
48(1)
3.3 Selection of Surfactants Based on IFT
49(4)
3.3.1 IFT between Crude Oil and Different Surfactants
49(2)
3.3.2 Synergy of Emulsification and IFT
51(1)
3.3.3 Thermal Stability of Surfactants
52(1)
3.4 Formulation of Optimal Surfactant Composition
53(3)
3.4.1 Dynamic IFT of Combined Surfactants
53(1)
3.4.2 Influence of Temperature and Salinity on the Optimum Surfactant Composition
54(1)
3.4.3 Adsorption Behaviour of Optimum Surfactant Composition
55(1)
3.5 IFT between Alkali-Surfactant Combinations
56(1)
3.6 Wettability Alteration with Different Chemicals
57(1)
3.7 Berea Core Flooding for Oil Recovery
58(2)
3.8 Conclusions
60(5)
References
61(4)
4 Surfactant Adsorption Characteristics on Reservoir Rock
65(18)
4.1 Introduction
65(2)
4.2 Characterization of Rock Samples
67(1)
4.3 Interfacial Tension between Crude Oil and Surfactant
67(2)
4.3.1 IFT Behaviour Using Different Surfactants
67(1)
4.3.2 IFT Behaviour with Formation Water
68(1)
4.4 Thermal Stability of Surfactants
69(2)
4.4.1 IFT of Aged and Non-Aged Surfactant Samples
70(1)
4.5 Adsorption Isotherms
71(2)
4.5.1 Adsorption Kinetic Models
72(1)
4.6 Influence of Salinity and Temperature on Adsorption Capacity
73(2)
4.7 Adsorption Thermodynamic Parameters
75(1)
4.8 Role of Rock Minerals on Adsorption Quantity
75(2)
4.9 Conclusions
77(6)
References
77(6)
5 Nanofluid Flooding for Oil Recovery
83(22)
5.1 Introduction to Nanofluid Flooding
83(1)
5.2 Methods to Evaluate Nanofluid Stability
84(3)
5.3 Influence of Nanofluid on Rheological Properties
87(1)
5.4 Influence of Nanofluid on Interfacial Tension
87(2)
5.5 Effect of Nanofluid on Emulsion Properties
89(3)
5.5.1 Nanofluid for Emulsion Stability
89(1)
5.5.2 Nanofluid for Creaming Index
90(1)
5.5.3 Nanofluid for Emulsion Viscosity
91(1)
5.6 Influence of Nanofluid on Wettability Alteration
92(2)
5.7 Nanofluid Flooding for Oil Recovery
94(1)
5.8 Identification of Nanoparticles in Emulsion and Rock Surfaces
95(1)
5.9 Nanofluid Field Projects and Technical Challenges
95(2)
5.10 Conclusions
97(8)
References
98(7)
6 Problems and Challenges in Chemical EOR
105(20)
6.1 Introduction
105(1)
6.2 Limitations of Chemical EOR
105(5)
6.2.1 Precipitation and Scaling
106(1)
6.2.2 Formation Damage
107(1)
6.2.3 Produced Emulsion Treatment
107(1)
6.2.4 Chemical Separation
108(1)
6.2.5 Water Disposal Treatment and Facility Problems
108(1)
6.2.6 Challenges in Offshore Oil Field
109(1)
6.2.7 Cost of Chemicals
109(1)
6.3 Case Studies on Challenges of Chemical EOR
110(1)
6.4 Technical Solutions for Chemical EOR
111(3)
6.5 Chemical EOR Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Studies
114(11)
6.5.1 ASP Flooding in China
115(2)
6.5.2 ASP Flooding in the United States
117(1)
6.5.3 ASP Flooding in Canada
117(1)
6.5.4 ASP Flooding in India
118(1)
References
118(7)
7 Application of Nanotechnology in Unconventional Reservoirs
125(12)
7.1 Introduction
125(2)
7.2 Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid
127(2)
7.3 Limitations of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid
129(1)
7.4 Nanotechnology in Unconventional Reservoirs
130(7)
7.4.1 Nanoparticles for Hydraulic Fracturing
130(1)
7.4.1.1 Nanoparticles in a Polymer-Based Fracturing Fluid
130(2)
7.4.1.2 Nanoparticles in a Surfactant-Based Fracturing Fluid
132(1)
7.4.1.3 Nanoparticles in a Foam-Based Fracturing Fluid
133(1)
7.4.2 Nanoparticles Impact on a Proppant
134(1)
7.4.3 Nanoparticles as a Fluid Loss Control Agent
135(1)
7.4.4 Nanoparticles in Sensors
135(1)
7.4.5 Nanoparticles in Unconventional Gas Reservoirs
136(1)
7.5 Field Applications and Challenges in Unconventional Reservoirs
137(1)
References 137(12)
Index 149
Rahul Saha is an assistant professor in the school of petroleum technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. His research area is primarily focused on the recovery of crude oil from reservoirs by chemical enhanced oil recovery method and the application of nanotechnology. His teaching areas is focused on Chemical and Petroleum engineering and so far, he has published 7 research articles.

Pankaj Tiwari is working as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati. His research activities are in studying the various mechanisms for enhanced oil recovery and, developing kinetics and compositional models for pyrolysis and combustion processes. He has previously worked at General Electric, Plastic division at JFWTC Bangalore on developing the monomer for high-performance polymer (HPP).

Ramgopal V.S. Uppaluri is currently working as a professor, department of chemical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati. His research interests include membrane technology, petroleum engineering and refining, food engineering and processing, process optimization and wastewater treatment. He has published more than 90 research papers in journals of national and international repute. In upstream engineering, his research is primarily in the field of chemical and polymer enhanced oil recovery.