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Cholera Toxins 2009 ed. [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 321 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 670 g, XIV, 321 p., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Feb-2009
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3540884513
  • ISBN-13: 9783540884514
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Cholera Toxins 2009 ed.Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 321 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 670 g, XIV, 321 p., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Feb-2009
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3540884513
  • ISBN-13: 9783540884514
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783540884514.html
Märksõnad:
To start with, we feel that we should explain why the book has been entitled Cholera Toxins. In fact, the enterotoxin secreted by Vibrio cholerae, which is p- marily responsible for causation of the disease, is conventionally known as or referred to as cholera toxin, or CT. By using the word toxins (in its plural form), we wanted to cover all of the different types of toxinsand not just CTproduced by V. cholerae. We could have used the title Toxins of Vibrio cholerae, but we believe that Cholera Toxins is simpler and equally as expressive. However, due to its relative importance, the story of CT covers most of this book. Also, compared to all other toxins of V. cholerae, CT has been investigated more extensively. This book was jointly written by us. It is not a multiauthor book in which each expert writes one chapter. In that respect our task is harder. On the other hand, it has given us the unique opportunity to present the entire subject in the way that we conceived it. Besides, our objective is to cater to the needs of not only active research scientists but also students from different disciplinesmicrobiology, molecular physiology and pharmacology, basic medicines, etc. and as such, we have attempted to present the subject in a way that will be appreciated by general readers. Further, we have provided some information that students and predoctoral researchers may find useful at the end of the book.
An Introduction to Cholera
1(4)
Nature of the Disease
1(1)
Epidemics and Pandemics
1(2)
Causation of the Disease
3(1)
Treatment Basics
3(2)
Bacterial Toxins: A Brief Overview
5(8)
Introduction
5(1)
Different Types of Toxins
5(1)
Bacterial Endotoxins: A General Introduction
6(2)
Bacterial Exotoxins: A General Introduction
8(3)
Extracellularly Acting Toxins
8(1)
Intracellularly Acting Toxins
9(1)
Toxins Whose Mechanisms of Action Are Not Well Defined
10(1)
Toxins of Vibrio cholerae
11(2)
Vibrio cholerae, the Causative Organism
13(20)
Introduction
13(1)
Classification and Identification
13(2)
Subtyping
15(2)
Serogroups
15(1)
Serotypes
15(1)
Biotypes
16(1)
Phage Types
17(1)
Molecular Subtyping
17(3)
Plasmid Profile Analysis
17(1)
RFLP Analysis of ctx Genes
17(1)
RFLP Analysis of the rRNA Genes
18(1)
DNA or Gene Probes
18(1)
Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MEE) Types
19(1)
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
20(1)
Growth Requirements and Characteristics
20(1)
Ultrastructure of the Cell
21(3)
Pili (Fimbriae)
22(2)
Cholera Bacteriophages
24(3)
Genetics of V. cholerae: An Outline of Some Relevant Areas
27(6)
Endotoxin of Vibrio cholerae: Physical and Chemical Characterization
33(22)
Introduction
33(1)
LPS of V. cholerae: Site of Occurrence
34(1)
Extracellular LPS
34(3)
Chemical Composition of Lipid A
37(1)
Chemical Structure of Lipid A
38(1)
3-Deoxy-D-Manno-Octolusionic Acid (Kdo)
39(2)
Core-PS: Chemical Constituents
41(1)
O1 Vibrios
41(1)
Non-O1 Vibrios
41(1)
Core-PS: Chemical Structure
42(2)
O-PS: Chemical Constituents
44(2)
O1 Vibrios
44(1)
Non-O1 Vibrios
44(2)
O-PS: Chemical Structure
46(3)
The Capsular Polysaccharide (CPS)
49(4)
Colony Morphology and CPS
49(1)
CPS: Site of Occurrence
50(1)
CPS: Sugar Composition
51(1)
CPS: Chemical Structure
51(2)
Emerging Research Trends and Future Possibilities
53(2)
Endotoxin of Vibrio cholerae: Genetics of Biosynthesis
55(26)
Introduction
55(1)
Lipid A
56(1)
Core-PS
56(4)
O-Antigen Polysaccharide (O-PS) of V. cholerae
60(15)
V. cholerae O1
60(4)
V. cholerae O139
64(5)
V. cholerae of Serogroups Non-O1 Non-O139
69(6)
Progenitor of V. cholerae O139
75(1)
Genesis of O139 O-PS Gene Cluster
76(1)
Concluding Remarks
77(4)
Endotoxin of Vibrio cholerae: Biological Functions
81(24)
Introduction
81(1)
Endotoxic Activities
82(2)
Role of Lipid A
82(1)
Roles of Particular Constituent Chemical Groups
82(1)
Effect on Cell Morphology
83(1)
Effect on Neutrophil Chemotaxis
84(1)
Effect on Hemagglutinating Activity of Bacterial Cells
84(1)
Antigenic Properties
84(2)
Immunological Responses
86(6)
Vibriocidal Antibody Level and Immunity
86(1)
Monoclonal Antibodies
87(2)
Immunoglobulin Subclasses
89(1)
Antibody Assay for Encapsulated Cells
90(1)
Synthetic Oligosaccharides
90(2)
Role in the Intestinal Adhesion and Virulence of the Vibrios
92(2)
LPS as Phage Receptor
94(2)
Biofilm Formation and the Structure of LPS
96(3)
Capsular Polysaccharide (CPS)
99(1)
Concluding Remarks
100(5)
Recognition of LPS and Activation of the Innate Immunity of the Host
100(1)
Serogroup Surveillance and Monitoring
100(2)
LPS and Cholera Vaccine
102(3)
Cholera Toxin (CT): Structure
105(20)
Introduction
105(1)
Isolation and Purification
106(1)
Primary Structures of CT and LT
107(2)
Structures of CT and LT from X-Ray Crystallography
109(6)
B Monomer and Pentamer
112(2)
A1 Fragment of the A Subunit
114(1)
A2 Fragment of the A Subunit
115(1)
Receptor Binding
115(2)
Structure at the Binding Site
117(1)
Structural Basis of Toxicity
118(4)
Structure-Based Inhibitor (Drug) Design: Possible Approaches
122(3)
Cholera Toxin (CT): Organization and Function of the Relevant Genetic Elements
125(22)
Introduction
125(1)
The CTX Genetic Element
126(1)
Cloning and Sequencing of the ctxAB Operon
127(1)
CTX Genetic Element Belongs to a Filamentous Bacteriophage
128(1)
The CTX&phis; Genome
129(1)
The Core Region
129(1)
RS2 Region
130(1)
RSI Element: The Flanking Region
130(1)
TLC: Another Upstream Element
131(1)
Variation of CTX&phis; Among Classical, El Tor, O139, and Non-O1 Non-O139 Strains
131(3)
Variation in Copy Number and Location Within Chromosome
131(1)
Variation in Sequence of rstR and Ig-2
132(1)
Variation in the Integration Site
132(1)
Variation in the Flanking Region
132(2)
Production of Infectious Particles
134(1)
Overview of CTX&phis; Biology
134(3)
Infection of CTX&phis;
134(1)
Integration of CTX&phis;
135(1)
Replication of the CTX&phis; Genome
135(1)
CTX&phis; Gene Expression
136(1)
Assembly and Secretion of CTX&phis;
136(1)
The Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-1 (VPI-1)
137(2)
Toxin-Coregulated Pili (TCP)
139(3)
Other Horizontally Acquired Gene Clusters
142(5)
VPI-2
142(1)
VSP-I and VSP-II Islands
143(4)
Cholera Toxin (CT): Regulation of the Relevant Virulence Genes
147(18)
Introduction
147(1)
Modulation of Cholera Toxin Expression by Environmental Factors
148(1)
The Regulation of Virulence: An Overview
149(1)
The ToxR Regulon
150(1)
ToxT-Dependent Transcription
151(5)
Regulation of ToxT Transcription
156(2)
Transcriptional Regulation of tcpPH
158(1)
Direct Transcription of ompU and ompT by ToxR
159(1)
Environmental Regulation of tcpPH Transcription
160(5)
Osmolarity
161(1)
Temperature
161(1)
Quorum Sensing
161(3)
Glucose Availability
164(1)
Cholera Toxin (CT): Secretion by the Vibrios
165(20)
Introduction
165(1)
Early Electron Microscopic Enquiries
165(2)
The Secretion Mechanism: An Overview
167(1)
Translocation Across the Inner Membrane
168(1)
Protein Folding in the Periplasm
169(3)
Secretion Across the Outer Membrane
172(13)
Genetics of the Extracellular Protein Secretion (Eps) Apparatus
172(2)
Molecular Architecture of the Secretory Machinery
174(2)
The Inner Membrane Complex
176(1)
The Pseudopilus
177(4)
The Outer Membrane Complex
181(1)
The T2SS System: A Summary
182(1)
Targeting Signals for the Translocation of CT Through the OM
183(2)
Cholera Toxin (CT): Entry and Retrograde Trafficking into the Epithelial Cell
185(14)
Introduction
185(1)
Attachment to the Cell Membrane
186(1)
Endocytosis
187(2)
Retrograde Trafficking to the Golgi Complex and Endoplasmic Reticulum
189(2)
Unfolding of CTA1 and Its Translocation to the Cytosol
191(2)
Reactions in the Cytosol Leading to the Activation of Adenylate Cyclase, Chloride Channel Outpouring, and Diarrhea
193(6)
Cholera Toxin (CT): Immune Response of the Host and Vaccine Production
199(14)
Introduction
199(1)
Protective Immunity by Anti-CT
199(2)
Immunomodulation by Cholera Toxin (CT)
201(4)
Adjuvant Properties of CT
201(2)
Adjuvant Properties of B Subunits of CT
203(1)
Adjuvant Properties of Nontoxic Derivatives of CT
203(1)
Mechanism of Adjuvant Activity of CT
204(1)
Role of Cholera Toxin (CT) in the Preparation of Vaccines
205(6)
Background Knowledge
205(1)
The Vaccine Strains
206(5)
Where Do We Stand Now?
211(2)
Other Toxins of Vibrio cholerae
213(32)
Introduction
213(1)
Zonula Occludens Toxin (Zot)
214(7)
Zonula Occludens (ZO)
214(1)
Discovery of Zot
215(1)
Properties of Zot
216(2)
Genetics
218(1)
The Zot Receptors
219(1)
Applications of Zot
220(1)
Accessory Cholera Enterotoxin (Ace)
221(4)
Discovery of Ace
221(1)
The ace Gene and the Encoded Protein
222(1)
Purification of Ace
223(1)
Mode of Action of Ace
224(1)
Hemolysin
225(4)
The Gene and the Encoded Protein
225(1)
Protein Purification and the Crystal Structure
226(1)
Biological Activity
227(2)
Repeats in Toxin (RTX)
229(7)
Discovery of RTX
229(1)
Organization of the RTX Locus
229(1)
Structural Features of RtxA
230(1)
Secretion of RTX Toxin from V. cholerae
231(2)
Mode of Action of RTX Toxin
233(3)
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cell Elongation Factor (Cef)
236(1)
Purification, Stability, and Biological Activity
236(1)
Cloning of the cef Gene and the Encoded Protein
237(1)
New Cholera Toxin (NCT)
237(1)
Shiga-Like Toxin (SLT)
238(1)
Thermostable Direct Hemolysin (TDK)
239(1)
Heat-Stable Enterotoxin of Nonagglutinable Vibrios (NAG-ST)
239(3)
Discovery
239(1)
Purification of NAG-ST
240(1)
Amino Acid Sequence of NAG-ST
240(1)
Cloning and Sequencing of the stn Gene Encoding NAG-ST
241(1)
Mode of Action of NAG-ST
242(1)
Toxin WO7
242(3)
Discovery
242(1)
Purification of WO7 Toxin
243(1)
Biological Activity
243(2)
Concluding Notes
245(4)
An Introspection
245(4)
Appendix 249(18)
References 267(44)
Index 311
Dr. Keya Chaudhuri (b. 1952) obtained her PhD degree from Jadavpur University in 1983 and is presently working as Senior Scientist & Deputy Director at the Molecular & Human Genetics Division of the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India. Her research focuses on Vibrio cholerae infection, mainly on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the disease-process, with special emphasis on the identification of bacterial gene products that become apparent during the infection as well as their role in V. cholerae pathogenesis and the elucidation of host response at the molecular level. Besides Vibrio cholerae, her research interest includes bioinformatics and cancer biology.









Professor S. N. Chatterjee (b. 1932) received his PhD degree from the University of Calcutta in 1958. He worked for several years as Associate Professor & Head of the Biophysics Department at the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine and then as Senior Professor & Chairman (19771992) of the Biophysics Division and Director (1990-1991) of the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kolkata. Subsequently he continued to work at the SINP as Senior Scientist, an emeritus-ship awarded by the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi. Besides Vibrio cholerae and cholera bacteriophages, his research interests include the electron microscopy of biomolecules, free radicals biology involving ultrasound and UVA, and the molecular toxicology of nitrofurans. He is a fellow of several academies and recipient of many awards.