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Climate Resilient Agriculture for Ensuring Food Security 2015 ed. [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 373 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 9746 g, 53 Illustrations, color; 23 Illustrations, black and white; XX, 373 p. 76 illus., 53 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Jan-2015
  • Kirjastus: Springer, India, Private Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 8132221982
  • ISBN-13: 9788132221982
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Climate Resilient Agriculture for Ensuring Food Security 2015 ed.Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 373 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 9746 g, 53 Illustrations, color; 23 Illustrations, black and white; XX, 373 p. 76 illus., 53 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Jan-2015
  • Kirjastus: Springer, India, Private Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 8132221982
  • ISBN-13: 9788132221982
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9788132221982.html
Märksõnad:
Climate Resilient Agriculture for Ensuring Food Security comprehensively deals with important aspects of climate resilient agriculture for food security using adaptation and mitigation measures. Climatic changes and increasing climatic variability are likely to aggravate the problem of future food security by exerting pressure on agriculture. For the past few decades, the gaseous composition of the earth’s atmosphere has been undergoing significant changes, largely through increased emissions from the energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. Agriculture and food systems must improve and ensure food security, and to do so they need to adapt to climate change and natural resource pressures, and contribute to mitigating climate change. Climate-resilient agriculture contributes to sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes, adapting and building resilience to climate change and reducing and/or eliminating greenhouse gas emissions where possible. The information on climate resilient agriculture for ensuring food security is widely scattered. There is currently no other book that comprehensively and exclusively deals with the above aspects of agriculture and focuses on ensuring food security. This volume is divided into fourteen chapters, which include the Introduction, Causes of Climate Change, Agriculture as a Source of Greenhouse Gases, Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture, Regional Impacts on Climate Change, Impacts on Crop Protection, Impacts on Insect and Mite Pests, Impacts on Plant Pathogens, Impacts on Nematode Pests, Impacts on Weeds, Impacts on Integrated Pest Management, Climate Change Adaptation, Climate Change Mitigation, and A Road Map Ahead. The book is extensively illustrated with excellent photographs, which enhance the quality of publication. It is clearly written, using easy-to-understand language. It also provides adoptable recommendations involving eco-friendly adaptation and mitigation measures. This book will be of immense value to the scientific community involved in teaching, research and extension activities. The material can also be used for teaching post-graduate courses. It will also serve as a very useful reference source for policy makers.

Arvustused

This volume describes the direct impacts of climate change on agriculture systems, as well as the indirect impacts caused by weeds, insects, and diseases. This useful volume provides a comprehensive view of the significant actions required to achieve food security in the face of the threat of climate change. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals/practitioners. (J. L. Hatfield, Choice, Vol. 53 (1), September, 2015) 

1 Introduction 1(16)
1.1 What Is Climate Change?
3(2)
1.1.1 The Main Indicators of Climate Change
4(1)
1.1.2 Ten Key Indicators of a Human Finger Print on Climate Change
4(1)
1.2 Causes of Climate Change
5(2)
1.2.1 Natural Causes
6(1)
1.2.2 Human Causes
6(1)
1.2.3 Biggest Threats of Climate Change
6(1)
1.3 Impacts of Climate Change
7(3)
1.4 Food Security and Climate Change
10(2)
1.4.1 Food Security
10(1)
1.4.2 Green Economy
11(1)
1.4.3 Ensuring Food Security
11(1)
1.5 Climate-Resilient Agriculture
12(1)
1.6 Climate Change Adaptation
13(1)
1.7 Climate Change Mitigation
14(1)
References
14(3)
2 Causes of Climate Change 17(10)
2.1 Natural Causes
18(1)
2.1.1 Continental Drift
18(1)
2.1.2 Volcanoes
18(1)
2.1.3 The Earth's Tilt
19(1)
2.1.4 Ocean Currents
19(1)
2.2 Human Causes
19(1)
2.3 Greenhouse Gases
20(6)
2.3.1 Water Vapor
21(1)
2.3.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
22(1)
2.3.3 Methane (CH4)
23(2)
2.3.4 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
25(1)
2.3.5 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
25(1)
References
26(1)
3 Agriculture as a Source of GHGs 27(16)
3.1 Global Agricultural Emissions
28(2)
3.2 Emissions by Agricultural Source
30(6)
3.2.1 Land Use Change
31(1)
3.2.2 Agricultural Soils (N2O)
31(1)
3.2.3 Enteric Fermentation (CH4)
32(1)
3.2.4 Rice Cultivation (CH4)
33(1)
3.2.5 Manure Management (CH4, N2O)
33(1)
3.2.6 Other Agriculture Sources of Non-CO2 Emissions (CH4, N2O)
34(1)
3.2.7 Deforestation Emissions
34(1)
3.2.8 Emissions from Production of Biofuels
35(1)
3.2.9 Biomass Burning
35(1)
3.3 Emission Trends (Global and Regional)
36(5)
3.3.1 Key Messages
36(1)
3.3.2 Food System Emissions
36(1)
3.3.3 Livestock Emissions
37(1)
3.3.4 Direct Agricultural Emissions
38(1)
3.3.5 Trends Since 1990
38(1)
3.3.6 Future Global Trends
38(2)
3.3.7 Regional Trends
40(1)
References
41(2)
4 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture 43(48)
4.1 Projections
46(2)
4.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enrichment
48(5)
4.2.1 Impact on Photosynthesis
48(2)
4.2.2 Impact on Water Use by Plants
50(1)
4.2.3 Physiological Effects of CO2
51(1)
4.2.4 CO2 Fertilization
52(1)
4.2.5 Effect on Yield
53(1)
4.3 Elevated Temperatures
53(9)
4.3.1 Interactions with Thermal Regimes
55(1)
4.3.2 Crops and Temperature
55(1)
4.3.3 Effects on Growth Rates
56(1)
4.3.4 Effects on Growing Seasons
57(1)
4.3.5 Reduction in Crop Yield
57(3)
4.3.6 Effects on Moisture Availability
60(1)
4.3.7 Effects on Livestock
60(2)
4.4 Varying Precipitation Patterns
62(4)
4.4.1 Changes in Hydrological Regimes and Shifts in Precipitation Patterns
64(2)
4.5 Soil Fertility and Erosion
66(1)
4.5.1 Soils
66(1)
4.5.2 Erosion and Fertility
67(1)
4.5.3 Salinity
67(1)
4.6 Extreme Weather Events
67(5)
4.6.1 Extreme Temperatures
68(2)
4.6.2 Drought
70(1)
4.6.3 Heavy Rainfall and Flooding
71(1)
4.6.4 Tropical Storms
71(1)
4.7 Livestock Production
72(2)
4.8 Fisheries and Aquaculture
74(1)
4.8.1 Predicted Changes in Fisheries Catch Potential During 2005-2055 Under a Higher GHG Emissions Scenario
74(1)
4.9 Pests, Diseases, and Weeds
75(1)
4.10 UV-B Radiation
75(2)
4.10.1 UV-B Effects
76(1)
4.10.2 Ozone
76(1)
4.11 Crop Yields and Quality
77(2)
4.11.1 Crop Yields
77(1)
4.11.2 Quality
78(1)
4.12 Sea-Level Rise
79(2)
4.13 Increasing Ocean Acidification
81(1)
4.14 Glacier Retreat and Disappearance
82(1)
4.14.1 Changes in Water Availability
83(1)
4.15 ENSO Effects on Agriculture
83(1)
4.16 Climate Change Impacts on Food Security
83(1)
4.16.1 Food Insecurity Hotspots
84(1)
4.17 Conclusions
84(1)
References
85(6)
5 Regional Impacts 91(16)
5.1 Africa
92(2)
5.1.1 Climate, Water Availability, and Agriculture in Egypt
93(1)
5.1.2 Adaptation and Vulnerability
93(1)
5.2 Asia
94(2)
5.2.1 Adaptation and Vulnerability
95(1)
5.3 Australia and New Zealand
96(1)
5.3.1 Adaptation and Vulnerability
97(1)
5.4 Europe
97(2)
5.4.1 Adaptation and Vulnerability
99(1)
5.5 Latin America
99(2)
5.5.1 Adaptation and Vulnerability
100(1)
5.6 North America
101(2)
5.6.1 Adaptation
102(1)
5.7 Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic)
103(1)
5.7.1 Adaptation and Vulnerability
103(1)
5.8 Small Islands
103(2)
5.8.1 Adaptation, Vulnerability, and Sustainability
104(1)
References
105(2)
6 Impacts on Crop Protection 107(8)
6.1 Weeds
109(1)
6.2 Insect Pests
110(1)
6.3 Plant Diseases
6.4 Nematodes
111(1)
6.5 Adaptation and Mitigation
111(1)
6.6 Conclusions
112(1)
References
113(2)
7 Impacts on Insect and Mite Pests 115(36)
7.1 Crop Losses
116(1)
7.2 Climate Change and Insect Pests
116(2)
7.3 Elevated Temperatures
118(3)
7.4 CO2 Enrichment
121(3)
7.4.1 Spider Mites
123(1)
7.5 Expansion of Geographical Distribution
124(1)
7.6 Changes in Phenology
125(2)
7.7 Varying Precipitation Patterns
127(1)
7.8 Drought
128(1)
7.9 Increased Overwintering Survival
128(2)
7.10 Natural Enemies
130(2)
7.10.1 Pathogens
130(1)
7.10.2 Parasitoids
131(1)
7.10.3 Predators
132(1)
7.11 Breakdown of Host Plant Resistance
132(1)
7.12 Pest Population Dynamics and Outbreaks
133(1)
7.13 Crop-Pest Interactions
133(1)
7.14 Disruption of Plant-Pollinator Interactions
133(3)
7.15 Food Security
136(1)
7.16 Reduced Effectiveness of Pest Management Strategies
136(1)
7.17 Increased Pesticide Usage
137(1)
7.18 Modeling Approaches
138(2)
7.18.1 InfoCrop Models
138(1)
7.18.2 Climate Matching
138(1)
7.18.3 Empirical Models
139(1)
7.18.4 Simulation Models
140(1)
7.19 Adaptation
140(2)
7.19.1 Promotion of Resource Conservation Technologies
141(1)
7.19.2 Observation of Fields and Orchards
141(1)
7.19.3 Increased Biodiversity
141(1)
7.19.4 Avoidance of Depending on One "High Input Variety" or One Breed of Crop Variety
142(1)
7.19.5 Following Crop Rotation to Increase Biodiversity
142(1)
7.19.6 Following Ecologically Based Pest Management
142(1)
7.20 Mitigation
142(4)
7.20.1 Breeding Climate-Resilient Varieties
142(1)
7.20.2 Rescheduling of Crop Calendars
142(1)
7.20.3 GIS-Based Risk Mapping of Crop Pests
142(1)
7.20.4 Screening of Pesticides with Novel Modes of Action
143(1)
7.20.5 Improved Pest Control
143(1)
7.20.6 Transgenic Crops for Pest Management
143(1)
7.20.7 Integrated Pest Management
144(2)
7.21 Conclusions
146(1)
References
146(5)
8 Impacts on Plant Pathogens 151(28)
8.1 Crop Losses
152(1)
8.2 Climate Change and Plant Disease
153(2)
8.3 CO2 Enrichment
155(2)
8.4 Elevated Temperatures
157(3)
8.5 Varying Precipitation Patterns
160(1)
8.6 Expansion of Geographical Distribution
160(2)
8.7 Elevated Levels of Atmospheric Pollutants
162(1)
8.7.1 Ozone
162(1)
8.7.2 Acid Rain
162(1)
8.7.3 Elevated Ultraviolet-B
163(1)
8.8 Disease Management
163(3)
8.8.1 Host Resistance
163(1)
8.8.2 Chemical Control
164(1)
8.8.3 Biological Control
165(1)
8.8.4 Microbial Interactions
165(1)
8.8.5 Quarantine and Exclusion
165(1)
8.9 Impact Models
166(2)
8.9.1 Climate Matching
166(1)
8.9.2 Empirical Models
166(1)
8.9.3 Population Models
167(1)
8.9.4 Simulation Models
167(1)
8.10 Adaptation and Mitigation
168(3)
8.10.1 Enhanced Surveillance
168(1)
8.10.2 Enhanced Research and Development
168(1)
8.10.3 Enhanced Public and Professional Awareness
168(1)
8.10.4 Integrated and Adaptive Policy Development
168(2)
8.10.5 Transgenic Disease-Resistant Varieties
170(1)
8.11 Future Prospects
171(1)
8.12 Research Needs
172(1)
8.13 Conclusions
173(1)
References
174(5)
9 Impacts on Nematode Pests 179(14)
9.1 Crop Losses
180(1)
9.2 Climate Change and Nematodes
181(1)
9.3 CO2 Enrichment
181(2)
9.4 Elevated Temperatures
183(3)
9.4.1 Breakdown of Nematode Resistance
184(2)
9.5 Expansion of Geographical Distribution
186(2)
9.6 Severe Droughts
188(1)
9.7 Nematode Management
188(1)
9.8 Biotechnological Approaches to Nematode Resistance
188(1)
9.9 Conclusions
189(1)
References
190(3)
10 Impacts on Weeds 193(14)
10.1 Crop Losses
194(1)
10.2 Climate Change and Weeds
194(1)
10.3 CO2 Enrichment
195(2)
10.3.1 C4 Weeds in C3 Crops
196(1)
10.3.2 C3 Weeds in C4 Crops
197(1)
10.3.3 C3 Weeds in C3 Crops
197(1)
10.3.4 C4 Weeds in C4 Crops
197(1)
10.4 Elevated Temperatures
197(1)
10.5 Expansion of Geographical Distribution
198(1)
10.6 Varying Precipitation Patterns
199(1)
10.7 Increased Dispersal
199(1)
10.8 Extreme Weather Events
199(1)
10.9 Human Health
199(1)
10.10 Weed Management
200(1)
10.11 Mitigation
200(3)
10.11.1 Selective Allelopathy and Self-Supporting Weed Management
200(1)
10.11.2 Soil Solarization Studies
201(1)
10.11.3 Chemical Weed Control Studies Using Old and New Molecules of Herbicides
201(1)
10.11.4 Integrated Weed Management
201(1)
10.11.5 Conservation Agriculture and Weed Management
201(1)
10.11.6 Remote Sensing and Site-Specific Weed Management
201(1)
10.11.7 Other Methods
201(1)
10.11.8 Transgenic Herbicide-Tolerant Crops
202(1)
10.12 Research Needs
203(1)
10.13 Conclusions
204(1)
References
204(3)
11 Impacts on Integrated Pest Management 207(16)
11.1 Introduction
207(1)
11.1.1 Advantages of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
208(1)
11.1.2 New Approach
208(1)
11.2 Crop Health and Integrated Pest Management
208(1)
11.3 Enhancing the Impact of IPM on Crop Health Management
209(5)
11.3.1 Scientific Solutions
209(2)
11.3.2 Innovations in CHM
211(3)
11.4 Policies Enabling/Inhibiting Crop Health Management
214(4)
11.4.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity: A Significant Obstacle
214(3)
11.4.2 Reformed Knowledge Transfer to Support IPM
217(1)
11.4.3 Incentives to Adopt New CHM Technologies
218(1)
11.5 Capacity Building
218(2)
11.5.1 The Problem
218(1)
11.5.2 The Solution
218(2)
11.6 Collaboration and Partnerships to Improve Crop Health Management
220(1)
11.7 Conclusions
221(1)
References
221(2)
12 Climate Change Adaptation 223(50)
12.1 Improved Crop Seeds, Livestock, and Fish Cultures
225(4)
12.1.1 Key Issues
225(1)
12.1.2 Advantages
225(1)
12.1.3 Disadvantages
225(1)
12.1.4 Developing Climate-Ready Crops
226(1)
12.1.5 Drought-Tolerant Varieties
226(1)
12.1.6 Promoting Use of Biotechnology
226(1)
12.1.7 Interventions
227(2)
12.1.8 Conclusions
229(1)
12.2 Crop Production Adaptation
229(10)
12.2.1 Key Issues
229(1)
12.2.2 Cultural Practices
230(1)
12.2.3 Land Management Practices
231(1)
12.2.4 Conservation Tillage
231(3)
12.2.5 Adjusting Cropping Season
234(1)
12.2.6 Efficient Use of Resources
234(1)
12.2.7 Crop Diversification
234(1)
12.2.8 Relocation of Crops in Alternative Areas
235(1)
12.2.9 Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
236(2)
12.2.10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
238(1)
12.2.11 Harnessing Indigenous Technical Knowledge of Farmers
238(1)
12.2.12 Interventions
238(1)
12.3 Water Adaptation
239(11)
12.3.1 Key Issues
239(3)
12.3.2 Rainwater Harvesting
242(2)
12.3.3 Sprinkler Irrigation
244(2)
12.3.4 Drip Irrigation
246(2)
12.3.5 Fog Harvesting
248(1)
12.3.6 Interventions
249(1)
12.4 Agro-forestry (Adaptation)
250(3)
12.4.1 Advantages
251(2)
12.4.2 Disadvantages
253(1)
12.4.3 Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems
253(1)
12.5 Ecological Pest Management
253(3)
12.5.1 Key Issues
253(1)
12.5.2 Crop Management
254(1)
12.5.3 Soil Management
254(1)
12.5.4 Pest Management
254(1)
12.5.5 Advantages
255(1)
12.5.6 Disadvantages
255(1)
12.5.7 Interventions
255(1)
12.6 Livestock Adaptation
256(5)
12.6.1 Sector Trends
256(1)
12.6.2 Adaptation Needs: Climate-Resilient Livestock
257(1)
12.6.3 Livestock Disease Management
257(2)
12.6.4 Selective Breeding via Controlled Mating
259(1)
12.6.5 Early Warning Systems and Insurance
260(1)
12.7 Energy Adaptation
261(1)
12.8 Early Warning Systems
262(1)
12.8.1 Advantages
262(1)
12.8.2 Disadvantages
263(1)
12.9 Crop Insurance Schemes
263(1)
12.9.1 Key Issues
263(1)
12.9.2 Interventions
264(1)
12.10 Livelihood Diversification
264(1)
12.10.1 Key Issues
264(1)
12.10.2 Interventions
264(1)
12.11 Access to Information
265(1)
12.11.1 Key Issues
265(1)
12.11.2 Interventions
265(1)
12.12 Credit Support
265(1)
12.12.1 Key Issues
265(1)
12.12.2 Interventions
266(1)
12.13 Markets
266(1)
12.13.1 Key Issues
266(1)
12.13.2 Interventions
266(1)
12.14 Adaptation Priorities and Opportunities
267(2)
12.14.1 Potential Adaptation Options in Indian Agriculture
268(1)
12.15 Conclusions
269(1)
References
270(3)
13 Climate Change Mitigation 273(68)
13.1 Cropland Management
275(41)
13.1.1 Agronomy
276(2)
13.1.2 Nutrient Management
278(6)
13.1.3 Tillage/Residue Management
284(8)
13.1.4 Water Management
292(1)
13.1.5 Rice Production Technologies
293(11)
13.1.6 Manure Management
304(5)
13.1.7 Agro-forestry (Mitigation)
309(3)
13.1.8 Land-Use Change
312(1)
13.1.9 Restoration of Degraded Lands
313(1)
13.1.10 Organic Agriculture
314(2)
13.2 Livestock Management
316(8)
13.2.1 Feed Optimization
317(2)
13.2.2 Genetically Modified Rumen Bacteria
319(2)
13.2.3 Straw Ammonization and Silage
321(2)
13.2.4 Grazing Land Management
323(1)
13.2.5 Longer-Term Management Changes and Animal Breeding
324(1)
13.3 Energy Management
324(2)
13.3.1 Agriculture for Biofuel Production
324(2)
13.3.2 Advantages
326(1)
13.3.3 Disadvantages
326(1)
13.4 Mitigation Potential
326(2)
13.4.1 Technical Mitigation Potential
326(1)
13.4.2 Agricultural Mitigation Potential
327(1)
13.5 Benefits of Mitigation Measures
328(2)
13.6 Future Prospects and Conclusions
330(3)
13.6.1 Future Prospects
330(3)
13.7 Conclusions
333(1)
References
333(8)
14 A Road Map Ahead 341(12)
14.1 Future Prospects
341(3)
14.1.1 Trade Dimensions
342(1)
14.1.2 Enabling Conditions
342(1)
14.1.3 Measurement and Performance
343(1)
14.1.4 Sensitization of Stakeholders About Climate Change and Its Impacts
344(1)
14.1.5 Farmers' Participatory Research for Enhancing Adaptive Capacity
344(1)
14.1.6 Promotion of Resource Conservation Technologies
344(1)
14.2 Priorities for Action
344(3)
14.2.1 Key Priorities for Action for Policy Makers
345(2)
14.3 Program of Action (PoA)
347(4)
14.3.1 Research and Development
348(1)
14.3.2 Technologies and Practices
349(1)
14.3.3 Infrastructure
350(1)
14.3.4 Capacity Building
350(1)
14.4 Conclusions
351(1)
References
351(2)
Annexures 353(1)
Annexure I 353(1)
Glossary 353(14)
Annexure II 367(1)
Acronyms 367(1)
Reference 368(1)
Index 369
Dr. P. Parvatha Reddy obtained his Ph.D. degree jointly from the University of Florida, USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Dr. Reddy served as the Director of the prestigious Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) at Bangalore from 1999 to 2002 during which period the Institute was honored with ICAR Best Institution Award. He also served as the Head, Division of Entomology and Nematology at IIHR and gave tremendous impetus and direction to research, extension and education in developing bio-intensive integrated pest management strategies in horticultural crops. These technologies are being practiced widely by the farmers across the country since they are effective, economical, eco-friendly and residue-free. Dr. Reddy has about 34 years of experience working with horticultural crops and involved in developing an F1 tomato hybrid Arka Varadan resistant to root-knot nematodes. Dr. Reddy has over 250 scientific publications to his credit, which also include 30 books. He has also guided two Ph.D. students at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Dr. Reddy served as Chairman, Research Advisory Committee of Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi; National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi; National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur and the Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bangalore. He served as a Member, QRT to review the progress of AICRP on Nematodes; AINRP on Betelvine; Central Tuber CropsResearch Institute, Trivandrum and AICRP on Tuber Crops. He also served as a Member of the Expert Panel for monitoring the research program of National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) in the theme of Horticulture including Pest Dynamics and Pollinators. He is the Honorary Fellow of the Society for Plant Protection Sciences, New Delhi, Fellow of the Indian Phytopathological Society, New Delhi and Founder President of the Association for Advancement of Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems (AAPMHE), Bangalore. Dr. Reddy has been awarded with the prestigious Association for Advancement Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems Award, Dr. G.I. Dsouza Memorial Lecture Award, Prof. H.M. Shah Memorial Award and Hexamar Agricultural Research and Development Foundation Award for his unstinted efforts in developing sustainable, bio-intensive and eco-friendly integrated pest management strategies in horticultural crops. Dr. Reddy has organized Fourth International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata, National Seminar on Hitech Horticulture, First National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: Environmental Implications and Thrusts and Second National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: New Molecules and Biopesticides.