| Preface |
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vii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xi | |
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xix | |
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xxix | |
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Table of Competition Decisions |
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xxxvii | |
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Table of Graphs and Figures |
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xxxix | |
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xli | |
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1 Introducing the Collaborative Economy |
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1 | (20) |
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1 | (1) |
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II The Rise of the Collaborative Phenomenon |
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1 | (3) |
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III Definitions of the Collaborative Economy |
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4 | (4) |
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IV Main Characteristics of the Collaborative Economy |
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8 | (6) |
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A Online Platforms' Intermediation |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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ii Network Effects---Externalities |
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10 | (1) |
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iii Matching through Algorithms |
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11 | (1) |
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iv All-importance of Data |
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12 | (1) |
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B Peer-to-peer Transactions |
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13 | (1) |
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C Shift from Ownership to Accessibility |
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13 | (1) |
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D Reputation Rating Mechanisms---Self Regulation |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (6) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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B Up-and-Coming Market Sectors |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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2 Market Access and Consumer Protection in the Collaborative Economy |
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21 | (46) |
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21 | (1) |
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II Contractual Links in a Collaborative Relation |
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22 | (8) |
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22 | (1) |
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Scenario 1 The Platform as an Intermediary |
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22 | (1) |
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Scenario 2 The Platform as (Double) Service Provider |
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23 | (1) |
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Scenario 3 The Supplier as (Main) Service Provider |
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24 | (1) |
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Scenario 4 The Platform and the Supplier as a Single Entity |
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24 | (1) |
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Scenario 5 A Special Contractual Category for Two-sided Platforms |
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25 | (1) |
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B The Criteria for Determining the Parties' Roles in Collaborative Three-way Relations |
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26 | (1) |
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i Who is Responsible for Defining and Delivering the Underlying Service? |
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27 | (3) |
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ii Is there an Employment Relationship? |
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30 | (1) |
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III Market Access in the Collaborative Economy |
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30 | (14) |
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A The E-commerce Directive |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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i Scope---Sectors Excluded from the Services Directive |
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33 | (2) |
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ii Impact of the Services Directive on Collaborative Platforms |
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35 | (3) |
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iii Impact of the Services Directive on the Suppliers of the Underlying Service |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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i Rules Not Necessarily Applicable |
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41 | (1) |
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ii Other Rules also Applicable |
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42 | (1) |
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E Market Access under WTO Law and Other Free Trade Agreements |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (23) |
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A Scope of Application of Consumer Protection Rules in the Collaborative Economy |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (4) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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iv Towards a `Platform Directive'? |
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51 | (5) |
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B How Can Platforms/Suppliers Abide by Consumer Protection Rules: Obligations and Recommendations |
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56 | (1) |
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i Obligations Deriving from the Intermediation Services |
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57 | (4) |
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ii Obligations Deriving from the Underlying Service---Whose Responsibility? |
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61 | (1) |
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C The Collaborative Economy as a Disruption to Consumer Protection Law |
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61 | (6) |
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3 Data in the Collaborative Economy |
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67 | (36) |
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I Introduction: The Role of Data in the Collaborative Economy |
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67 | (3) |
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II Personal Data Protection versus Big Data Economy |
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70 | (24) |
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A Applicable Rules---Scope of Data Protection |
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71 | (4) |
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B Personal Data Protection in the Collaborative Economy |
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75 | (1) |
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i Process of Personal Data---By the Rulebook |
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75 | (8) |
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ii Obligations of Data Controllers |
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83 | (2) |
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iii Rights of Data Subjects |
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85 | (4) |
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C Digital Privacy in the Collaborative Economy |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (4) |
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III Data Protection under Other EU Rules |
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94 | (5) |
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A Data Protection and Consumer Protection Law |
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94 | (1) |
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B Data Protection and Intellectual Property Law |
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94 | (1) |
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i Protection of Platforms' Databases |
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94 | (3) |
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ii Protection of Platforms' Trade Secrets |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (4) |
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4 The Collaborative Economy and EU Competition Law |
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103 | (45) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (40) |
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A Collaborative Participants as Undertakings |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (1) |
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i Defining the Market for Platform Intermediation |
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108 | (7) |
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ii Defining the Market for the Underlying Service |
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115 | (4) |
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iii Defining the Geographic Market |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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i Reinforcing Market Power |
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122 | (2) |
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ii Constraining Market Power |
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124 | (2) |
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D Practices Coming under Article 101 TFEU |
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126 | (1) |
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i Inter-platform Competition: Collusion between Collaborative Platforms |
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126 | (2) |
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ii Intra-platform Competition |
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128 | (7) |
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iii Bringing Intra-platform Agreements under Established Categories of EU Competition Law |
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135 | (3) |
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iv The Role of Article 101(3) TFEU |
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138 | (2) |
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E Practices Coming under Article 102 TFEU |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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ii Locking-in of Peers through CRRs |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (2) |
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A Fiscal Indeterminacy as Economic Advantage? |
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144 | (2) |
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B Regulatory Void as Regulatory Advantage? |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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5 Labour Relations in the Collaborative Economy |
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148 | (23) |
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148 | (1) |
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II The Transformative Effect of the Collaborative Economy on Employment |
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149 | (9) |
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A Employment in the Collaborative Economy---Basic Characteristics |
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149 | (3) |
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B From Micro-entrepreneur to `Lumpen-cognitariat et Salariat Algorithmique'? |
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152 | (1) |
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i Non-standard Work (NSW) Issues---Made Worse |
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152 | (1) |
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ii Breaking Down of Work---Taylorism Revamped |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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iv Uncertainty, Insecurity, Isolation and Precarity |
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155 | (1) |
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v Health and Safety Issues |
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156 | (1) |
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vi Discrimination, Child Labour, Forced Labour: The Issue of Fundamental Rights |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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III Courts Struggling on a Binary Logic: Self-employed versus Employees |
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158 | (10) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (4) |
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C The EU Commission's Approach |
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165 | (1) |
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D EU `Labour Law' Secondary Legislation |
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166 | (2) |
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IV Beyond the Binary Logic: Tentative Regulatory Interventions |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (18) |
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171 | (1) |
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II Judicial Dispute Resolution |
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172 | (6) |
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A Applicable Law and Jurisdiction |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (3) |
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ii Disputes between Peers and the Platform |
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176 | (1) |
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B Is Judicial Dispute Resolution Fit for the Collaborative Economy? |
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177 | (1) |
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III Alternative Dispute Resolution |
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178 | (2) |
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IV Validity of Dispute Resolution Clauses Employed by Platforms |
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180 | (3) |
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V Online Dispute Resolution |
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183 | (5) |
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184 | (1) |
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B Internal Platform Dispute Resolution |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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7 The Regulation of the Collaborative Economy |
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189 | (39) |
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189 | (1) |
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II An Empirical Approach---What about the Current Regulatory Void? |
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190 | (21) |
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A Self-regulation by Collaborative Platforms |
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190 | (1) |
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i Mechanisms Employed by Platforms to Impose Self-regulation |
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190 | (7) |
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ii More than Self-regulation: Voluntary Actions |
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197 | (1) |
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B Regulatory Gaps and Solutions Reached in Different Jurisdictions |
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198 | (1) |
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i Case Study 1: Accommodation---Airbnb |
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199 | (2) |
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ii Case Study 2: Transportation---Uber |
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201 | (3) |
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iii Preliminary Rulings to the CJEU |
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204 | (2) |
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C The Commission's Regulatory Approach |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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ii Regulatory Initiatives---Neighbouring Areas |
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207 | (4) |
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III Regulation of the Collaborative Economy: A Normative Approach |
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211 | (16) |
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A To Regulate or Not to Regulate? |
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212 | (1) |
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i Regulate or Leave it up to the Invisible Hands? |
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212 | (2) |
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ii Expand or Disrupt: Extend the Application of Existing Rules or Create New Ones? |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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B What Kind of Regulation |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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ii Bottom-up, Top-down or Collaborative? |
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217 | (2) |
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iii At the Local, National or Supranational Level |
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219 | (1) |
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iv Horizontal Cross-cutting Rules or Sector-specific Ones? |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (4) |
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ii In Terms of Areas to be Regulated |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (5) |
| Bibliography |
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233 | (16) |
| Index |
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249 | |