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Computational Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 500 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 933 g, XVI, 500 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Springer Series in Reliability Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Aug-2011
  • Kirjastus: Springer London Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 0857292838
  • ISBN-13: 9780857292834
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 500 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 933 g, XVI, 500 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Springer Series in Reliability Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Aug-2011
  • Kirjastus: Springer London Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 0857292838
  • ISBN-13: 9780857292834
Teised raamatud teemal:
The increased level of activity on structural health monitoring (SHM) in various universities and research labs has resulted in the development of new methodologies for both identifying the existing damage in structures and predicting the onset of damage that may occur during service. Designers often have to consult a variety of textbooks, journal papers and reports, because many of these methodologies require advanced knowledge of mechanics, dynamics, wave propagation, and material science. Computational Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring gives a one-volume, in-depth introduction to the different computational methodologies available for rapid detection of flaws in structures.Techniques, algorithms and results are presented in a way that allows their direct application. A number of case studies are included to highlight further the practical aspects of the selected topics.  Computational Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring also provides the reader with numerical simulation tools that are essential to the development of novel algorithms for the interpretation of experimental measurements, and for the identification of damage and its characterization.Upon reading Computational Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring, graduate students will be able to begin research-level work in the area of structural health monitoring. The level of detail in the description of formulation and implementation also allows engineers to apply the concepts directly in their research.

This one-volume, in-depth introduction to the computational methodologies available for rapid detection of flaws in structures covers techniques, algorithms and results in a way that facilitates their direct application, and includes a number of case studies.
Part I Introductory Concepts in Structural Health Monitoring
1 Introduction
3(38)
1.1 Overview on Structural Health Monitoring
3(11)
1.1.1 Why Do We Need Structural Health Monitoring?
3(2)
1.1.2 Basic Elements of SHM Systems
5(4)
1.1.3 Levels of Structural Health Monitoring
9(1)
1.1.4 State-of-Art and Technological Needs
10(4)
1.2 Dynamics-Based Structural Health Monitoring
14(7)
1.2.1 Passive SHM
15(1)
1.2.2 Classification of Inspection Techniques Based on Frequency Range of Analysis
16(1)
1.2.3 Vibration-Based Techniques
17(2)
1.2.4 Guided Waves Inspection
19(1)
1.2.5 Ultrasonics and Nonlinear Ultrasound
20(1)
1.3 Sensing and Actuation Strategies
21(10)
1.3.1 Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors
21(4)
1.3.2 Fiber Optics Sensors
25(4)
1.3.3 Laser Vibrometer
29(2)
1.4 Modeling and Simulation Techniques for SHM
31(6)
1.4.1 The Importance of Modeling in Structural Health Monitoring
31(1)
1.4.2 Finite Difference Techniques
32(1)
1.4.3 Finite Element Method
33(1)
1.4.4 Boundary Element Method
34(1)
1.4.5 Spectral Finite Element Method
34(2)
1.4.6 Perturbation Techniques
36(1)
1.5 Organization of the Book
37(1)
References
38(3)
2 Fundamentals Concepts in Elasticity, Mechanics and Wave Propagation
41(56)
2.1 Introduction
41(1)
2.2 Basic Concepts in Elasticity
41(13)
2.2.1 Description of Motion
41(3)
2.2.2 Strain
44(2)
2.2.3 Strain-Displacement Relations
46(2)
2.2.4 Stress
48(2)
2.2.5 Constitutive Relations
50(2)
2.2.6 Elastic Symmetry
52(2)
2.3 Governing Equations of Motion and the Solution Methods
54(6)
2.3.1 Solution Procedures in Linear Theory of Elasticity
56(3)
2.3.2 Plane Problems in Elasticity
59(1)
2.4 Introduction to Theory of Composites
60(9)
2.4.1 Theory of Laminated Composites
60(6)
2.4.2 Stress-Strain Relation for a Lamina with Arbitrary Orientation of Fibers
66(3)
2.5 Introduction to Wave Propagation in Structures
69(5)
2.5.1 Spectral Analysis
70(4)
2.6 Characteristics of Waves in Anisotropic Media
74(1)
2.7 Governing Equations for Beams and Plates
75(6)
2.7.1 Governing Equation for an Elementary Beam
76(1)
2.7.2 Governing Differential Equation for a Higher Order Beam
77(2)
2.7.3 Governing Equations for a Composite Plate
79(2)
2.8 Spectrum and Dispersion Relations
81(13)
2.8.1 Efficient Computation of the Wavenumber and Wave Amplitude
81(3)
2.8.2 Spectrum and Dispersion Relation for an Elementary Beam
84(2)
2.8.3 Spectrum and Dispersion Relation for a Higher Order Beam
86(3)
2.8.4 Spectrum and Dispersion Relation for an Anisotropic Plate
89(5)
References
94(3)
3 Signal Processing Techniques
97(60)
3.1 Integral Transforms
97(13)
3.1.1 Fourier Transforms
97(2)
3.1.2 Fourier Series
99(2)
3.1.3 Discrete Fourier Transform
101(2)
3.1.4 Wavelet Transforms
103(6)
3.1.5 Wavelet-Based Numerical Solutions of Wave Equations
109(1)
3.1.6 Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Transforms
109(1)
3.2 Signal Processing Issues
110(18)
3.2.1 Wraparound Problems
110(6)
3.2.2 Signal Processing of Sampled Waveforms
116(1)
3.2.3 Artificial Dispersion in Wavelet Transform
117(9)
3.2.4 Excitation Signals and Wave Dispersion
126(2)
3.3 Frequency/Wavenumber Analysis
128(25)
3.3.1 Analysis of a One-Dimensional Propagating Wave
130(4)
3.3.2 Analysis of 2D Wave Propagation
134(4)
3.3.3 Numerical Examples: Wave Propagation in a Damaged Rod
138(5)
3.3.4 Numerical Examples: Wave Propagation in a Homogeneous Medium
143(1)
3.3.5 Frequency/Wavenumber Filtering for Mode Separation
144(9)
References
153(4)
Part II Computational Simulation Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring
4 Application of the Finite Element Method in SHM
157(20)
4.1 Overview and Basic Principles
157(2)
4.2 Modeling Issues in FEM
159(5)
4.3 Damage Modeling Using FEM
164(4)
4.3.1 Stiffness Reduction Method
164(1)
4.3.2 Duplicate Node Method
165(1)
4.3.3 Kinematics Based Method
166(2)
4.4 Numerical Examples
168(4)
4.4.1 Static and Free Vibration Analysis of a Damaged Cantilever Beam Using DNM
168(2)
4.4.2 Response Analysis of a Cantilever Composite Beam with Different Damage Types
170(2)
4.5 Finite Element Modeling Suggestions
172(1)
4.6 Modeling Pitfalls in FEM for SHM and Their Remedies
173(1)
References
174(3)
5 Spectral Finite Element Method
177(42)
5.1 The Need for Spectral FEM in SHM
177(5)
5.1.1 General Formulation Procedure: Fourier Transform Based SFEM
178(2)
5.1.2 General Formulation Procedure: Wavelet Transform Based SFEM
180(2)
5.2 Spectral Elements for Rods and Beams
182(8)
5.2.1 Non-dispersive Isotropic Rod: FFT Based Spectral Element Formulation
182(2)
5.2.2 Non-dispersive Isotropic Rod: Wavelet Transform Based Spectral Element Formulation
184(1)
5.2.3 Dispersive Isotropic Timoshenko Beams-FFT Based Spectral Element Formulation
184(2)
5.2.4 Composite Beams-FFT Based Spectral Element Formulation
186(2)
5.2.5 Higher Order Composite Beam-FFT Based Spectral Element Formulation
188(2)
5.3 Spectral Elements for 2D Composite Layers-FFT Based Spectral Element Formulation
190(9)
5.3.1 Finite Layer Element (FLE)
195(1)
5.3.2 Infinite Layer (Throw-Off) Element (ILE)
196(1)
5.3.3 Expressions for Stresses and Strains
197(1)
5.3.4 Prescription of Force Boundary Conditions
197(1)
5.3.5 Determination of Lamb Wave Modes
198(1)
5.4 Anisotropic Plate-FFT Based Spectral Element Formulation
199(3)
5.4.1 Finite Plate Element
200(1)
5.4.2 Semi-infinite or Throw-Off Plate Element
201(1)
5.5 Numerical Examples
202(14)
5.5.1 Wave Transmission and Scattering Through an Angle-Joint
202(3)
5.5.2 Wave Propagation in 2D Portal Frame
205(2)
5.5.3 Propagation of Surface and Interfacial Waves in a Composite Layer
207(4)
5.5.4 Propagation of Lamb Wave
211(3)
5.5.5 Wave Propagation in a Composite Plate with Ply-Drop
214(2)
5.6 Conclusions
216(1)
References
216(3)
6 Simplified Spectral Models for Damaged Waveguides
219(54)
6.1 Need for Spectral Element Damage Models in Structural Health Monitoring
219(1)
6.2 Review of Simplified Models for Structural Defects
220(1)
6.3 Modeling of Single Delamination or Horizontal Cracks
221(9)
6.3.1 Wave Scattering in a Delaminated Beam Using Wavelet Spectral Elements
226(3)
6.3.2 Effect of Wave Scattering Due to Delamination at Ply-drops
229(1)
6.4 Modeling of Fiber Breakage and Vertical Cracks
230(11)
6.4.1 Interface Equilibrium of Forces
232(1)
6.4.2 Assembly of the Element Internal Waveguides
233(1)
6.4.3 Modeling Dynamic Contact Between Crack Surfaces
234(2)
6.4.4 Modeling of Surface Breaking Cracks
236(1)
6.4.5 Distributed Constraints at the Interfaces Between Sub-Laminates and Hanging Laminates
237(2)
6.4.6 Wave Scattering Due to Transverse Cracks
239(1)
6.4.7 Sensitivity of the Fiber Breakage Location and Configuration
240(1)
6.5 Modeling of Structures with Multiple Horizontal Cracks or Delaminations
241(7)
6.5.1 Wave Scattering from Delamination: Comparison with 2D FEM
246(1)
6.5.2 Computational Efficiency of FSFEM Compared to FEM
247(1)
6.6 Modeling of Corrosion Pits
248(5)
6.6.1 Wave Propagation Response Due to Corrosion Pits
250(3)
6.7 Modeling of Material Degradations
253(10)
6.7.1 Experimental Degraded Model (EDM)
254(5)
6.7.2 Average Degraded Model
259(3)
6.7.3 Wave Scattering in a Degraded Composite Beam Using ADM
262(1)
6.8 Modeling of Vertical Cracks in 2D Waveguides
263(6)
6.8.1 Flexibility Along the Crack
266(1)
6.8.2 Scattering Due to a Transverse Crack
267(2)
6.9 Conclusions
269(1)
References
270(3)
7 Perturbation Methods for Damaged Structures
273(40)
7.1 Perturbation Methods for Notched Structures
273(1)
7.2 Modal Analysis of Damaged Plates
274(15)
7.2.1 Governing Equations
274(3)
7.2.2 Perturbation Solution
277(1)
7.2.3 Fourier Series Solution of ε1 Equations
278(3)
7.2.4 Strain Energy Ratio for Damage Localization
281(2)
7.2.5 Effect of Notch Damage on the Plate Modal Properties
283(2)
7.2.6 Notch Damage Localization Through the Strain Energy Ratio
285(2)
7.2.7 Effect of Line Damage on the Plate Modal Properties
287(2)
7.3 Analysis of Wave Propagation in Notched Beams Through Spectral FE Solution
289(1)
7.4 Governing Equations
290(12)
7.4.1 Spectral Finite Element Discretization
300(2)
7.5 Wave Propagation in Notched Beams: Numerical Examples
302(9)
7.5.1 Technique Validation: FSFEM Versus FE Predictions
302(2)
7.5.2 FSFEM and Modal Superposition Results
304(1)
7.5.3 Time Domain Results
305(5)
7.5.4 Frequency Domain Results
310(1)
References
311(2)
8 Bridging Scale Analysis of Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Structures with Imperfections
313(36)
8.1 Overview
313(2)
8.2 Theoretical Background
315(6)
8.2.1 Coarse and Fine Scale Discretization and Bridging Matrices
315(1)
8.2.2 Multiscale Lagrangian
316(1)
8.2.3 Reduction of the Degrees of Freedom
317(1)
8.2.4 Time Domain Formulation
318(1)
8.2.5 Frequency Domain Formulation
319(2)
8.3 Results for Time-Domain Bridging
321(18)
8.3.1 Application to a One-Dimensional Rod
321(4)
8.3.2 Homogenized Bi-material Rod with Imperfections
325(6)
8.3.3 Energy-Based Time Integration Scheme
331(1)
8.3.4 Propagation of In-plane Waves in a 2D Elastic Domain
332(7)
8.4 Results for Frequency-Domain Bridging
339(8)
8.4.1 Time Domain Spectral Element Discretization
339(1)
8.4.2 Rod
340(1)
8.4.3 Damaged Timoshenko Beam
340(4)
8.4.4 Two Dimensional Waveguides
344(3)
8.5 Conclusions
347(1)
References
348(1)
9 Modeling of Actuators and Sensors for SHM
349(58)
9.1 Introduction
349(1)
9.2 Modeling of Lamb Wave Generation
350(14)
9.2.1 Governing Equations
351(2)
9.2.2 Harmonic Far Field Response
353(2)
9.2.3 Actuator Directivity
355(1)
9.2.4 Example: Circular Actuator
355(3)
9.2.5 Experimental Validation
358(1)
9.2.6 Finite Element Evaluation of the Interface Stresses
359(3)
9.2.7 Example: Circular Patch
362(2)
9.2.8 Rectangular Isotropic Piezo Patch
364(1)
9.3 Beamforming Through One-Dimensional Phased Arrays: A Quick Overview
364(8)
9.3.1 Response Due to a Single Component
366(1)
9.3.2 Array Response
367(1)
9.3.3 Beam Steering Strategies
368(4)
9.4 Two Dimensional Arrays for Frequency Based Beam Steering
372(19)
9.4.1 Application to SV Waves in a Membrane
374(9)
9.4.2 Application to Guided Waves in Thin Plates
383(8)
9.5 Modeling of Lamb Wave Sensors
391(12)
9.5.1 Plate Configuration and Piezoelectric Constitutive Relations
392(2)
9.5.2 Voltage Generated by Piezo Sensors of Arbitrary Shape
394(3)
9.5.3 Examples of Directivities for Simple Geometries
397(2)
9.5.4 Frequency Steerable Acoustic Transducer Periodic Array
399(4)
References
403(4)
Part III Computational Methodologies for Damage Detection and Quantification
10 Computational Techniques for Damage Detection, Classification and Quantification
407(56)
10.1 Overview
407(1)
10.2 A General Introduction to Vibration-Based Techniques
408(3)
10.2.1 Early Techniques Based on Natural Frequency Shifts
408(2)
10.2.2 Mode Shape Analysis
410(1)
10.2.3 Mode Shape Curvature Changes
410(1)
10.3 Damage Measure Based on Energy Functional Distributions
411(18)
10.3.1 Formulation for Beams and Plates
412(2)
10.3.2 Spline Interpolation of Operational Deflection Shapes
414(2)
10.3.3 Numerical Results on Beams
416(2)
10.3.4 Numerical Results on Plates
418(3)
10.3.5 Experimental Results on Beams
421(5)
10.3.6 Experimental Results on Plates
426(3)
10.4 Wave Propagation Techniques: Time Domain Damage Measure
429(7)
10.4.1 Theoretical Background
430(3)
10.4.2 Numerical Examples: Wave Propagation in a Homogeneous Medium
433(2)
10.4.3 Experimental Results: Aluminum Plate
435(1)
10.5 Phase Gradient and Conversion Coefficients Evaluation for Damage Localization and Quantification
436(14)
10.5.1 Simplified Description of a Multi-Modal Wave
437(1)
10.5.2 Phase Gradient for Damage Localization
437(2)
10.5.3 Reflection, Transmission and Conversion Coefficients for Damage Quantification
439(1)
10.5.4 Application to Simulated Data
440(6)
10.5.5 Application to Experimental Data
446(4)
10.6 Damage Force Indicator Technique
450(9)
10.6.1 Identification of Single Delamination Through Damage Force Indicator
452(1)
10.6.2 Identification of Multiple Delamination Through Damage Force Indicator
453(1)
10.6.3 Sensitivity of Damage Force Indicator Due to Variation in Delamination Size
454(3)
10.6.4 Sensitivity of Damage Force Indicator Due to Variation in Delamination Depth
457(2)
10.7 Summary
459(1)
References
459(4)
11 Use of Soft Computing Tools for Damage Detection
463(32)
11.1 Genetic Algorithms
463(15)
11.1.1 A Brief Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
463(3)
11.1.2 Genetic Algorithm Process for Damage Detection and Definitions
466(2)
11.1.3 Objective Functions in GA for Delamination Identification
468(4)
11.1.4 Case Studies with a Cantilever Beam
472(4)
11.1.5 Identification of Delamination Location, Size and Depth
476(2)
11.2 Artificial Neural Networks
478(12)
11.2.1 Simple Model of Neuron
478(2)
11.2.2 Types of Activation Function
480(1)
11.2.3 Multilayer Feedforward Networks
481(1)
11.2.4 Neural Network Integrated with SFEM
482(5)
11.2.5 Numerical Results and Discussion
487(3)
11.3 Summary
490(3)
References
493(2)
Index 495
Dr S. Gopalakrishnan is currently Professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He received his Master's degree in Engineering Mechanics from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India and his PhD from the School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. He specializes in the areas of structural health monitoring, wave propagation, smart structures and computational mechanics. He has authored four books, 123 journal papers, eight book chapters, and over 70 conference papers. He is on the editorial board of six international journals and the Associate Editor for two international journals, namely, the International Journal of Smart Materials and Structures, and Structural Health Monitoring. He was also the Section Editor on Simulation for the Encyclopedia on Structural Health Monitoring. He has undertaken funded research from Boeing Aircraft Company, USA; Pratt & Whitney Corporation, USA; Office of Naval Research (ONR), USA;  Air Force of Scientific Research (AFOSR); and Aeronautical Research and Development Board, Government of India. Dr Gopalakrishnan is also the Chairman of the Aerospace Application group of the National Program on Micro and Smart Systems, Government of India, and a member of the Structures Panel of the Aeronautical Research and Development Board, Government of India. Dr Gopalakrishnan is also a fellow of The Indian National Academy of Engineering, and has guided nine PhD and 28 Master's students through their theses.   Dr. Massimo Ruzzene is an associate professor in the School of Aerospace Engineering and in the School of Mechanical Engineering of the Georgia Institute of Technology. He received a Laurea (Summa Cum Laude) and a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, in 1995 and 1999 respectively. Dr. Ruzzene conducts research in the broad areas of structuraldynamics and wave propagation, non-destructive evaluation techniques, modal analysis and structural acoustics. He is the author of six book chapters (two on structural health monitoring), more than 85 journal papers and more than 100 conference papers. He has participated as a PI or co-PI in various research projects funded by the Army Research Office (ARO), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Air Force of Scientific Research (AFOSR), NASA, the US Army, TRW Corporation, Corning Corporation, and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Dr. Ruzzene is the recipient of the 2002 Young Investigator Award from ONR. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Acoustical Society of America (ASA), and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). He serves as a reviewer for several journals, and as an associate editor of the Journal of Vibrations and Acoustics and of Mechanics Research Communications.   Dr. S. Hanagud worked at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) prior to joining the Georgia Tech Faculty in 1970. He became a tenure track faculty member in 1974. He was a co-founder of Failure Analysis Institute, Menlo Park, California in 1968. He taught at the University of Santa Clara as an adjunct faculty member from 1964 through 1970. Prior to receiving his PhD, he was a research assistant at Stanford University and a research fellow at the Indian Institute of Science. In addition to conducting research, Dr. Hanagud advises PhD and MS students. He has been responsible for the graduation of 32 PhD students. He has continuously modified the graduate-level structural dynamics courses to reflect the latest developments. He also developed a new graduate-level course in the areas of structural dynamics system identification, crashworthy design of structures, applied non-linear dynamics and smart structures. Honors and awards include the Sigma Gamma Tau Teaching Award (1974) in recognition of hisundergraduate teaching; Georgia Tech Faculty Research Award (1989); Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation Award for Innovative Structural Design for Crashworthy Vehicles; four AIAA (IASc) Student Awards at Stanford University; Distinguished Alumnus, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (1992); Distinguished Fellowship of the International Development Fund of Japan (1993); and Fellow of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (2004). Dr. Hanagud's major contributions include the introduction of the concept of smart structures to the army research office (ARO); health monitoring techniques based on super-harmonic response associated with delamination, debonding and cracks; optimized sine wave web concept for energy absorbing structures; perturbation-based techniques for identification of nonlinear structural dynamic systems; scanning laser-based techniques for linear structural dynamic system identification; and development of closed loop models and vibration control techniques using smart or adaptive structures. He is the author of more than 250 refereed publications.