Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From Paper to the Internet [Kõva köide]

Preface		ix
1. Reviewing the Literature: Why? For Whom? How?		1	(48)
Purpose of This Chapter		2	(1)
What Is a Literature Review? Why Do One?		3	(12)
Systematic, Explicit, and Reproducible: Three Key Words		15	(1)
Box 1.1: How to Produce a Systematic and Reproducible Literature Review		16	(1)
Access to the Literature: The Computer Is the Way to Go		17	(1)
Selecting a Search Strategy		18	(8)
Key Words		18	(6)
Subject Headings as Search Terms: When Is Enough Really Enough?		24	(1)
Key Words or Subject Headings: Chicken or Egg?		25	(1)
Box 1.2: How to Browse an Electronic Database--An Example Using MEDLINE and PsycINFO		26	(4)
Even More Search Terms: Authors, Titles, Title Words, Journals, and Then Some--Limiting the Search		28	(2)
Choosing a Database		30	(3)
Pausing During the Search		32	(1)
Changing the Course of the Search		32	(1)
Supplementing the Electronic or Computer Search		33	(4)
Reviewing References in Identified Literature		35	(1)
Is Everything Worthwhile Published?		35	(1)
Bring in the Experts		36	(1)
The Internet/World Wide Web		37	(1)
Summary of Key Points		37	(2)
Exercises		39	(7)
Suggested Readings		46	(3)
2. Screening for Feasibility and Quality: Part 1--Research Design and Sampling		49	(56)
Purpose of This Chapter		50	(2)
How to Select and Evaluate Literature With Two Screens		52	(1)
Screen 1: Practicality or Feasibility		53	(4)
Screen 2: Methodological Quality--Research Design and Sampling		57	(17)
Criterion for Quality: Research Design		57	(17)
Internal Invalidity: Checklist of Potential Threats to a Study's Accuracy		74	(2)
External Invalidity: Checklist of Risks to Avoid		76	(14)
Criterion for Quality: Sampling		79	(11)
Checklist for Evaluating the Quality of Study Design and Sampling		90	(2)
Summary of Key Points		92	(7)
Exercises		99	(4)
Suggested Readings		103	(2)
3. Screening for Feasibility and Quality: Part 2--Data Collection, Interventions, Analysis, Results, and Conclusions		105	(56)
Purpose of This Chapter		107	(1)
Data Collection: How to Determine Accuracy		107	(8)
Reliability		110	(3)
Validity		113	(2)
Interventions and Programs: Reviewing the Literature to Find Out What Works		115	(1)
Box 3.1: How to Evaluate a Study's Reliability and Validity		116	(4)
Checklist for Appraising the Quality of Program Descriptions		120	(1)
Information Analysis		120	(17)
Statistical Methods and What to Look For: An Overview		121	(1)
Independent and Dependent Variables		122	(3)
Measurement Scales and Their Data		125	(2)
Statistical and Practical Significance		127	(5)
Which Analytic Method Is Best?		132	(5)
Checklist for Evaluating a Study's Data Analysis		137	(1)
The Results		138	(2)
Checklist for Evaluating a Study's Results		140	(1)
The Conclusions		140	(3)
Checklist for Evaluating a Study's Conclusions		143	(1)
Qualitative Research: A Special Note		143	(4)
Checklist for Evaluating the Quality of Qualitative Research		147	(3)
Summary of Key Points		150	(5)
Exercises		155	(4)
Suggested Readings		159	(2)
4. Collecting Information From the Literature		161	(38)
Purpose of This Chapter		162	(1)
Types of Information Collection: Methods and Content		163	(2)
Eligibility and Actuality		165	(8)
Reliable and Valid Reviews		173	(2)
Measuring Reliability: The Kappa Statistic		173	(2)
Box 4.1: How to Find the Kappa (K) Statistic--An Example of Measuring Agreement Between Two Reviewers		175	(1)
Uniform Data Collection: The Literature Review Survey Questionnaire		176	(7)
Uniform Data Collection: Definitions		183	(3)
Training Reviewers		184	(2)
Pilot Testing the Review Process		186	(1)
Validity		187	(1)
Quality Monitoring		188	(1)
Checklist for Collecting Data From the Literature		189	(2)
Summary of Key Points		191	(2)
Exercises		193	(6)
5. What Did You Find? Summarizing Results Descriptively and Statistically		199	(56)
Purpose of This Chapter		201	(1)
Descriptive Reviews and Meta-Analysis		201	(1)
Descriptive Reviews		202	(11)
Descriptive Literature Reviews in Practice		205	(4)
Supporters and Critics		209	(4)
Meta-Analysis		213	(16)
Effect Size		214	(1)
What to Look for in a Meta-Analysis: The Seven Steps		215	(13)
A Statistical Interlude		228	(1)
Box 5.1: How to Calculate Risks and Odds		229	(2)
Box 5.2: How to Combine Studies in a Meta-Analysis		231	(11)
Supporters and Critics		235	(1)
Displaying Meta-Analysis Results		236	(3)
Meta-Analysis in Practice		239	(3)
Summary of Key Points		242	(5)
Exercises		247	(5)
Suggested Readings		252	(3)
Index		255	(10)
About the Author		265

Arlene Fink (PhD) is Professor of Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles, and president of the Langley Research Institute. Her main interests include evaluation and survey research and the conduct of research literature reviews as well as the evaluation of their quality. Dr. Fink has conducted scores of evaluation studies in public health, medicine, and education. She is on the faculty of UCLAs Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program and is a scientific and evaluation advisor to UCLAs Gambling Studies and IMPACT (Improving Access, Counseling & Treatment for Californians with Prostate Cancer) programs. She consults nationally and internationally for agencies such as Linstitut de Promotion del la Prévention Secondaire en Addictologie (IPPSA) in Paris, France, and Peninsula Health in Victoria, Australia. Professor Fink has taught and lectured extensively all over the world and is the author of more than 130 peer-reviewed articles and 15 textbooks.