Contemporary Nursing: Issues, Trends and Management [Kõva köide]

PART I THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING 1(65) 1 The Evolution of Professional Nursing 1(22) Amelia Broussard, PhD, MPH, RN Elaine Embrack Ridgeway, RN, MSN THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD 5(1) EARLY CIVILIZATION 6(1) Egypt 6(1) Palestine 6(1) Greece 6(1) India 7(1) China 7(1) Rome 7(1) THE MIDDLE AGES 7(1) THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD 8(1) THE COLONIAL AMERICAN PERIOD 9(1) FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE 9(2) MARY SEACOLE 11(1) NURSING IN THE UNITED STATES 11(12) The Civil War Period 11(2) 1900 to World War I 13(1) World War I and the 1920s 14(2) The Great Depression 16(1) World War II 16(1) Post World War II Period 17(1) Nursing in the 1960s 17(1) Nursing in the 1970s 18(1) Nursing in the 1980s 19(1) Nursing in the 1990s 20(3) 2 The Contemporary Image of Professional Nursing 23(30) Toni Bargagliotti, DNSc, RN IMAGES OF NURSING 24(1) NURSING IN ART, LITERATURE, AND ARCHITECTURE 25(6) Antiquity Image of Nursing 25(1) Victorian Image of Nursing 26(1) Early Twentieth Century Nursing 26(2) The 1930s--Nursing as Angel of Mercy 28(1) The 1940s--Nurse as Heroine 28(1) Nursing in the Antiestablishment Era of the 1960s 29(1) Nursing in the Sexual Revolution of the 1970s 30(1) Nursing in the 1980s-1990 30(1) IMAGEMAKERS OF NURSING 31(3) Nurses of America Campaign 32(1) ARISTA II--Sigma Theta Tau 32(1) Nursings Agenda for Health Care 32(1) THE ENDURING PUBLIC CONCERN WITH NURSING 34(2) What the Public Believes About Nursing 35(1) What Nurses Believe About Nursing 36(1) THE REALITY OF THE CONTEMPORARY STAFF NURSE 36(2) Clash Between Beliefs and Reality 36(1) What Really Happened 37(1) WHY IS THIS HAPPENING 38(4) Numbers Talk 38(1) Nursings Contribution 39(1) Understanding the Mysteries of Medicine 39(1) The Look of Nursing 40(2) And the Public Says.... 42(1) BELIEVE IN NURSING 42(7) Valuing Nursing 43(1) Reclaiming the Name 43(1) Reclaiming Personhood 44(1) Reclaiming the Birthright 44(1) Reclaiming the Practice 45(1) Changing the Song 46(1) Nursing Math 46(3) CREATING A NEW IMAGE 49(4) 3 Contemporary Nursing Roles 53(13) Robert W. Koch, MSN, RN, CNA NURSING... MUCH THE SAME, BUT BIGGER AND BETTER 54(1) Care Provider 54(1) Educator and Counselor 55(1) Advocate 55(1) Change Agent 55(1) Leader and Manager 55(1) Researcher 55(1) NURSES TODAY: WHO ARE THEY AND WHAT ARE THEY DOING? 55(7) Variations in Traditional Nursing Roles 56(2) Advanced Practice Nursing 58(4) WHAT ABOUT THE FUTURE? 62(4) PART II NURSING EDUCATION 66(62) 4 Contemporary Issues in Nursing Education 66(32) Carrie B. Lenburg, EdD, RN, FAAN TYPES OF NURSING PROGRAMS 68(6) Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurse Programs 68(1) Hospital Diploma Nursing Programs 68(2) Associate Degree Nursing Programs 70(1) Baccalaureate Degree Nursing Programs 71(1) Masters Degree Nursing Programs 72(1) Doctoral Degree Programs 73(1) APPROVAL AND ACCREDITATION OF NURSING PROGRAMS 74(4) State Boards of Nursing 74(1) Regional Accreditation of Collegiate Programs 75(1) NLN Accreditation 76(1) Importance of Accreditation to Students 76(1) Organizations Relevant to Nursing Education 77(1) INNOVATIVE AND FLEXIBLE MOBILITY PROGRAMS 78(4) Advanced Placement or Challenge Model 79(1) Separate Track Model 79(1) RN to BSN (BRN) Model 79(1) RN to MSN Model 80(1) Career Ladder (2 plus 2) Model 80(1) External Degree Model 80(1) Articulation Model 81(1) Second Degree Model 82(1) EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATICS, AND THE INTERNET 82(5) Funding for Technology 82(1) Educational Informatics and the Internet 83(4) LIFELONG LEARNING 87(3) Professional Nurses Responsibility for Lifelong Learning 88(1) Employers Responsibility for Lifelong Learning 88(1) Mandatory Versus Voluntary Continuing Education 88(2) ISSUES AND TRENDS 90(3) Philosophic Differences Related to Entry into Practice 90(1) Impact of Changes in Healthcare Delivery: Managed Care and Financing 90(1) Impact of Community-focused Health Care: Divesity in Practice 91(1) Impact of Sociodemographic Changes 92(1) Mutual Recognition Model for Licensure 93(1) IMPACT OF CHANGES ON NURSING EDUCATION 93(5) 5 Licensure and Credentialing 98(11) Janet C. Scherubel, PhD, RN, CCRN NURSING LICENSURE 100(5) Development of Nursing Licensure 100(2) Special Cases of Licensure 102(1) Components of Nursing Practice Acts 102(2) Role of Regulatory Boards to Ensure Safe Practice 104(1) Revision of Nursing Practice Acts 104(1) Delegation of Authority to Others 104(1) CERTIFICATION 105(4) History and Purpose 105(4) 6 Nursing Research 109(19) Susan R. Jacob, PhD, RN DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH 111(1) EVOLUTION OF NURSING RESEARCH 111(1) RESEARCH PRIORITIES 111(4) National Institute for Nursing Research 112(1) Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research 113(1) Private Foundations 114(1) Components of the Research Process 114(1) Nursing Organizations 114(1) STUDY DESIGNS 115(4) Nonexperimental Designs 115(1) Experimental Designs 116(1) Qualitative Designs 117(1) Triangulation 118(1) Pilot Studies 118(1) RESEARCH UTILIZATION 119(6) WICHE Project 120(1) CURN Project 120(1) Clinical Practice Guidelines 121(1) Strategies to Promote Research 121(1) Nurse Researcher Roles 122(2) Locating Published Research 124(1) Critical Appraisal of Nursing Research 124(1) ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO RESEARCH 125(3) Institutional Review 125(1) Historical Examples of Unethical Research 126(2) PART III HEALTH CARE DELIVERY ISSUES 128(109) 7 The Healthcare Delivery System 128(17) Phyllis Skorga, PhD, RN CONTINUUM OF CARE 131(4) Primary Care 131(2) Acute Care 133(1) Postacute Care 134(1) MANAGED HEALTH CARE 135(3) Definition of Managed Health Care 135(1) Trends in Managed Care 135(1) Types of Managed Care Organizations 136(1) Health Maintenance Organizations 136(2) Preferred Provider Organizations 138(1) Point of Service Options 138(1) EXTERNAL OVERSIGHT -- ACCREDITATION OF MANAGED CARE ORGANIZATIONS 138(3) National Committee for Quality Assurance 139(1) Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations 140(1) American Accreditation Healthcare Commission/URAC 140(1) NURSINGS CONTRIBUTION TO HEALTHCARE DELIVERY 141(4) Nursing Roles in Health Care 141(1) Trends in Nursing 142(3) 8 Economic Issues in Nursing and Health Care 145(20) Rose M. Rubin, PhD Marylane Wade Koch, MSN, RN HISTORY OF HEALTHCARE FINANCING 147(5) Healthcare Financing Revolution 148(1) Managed Care 149(1) Inflation and Cost Containment 150(1) Access Issues 151(1) ALLOCATION OF HEALTHCARE RESOURCES 152(1) Health Resources 152(1) Resource Allocation Questions 152(1) MARKET ALLOCATION ISSUES 153(3) Regulated Market System 153(1) Competition 153(1) Production Functions 154(1) Cost Functions 155(1) SOURCES OF HEALTHCARE FINANCING 156(2) Household Out-of-pocket Payments 156(1) Private Insurance 156(1) Tax Subsidies of Private Payments 157(1) Public Insurance 157(1) Impacts of Payment Methods 157(1) IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: MANAGING CARE 158(7) Efficiency and Effectiveness of Care 159(1) Population Diversity and Aging 160(1) Expansion of Technology 160(1) Consumer Empowerment 161(4) 9 Cultural Competency and Social Issues in Nursing and Health Care 165(24) Susan R. Jacob, PhD, RN DEMOGRAPHICS 167(1) Federally Defined Minority Groups 167(1) Marginalized Populations 167(1) ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGES 168(1) Poverty 168(1) Violence 168(1) ATTITUDES TOWARD CULTURALLY DIVERSE GROUPS 169(1) DIVERSITY IN HEALTHCARE FORCE 169(3) Need For Diversity in Healthcare Force 169(1) Current Status of Diversity in Healthcare Force 170(2) CULTURAL COMPETENCE 172(3) Principles for Culturally Competent Care 174(1) Cultural Competence in Nursing Education 174(1) CULTURAL BELIEF SYSTEMS 175(1) CULTURAL PHENOMENA 175(4) Environmental Control 175(1) Biological Variations 175(1) Social Organization 175(1) Communication 177(1) Space 177(1) Time 178(1) PRACTICE ISSUES RELATED TO CULTURAL COMPETENCE 179(3) Health Information and Education 179(1) Education and Certification 180(1) International Marketplace 180(1) Nursing Literature 180(1) Research 181(1) Healthcare Facilities Responsibility for Cultural Care 181(1) CULTURAL ASSESSMENT 182(7) Cultural Self Assessment 182(1) Cultural Client Assessment 182(1) Cultural Client Nutrition Assessment 183(1) Cultural Beliefs about Sickness and Care 183(6) 10 Political Issues in Nursing and Health Care 189(16) Patricia Davis Blair, JD, MSN, RN LEGISLATORS AND HEALTHCARE POLICIES 191(2) Regulation 191(2) Collaboration and Negotiation 193(1) THE AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION 193(1) Getting Involved with N-Stat 194(1) GRASSROOTS POLITICAL STRATEGIES 194(6) Registering to Vote and Voting in all Elections 195(1) Joining a Professional Nursing Organization 195(1) Working in Candidates Campaigns 195(1) Meet the Candidates Town Hall Meeting 196(1) Visiting with Policy Makers or their Staff 196(2) Writing Letters 198(1) Telephoning 199(1) Sending Telegrams, Mailgrams, E-mail, Facsimiles, and Personal Opinion Messages 200(1) Testifying at Hearings 200(1) POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT OF NURSES 200(5) Lobbying and the Nursing Process 201(4) 11 Nursing Informatics and Clinical Information Systems 205(14) Leslie H. Nicoll, PhD, MBA, RN NURSING INFORMATICS 206(6) What is Nursing Informatics? 206(1) The Specialty of Nursing Informatics 207(3) Formal Programs 210(1) Informal Education 211(1) CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS 212(4) Data Capture 214(1) Storage 214(1) Information Processing 215(1) Information Communication 215(1) Security 215(1) Information Presentation 216(1) INTERFACE BETWEEN THE INFORMATICS NURSE AND THE CIS 216(3) 12 Collective Bargaining 219(18) Corinne Grimes, DNSc, RN A SHORT HISTORY OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 221(1) Collective Bargaining and the Renaissance 221(1) Collective Bargaining and the Industrial Revolution 221(1) THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING IN AMERICA 222(2) Federal Legislation and Collective Bargaining 222(1) Collective Bargaining Units 223(1) Occupational Unionism and Industrial Unionism 224(1) COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE SHARING OF POWER 224(4) Unionization and the Nursing Profession 225(1) Definations 226(2) STEPS IN COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 228(2) The Preformal Period in Union Organizing 228(1) The Election Process 229(1) Post-Election 230(1) PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO NURSING ORGANIZING EFFORTS 230(1) STRIKES 231(1) SUPERVISING NURSES OR STAFF NURSES 232(1) THE UNION MOVEMENT IN AMERICAN HEALTH CARE SETTINGS 232(1) NURSING AND CORPORATE AMERICA 233(1) SHARED GOVERNANCE 234(3) PART IV LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN NURSING 237(65) 13 Legal Issues in Nursing and Health Care 237(45) Laura Mahlmeister, PhD, RN SOURCES OF LAW AND NURSING PRACTICE 240(29) Statutory Law 240(9) Common Law 249(1) Civil Law 250(19) INTENTIONAL TORTS AND NURSING PRACTICE 269(4) Assault and Battery 269(2) Defamation of Character 271(1) False Imprisonment 272(1) Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 272(1) Invasion of Privacy 272(1) THE NURSE AND CRIMINAL LAW 273(1) THE LAW AND PATIENT RIGHTS 274(8) Advanced Directives 274(1) Informed Consent and Refusal 275(1) The Right to Refuse Treatment 276(1) The Use of Physical Restraints 277(5) 14 Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Nursing and Health Care 282(20) Carla D. Sanderson, PhD, RN NURSING ETHICS 285(11) BIOETHICS 285(1) ETHICAL DECISION MAKING 286(1) VALUES FORMATION AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT 287(2) ETHICAL THEORY 289(2) Utilitarianism 289(1) Deontology 289(2) ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 291(1) Autonomy 291(1) Beneficence 291(1) Veracity 292(1) ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING MODEL 292(2) Situation Assessment Procedure 293(1) Usefulness and Application of the Situation Assessment Procedure 294(1) BIOETHICAL DILEMMAS: LIFE, DEATH, AND DILEMMAS IN BETWEEN 294(2) Life 295(1) Death 295(1) Dilemmas in Between 295(1) ETHICAL CHALLENGES 296(6) Veracity 297(1) Paternalism 297(1) Autonomy 298(1) Accountability 298(4) PART V LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN NURSING 302(116) 15 Nursing Leadership and Management 302(23) Barbara Cherry, MSN, MBA, RN LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT DEFINED AND DISTINGUISED 304(2) Leadership versus Management 305(1) Power and Authority 305(1) Formal and Informal Leadership 306(1) LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THEORY 306(2) MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS 308(5) Planning 308(3) Organizing 311(1) Staffing 311(1) Directing 312(1) Controlling 312(1) ROLES OF THE NURSE MANAGER 313(8) Customer Service Provider 314(1) Team Builder 314(1) Resource Manager 315(1) Decision Maker and Problem Solver 316(3) Change Agent 319(1) Other Roles 320(1) LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS AND BEHAVIORS 321(4) Conceptual Practices 321(1) Human Practices 321(1) Clinical Practices 322(3) 16 Nursing Care Delivery Models 325(18) Barbara Cherry, MSN, MBA, RN NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODELS 327(9) Total Patient Care 327(1) Functional Nursing 328(1) Team Nursing 329(1) Primary Nursing 330(1) Modular Nursing 331(1) Partnership Model 332(1) Patient-centered Care 332(1) Case Management 333(3) CLINICAL PATHWAYS 336(5) CHOOSING A NURSING CARE DELIVERY MODEL 341(2) 17 Transdisciplinary Health Care 343(18) Patrica Hall, PhD, RN WHAT IS TRANSDISCIPLINARY HEALTH CARE? 344(3) HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF TRANSDISCIPLINARY HEALTH CARE 347(1) TRANSDISCIPLINARY HEALTHCARE TEAM MEMBER ROLES 347(8) Pharmacist 347(1) Dietition 347(1) Respiratory Therapist 347(3) Physician 350(1) Physicians Assistant 351(1) Social Worker 351(1) Chaplain/Pastoral Representative 351(2) Physical Therapist 353(1) Occupational Therapist 354(1) Speech-Language Pathologist 354(1) NURSINGS ROLE IN TRANSDISCIPLINARY CARE 355(1) Nurse Practitioner 356(1) TELEMEDICINE 356(1) PLANNING TRANSDISCIPLINARY PATIENT CARE 356(1) TEAM BUILDING STRATEGIES 356(5) 18 Nursings Role in Improving the Quality of Health Care 361(17) Kathleen M. Werner, BSN, MS, RN QUALITY MANAGEMENT 364(2) Quality 365(1) Scientific Approach 366(1) All One Team 366(1) QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH CARE AND THE ROLE OF REGULATORY AGENCIES 366(2) From Quality Assurance to Quality Management 367(1) Regulatory Agencies 367(1) CLINICAL INDICATORS AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT TOOLS AND SKILLS IN CLINICAL SETTINGS 368(4) Flowcharts 369(1) Pareto Chart 370(1) Cause-and-Effect Diagrams 370(2) Run Charts 372(1) UNDERSTANDING, IMPROVING, AND STANDARDIZING CARE PROCESSES 372(2) Clinical Guidelines or Critical Pathways 373(1) Clinical Algorithms or Protocols 373(1) Case Management 373(1) BREAKTHROUGH THINKING 374(1) PROFESSIONAL NURSINGS ROLE IN PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 375(3) 19 Effective Communication 378(25) Anna Sallee, MSN, RN, CCRN HISTORY 380(1) COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION 380(3) Interpretation 381(1) Filtration 382(1) Feedback 383(1) VERBAL VERSUS NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION 383(1) Verbal Communication 383(1) Non-verbal Communication 384(1) POSITIVE COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES 384(3) Trust 384(1) I Messages 385(1) Eye Contact 385(1) Promise Keeping 386(1) Empathy 386(1) Open Communication Style 386(1) Clarification 386(1) Body Language 387(1) Touch 387(1) NEGATIVE COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES 387(2) Blocking 387(1) False Assurances 388(1) Conflicting Messages 388(1) LISTENING 389(1) WRITTEN COMMUNICATION 389(5) Accuracy 390(1) Attention to Detail 391(1) Thoroughness 392(1) Conciseness 393(1) COMMUNICATION STYLES 394(5) Communication and Gender Differences 394(2) Cultural Diversity 396(1) Assertiveness versus Aggressiveness 397(1) The Transdisciplinary Team 397(1) Confidentiality and Privacy 398(1) Delegation 398(1) DEALING WITH VERBAL CONFLICT 399(1) PROFESSIONAL NURSING IMAGE 400(3) 20 Effective Delegation and Supervision 403(15) Barbara Cherry, MSN, MBA, RN Elaine Embrack Ridgeway, MSN, RN DELEGATION AND SUPERVISION IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM 404(1) WHAT IS DELEGATION? 405(1) WHAT SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT BE DELEGATED? 406(3) Clinical Situation 406(1) Client Needs 406(1) Job Descriptions and Competencies 406(1) Organizational Policies and Procedures 407(1) State Nursing Practice Acts 407(2) Professional Standards of Nursing Practice 409(1) DEVELOPING SAFE DELEGATION PRACTICES 409(1) High-Risk Delegation 410(1) Delegation and the Nursing Process 410(1) SUPERVISION 410(1) ASSIGNING VERSUS DELEGATING 411(1) Assignment Considerations 412(1) EFFECTIVE DELEGATION AND SUPERVISION SKILLS 412(2) Communicate Effectively 412(1) Create an Environment of Trust and Cooperation 413(1) Create an Environment of Teaching and Learning 413(1) Promote Client Satisfaction 414(1) Provide Feedback and Follow-up Evaluation 414(1) STEPS TO EFFECTIVE DELEGATION 414(4) PART VI PROFESSIONAL SURVIVAL STRATEGIES 418(65) 21 Managing Time: AKA Managing Yourself 418(21) Charold L. Baer, PhD, RN, FCCM, CCRN THE CONCEPT OF TIME 419(1) PERSPECTIVES OF TIME 420(1) COMMON MYTHS OF TIME MANAGEMENT 421(5) The Myth of Activity 421(1) The Myth of Decision Level 422(1) The Myth of Delayed Decisions 422(1) The Myth of Delegation 422(1) The Myth of Omnipotence 422(1) The Myth of Overworking 423(1) The Myth of Efficiency 423(1) The Myth of Hard Work 423(1) The Myth of the Open Door 424(1) The Myth of Problem Identification 424(1) The Myth of Time Saving 424(1) The Myth of Time Shortage 425(1) The Myth that Time Files 425(1) The Myth that Time is Against Us 425(1) TIME WASTERS 426(1) TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 426(9) Planning 427(2) Organizing 429(2) Implementing for Control 431(4) CONTINUING TO SUCCEED 435(4) 22 Thriving in Chaos 439(23) Susan Titus, MS, RN, CS ASSESSING AND DIAGNOSING PROFESSIONAL STRESSORS 441(21) The Nurse 441(4) The Healthcare Environment 445(4) Implementing and Evaluating a Professional Stress Management Plan 449(1) Planning for Personal Self Care 450(2) Planning for Professional Survival 452(10) 23 Becoming Literate: Computers and the Professional Nurse 462(21) Leslie H. Nicoll, PhD, MBA, RN A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTERS 464(2) HOW COMPUTERS WORK 466(3) Operating System 466(1) Computer Memory 466(1) The Bus 467(1) Input Devices 468(1) Central Processing Unit 468(1) Output Devices 468(1) SOFTWARE 469(2) General Purpose Software 469(1) Educational Software 470(1) Utilities 470(1) Personal Applications 470(1) Entertainment 470(1) The Computer Literate Nurse and the Personal Computer 471(1) THE ONLINE WORLD 471(12) Brief History of the Internet 471(1) Getting Connected 471(2) Making a Connection: Access 473(2) Online Activities 475(2) Finding Information 477(3) Evaluating Information Found on the Internet 480(3) PART VII PERSONAL CAREER MANAGEMENT IN NURSING 483(69) 24 Career Opportunities in Modern Nursing 483(16) Eileen Zungolo, EdD, RN PERSONAL ASSESSMENT 485(2) CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES 487(2) Career Planning Approaches 487(1) Professional Portfolio 488(1) TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF NURSES 489(7) Hospital Opportunities 490(2) Administrative Opportunities 492(1) Industrial Opportunities 492(1) Community-based Opportunities 493(3) EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES: CHANGING DEFINITIONS ABOUT HEALTH 496(1) ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING 496(1) CAREERS IN NURSING EDUCATION 497(1) EXPLORING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES 497(2) 25 Job Search: Finding Your Match 499(18) Kathryn Skinner, MS, RN, CS Laura Day, MS, RN EXPLORING OPTIONS 500(1) Knowing Oneself 500(1) Networking 501(1) WRITTEN INTRODUCTION 501(4) How to Write a Cover Letter 501(2) How to Prepare a Resume 503(2) HOW TO INTERVIEW EFFECTIVELY 505(6) How to Prepare: Planning Ahead 506(1) How to Prepare: Self-talk 506(1) How to Prepare: Rehearse 507(1) How to Prepare: The Interview Itself 508(1) The Interview 508(3) THE RECRUITS TASK 511(3) Assessing the Climate of the Work Environment 511(1) Ask for a Tour 511(1) Follow-up 512(2) THE EMPLOYERS TASKS 514(3) 26 Making the Transition from Student to Professional Nurse 517(18) Tommie L. Norris, MSN, RN SCENARIO 518(1) REALITY SHOCK 519(1) Honeymoon Phase 520(1) SHOCK (REJECTION) PHASE 520(4) Recovery Phase 521(1) Resolution Phase 521(1) Causes of Reality Shock 521(1) From Novice to Expert 521(3) SPECIAL NEEDS OF NOVICE NURSES 524(2) Interpersonal Skills 524(1) Clinical Skills 525(1) Organizational Skills 525(1) Delegation Skills 525(1) Priority Setting Skills 526(1) STRATEGIES TO EASE TRANSITION 526(2) Biculturalism 526(1) Role Models 527(1) Preceptorship 527(1) Support Groups 527(1) SELF-CONFIDENCE AND SELF-ESTEEM 528(2) KEYS TO SURVIVAL DURING TRANSITION 530(1) MEETING SPECIAL NEEDS OF THE NOVICE NURSE 530(5) 27 NCLEX Examination 535(17) Sandra S. Swick, MSN, RN, C NCLEX EXAMINATION 536(12) The Purpose of the NCLEX Examination 537(1) Characteristics of the NCLEX Examination 537(3) Components of the NCLEX Test Plan 540(8) PREPARING FOR THE NCLEX EXAMINATION 548(4) Food for Thought When Selecting an NCLEX Review Course 550(2) Epilogue: The Information Organization Age... Nursings Future 552(2) Colleen Conway-Welch, PhD, CNM, FAAN Appendix A: Nursing Organizations 554(6) Appendix B: State Boards of Nursing 560(3) Appendix C: State Nursing Associations 563(3) Appendix D: Canadian Nursing Associations 566