| Preface |
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v | |
| Acknowledgment |
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vii | |
| Contributors |
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xv | |
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1. Copper and Copper Alloys |
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1 | (6) |
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1 | (1) |
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Copper: Properties of the Element |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Properties of Copper Alloys |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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2. Corrosion Chemistry of Copper: Formation of Potentially Skin-Diffusible Compounds |
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7 | (14) |
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7 | (1) |
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Electron Configuration and Reactivity of Copper |
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8 | (1) |
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Corrosion of Copper in the Environment |
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8 | (1) |
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Corrosion of Copper in Physiologic Media |
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9 | (6) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (5) |
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3. Basics of Metal Skin Penetration: Scope and Limitations |
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21 | (46) |
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Jurij J. Hostjnek and Howard I. Maibach |
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21 | (2) |
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Structure of Skin and Its Function as Diffusion Barrier |
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23 | (2) |
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Descriptors of Dermal Absorption |
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25 | (3) |
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Permeant Categories and Paths of Diffusion |
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28 | (3) |
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Compounds Formed by Metals in Contact with the Skin |
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31 | (4) |
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Variables Determining Skin Diffusion of Metal Compounds |
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35 | (10) |
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Methods for Measuring Percutaneous Absorption |
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45 | (8) |
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Analytical Methods for Metal Detection |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (9) |
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4. Percutaneous Absorption of Copper Compounds |
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67 | (14) |
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Jurij J. Hostjnek and Howard I. Maibach |
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67 | (1) |
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Qualitative Diffusion Data |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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Discussion and Conclusions |
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73 | (1) |
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Limitations in Measuring Copper Absorption In Vivo |
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74 | (1) |
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Interdependence of Systemic Copper and Zinc Levels |
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75 | (1) |
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Recommendations for Research to Fill Existing Data Gaps |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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5. Diffusion of Copper Through Human Skin In Vivo |
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81 | (16) |
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Jurij J. Hostjnek, Howard I. Maibach, and Frank Dreher |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (4) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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6. Irritation Potential of Copper Compounds |
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97 | (18) |
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Jurij J. Hostjnek and Howard I. Maibach |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Solubilization of Copper Metal |
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98 | (2) |
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Incidence and Epidemiology of Irritation Due to Copper |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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Copper Irritancy in Skin and Mucosa |
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103 | (8) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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7. Copper Hypersensitivity: Dermatologic Aspects—Overview |
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115 | (34) |
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Jurij J. Hostjnek and Howard I. Maibach |
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115 | (2) |
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Metallurgy of Copper and Its Alloys, and Its Role as Sensitizer |
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117 | (2) |
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Predictive Immunology Test Results for Copper |
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119 | (1) |
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Diagnostic Tests for Hypersensitivity |
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119 | (4) |
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Test Concentrations for Copper ACD |
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123 | (1) |
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Immunogenic Potential of Copper |
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123 | (11) |
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Summaries of Population-Based Studies |
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134 | (4) |
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Summary of Selected Case Reports of Immune Reactions to Copper |
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138 | (1) |
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Selection of Individual Reports of Immune Reactions to Copper |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (8) |
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8. Copper in Medicine and Personal Care: A Historical Overview |
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149 | (12) |
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149 | (1) |
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The Sumeric Culture: Circa 4000-2300 B.C. |
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150 | (1) |
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The Ancient Egyptian Culture |
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150 | (2) |
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The Babylonian–Assyrian Culture: Circa 1750-539 B.C. |
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152 | (1) |
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The Ancient Indian Culture: Circa 2800-1000 B.C. |
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152 | (1) |
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The Ancient Chinese Culture: Circa 3000 B.C. to 1100 A.D. |
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152 | (1) |
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The Pre-Columbian Meso- and South-American Cultures: Circa 600 B.C. to 1500 AD |
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153 | (1) |
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The Ancient Greek Culture |
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153 | (2) |
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The Ancient Roman Culture: Circa 600 B.C. to 476 A.D. |
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155 | (1) |
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From the High-Medieval Age to the Early 20th Century |
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156 | (1) |
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Beginning of the Scientific Age for Copper: 1928-1976 |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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9. The Role of Copper in Onset, Development, and Control of Acute and Chronic Inflammation |
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161 | (76) |
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161 | (2) |
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Studies on Copper-Deficient, Experimentally Inflamed Animals |
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163 | (7) |
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Laboratory Animals: Studies on "Endogenous" Copper Metabolism in Acute and Chronic Inflammation |
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170 | (9) |
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Human Subjects: Studies on "Endogenous" Copper Metabolism in Acute and Chronic Inflammations, with a Particular Reference to Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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179 | (5) |
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Effects of "Exogenous" Copper Administration on the Inflammatory Process |
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184 | (19) |
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Copper Anti-inflammatory Activity: Hypotheses Explaining the Possible Mechanisms of Action |
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203 | (13) |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (17) |
| 10. Copper Jewelry and Arthritis |
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237 | (30) |
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237 | (2) |
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The Copper Bracelet "Myth" and Hypothesis |
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239 | (4) |
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The Copper Bracelet Trial |
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243 | (8) |
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The Present State of the Copper Bracelets "Issue" |
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251 | (5) |
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Is There Likely to Be a Future for Copper Bracelets in Arthritis Care? |
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256 | (1) |
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Appendix A: Position Statements of Support Organizations, Government Agencies, Etc |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (6) |
| 11. Role of Copper in Anti-inflammatory Therapy and the Potential for Its Transdermal Application |
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267 | (28) |
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Jurij J. Hostjmek and Roberto Milanino Introduction |
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267 | (28) |
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Traditional and Modern Therapies for RA and Related Disorders |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (4) |
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Precedents in Topical Delivery of Anti-inflammatory Agents |
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275 | (1) |
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Role of Copper in AI Activity |
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275 | (3) |
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Past Use of Copper Chelates in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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278 | (1) |
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Transdermal Delivery of Anti-inflammatory Copper Chelates vs. Conventional (Systemic) Anti-inflammatory Therapy |
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278 | (8) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (6) |
| Index |
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295 | |
