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E-raamat: Copper and the Skin

(University of California, San Francisco, USA), (University of California, USA.)
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Copper is increasingly recognized for its possible role in the prevention and moderation of disease, as well as the treatment of a number of conditions including skin irritation, sensitization, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions. This source reviews general principles of percutaneous penetration to clarify the mechanisms controlling anti-inflammatory activity, dermal sensitivity, and the absorption of copper compounds in the human body and the effects of these functions on healthy skin and human health.
Preface v
Acknowledgment vii
Contributors xv
1. Copper and Copper Alloys
1(6)
Harold T. Michels
Introduction
1(1)
Copper: Properties of the Element
1(1)
Pure Copper
2(1)
Copper Alloys
2(1)
Properties of Copper Alloys
2(2)
Copper Alloy Families
4(1)
The High Coppers
4(2)
Conclusions
6(1)
2. Corrosion Chemistry of Copper: Formation of Potentially Skin-Diffusible Compounds
7(14)
Jurij J. Hostynek
Introduction
7(1)
Electron Configuration and Reactivity of Copper
8(1)
Corrosion of Copper in the Environment
8(1)
Corrosion of Copper in Physiologic Media
9(6)
Conclusions
15(1)
Glossary
16(1)
Abbreviations
16(1)
References
16(5)
3. Basics of Metal Skin Penetration: Scope and Limitations
21(46)
Jurij J. Hostjnek and Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
21(2)
Structure of Skin and Its Function as Diffusion Barrier
23(2)
Descriptors of Dermal Absorption
25(3)
Permeant Categories and Paths of Diffusion
28(3)
Compounds Formed by Metals in Contact with the Skin
31(4)
Variables Determining Skin Diffusion of Metal Compounds
35(10)
Methods for Measuring Percutaneous Absorption
45(8)
Analytical Methods for Metal Detection
53(3)
Summary and Conclusions
56(1)
Abbreviations
57(1)
References
58(9)
4. Percutaneous Absorption of Copper Compounds
67(14)
Jurij J. Hostjnek and Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
67(1)
Qualitative Diffusion Data
68(2)
Semiquantitative Data
70(1)
Quantitative Data
71(2)
Discussion and Conclusions
73(1)
Limitations in Measuring Copper Absorption In Vivo
74(1)
Interdependence of Systemic Copper and Zinc Levels
75(1)
Recommendations for Research to Fill Existing Data Gaps
76(1)
Conclusions
77(1)
Glossary
78(1)
Abbreviations
78(1)
References
79(2)
5. Diffusion of Copper Through Human Skin In Vivo
81(16)
Jurij J. Hostjnek, Howard I. Maibach, and Frank Dreher
Introduction
81(3)
Experimental
84(1)
Results
85(3)
Discussion
88(4)
Conclusions
92(1)
Glossary
93(1)
Abbreviations
93(1)
References
94(3)
6. Irritation Potential of Copper Compounds
97(18)
Jurij J. Hostjnek and Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
97(1)
Exposure to Copper
97(1)
Solubilization of Copper Metal
98(2)
Incidence and Epidemiology of Irritation Due to Copper
100(1)
Pharmacology of Copper
101(2)
Copper Irritancy in Skin and Mucosa
103(8)
Conclusions
111(1)
Abbreviations
112(1)
References
112(3)
7. Copper Hypersensitivity: Dermatologic Aspects—Overview
115(34)
Jurij J. Hostjnek and Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
115(2)
Metallurgy of Copper and Its Alloys, and Its Role as Sensitizer
117(2)
Predictive Immunology Test Results for Copper
119(1)
Diagnostic Tests for Hypersensitivity
119(4)
Test Concentrations for Copper ACD
123(1)
Immunogenic Potential of Copper
123(11)
Summaries of Population-Based Studies
134(4)
Summary of Selected Case Reports of Immune Reactions to Copper
138(1)
Selection of Individual Reports of Immune Reactions to Copper
138(2)
Comments
140(1)
Conclusions
140(1)
Abbreviations
141(1)
References
141(8)
8. Copper in Medicine and Personal Care: A Historical Overview
149(12)
Roberto Milanino
Introduction
149(1)
The Sumeric Culture: Circa 4000-2300 B.C.
150(1)
The Ancient Egyptian Culture
150(2)
The Babylonian–Assyrian Culture: Circa 1750-539 B.C.
152(1)
The Ancient Indian Culture: Circa 2800-1000 B.C.
152(1)
The Ancient Chinese Culture: Circa 3000 B.C. to 1100 A.D.
152(1)
The Pre-Columbian Meso- and South-American Cultures: Circa 600 B.C. to 1500 AD
153(1)
The Ancient Greek Culture
153(2)
The Ancient Roman Culture: Circa 600 B.C. to 476 A.D.
155(1)
From the High-Medieval Age to the Early 20th Century
156(1)
Beginning of the Scientific Age for Copper: 1928-1976
157(1)
Conclusions
158(1)
Abbreviations
159(1)
References
159(2)
9. The Role of Copper in Onset, Development, and Control of Acute and Chronic Inflammation
161(76)
Roberto Milanino
Introduction
161(2)
Studies on Copper-Deficient, Experimentally Inflamed Animals
163(7)
Laboratory Animals: Studies on "Endogenous" Copper Metabolism in Acute and Chronic Inflammation
170(9)
Human Subjects: Studies on "Endogenous" Copper Metabolism in Acute and Chronic Inflammations, with a Particular Reference to Rheumatoid Arthritis
179(5)
Effects of "Exogenous" Copper Administration on the Inflammatory Process
184(19)
Copper Anti-inflammatory Activity: Hypotheses Explaining the Possible Mechanisms of Action
203(13)
Conclusions
216(3)
Abbreviations
219(1)
References
220(17)
10. Copper Jewelry and Arthritis 237(30)
Brenda J. Harrison
Introduction
237(2)
The Copper Bracelet "Myth" and Hypothesis
239(4)
The Copper Bracelet Trial
243(8)
The Present State of the Copper Bracelets "Issue"
251(5)
Is There Likely to Be a Future for Copper Bracelets in Arthritis Care?
256(1)
Appendix A: Position Statements of Support Organizations, Government Agencies, Etc
257(2)
Appendix B: Miscellany
259(2)
References
261(6)
11. Role of Copper in Anti-inflammatory Therapy and the Potential for Its Transdermal Application 267(28)
Jurij J. Hostjmek and Roberto Milanino Introduction
267(28)
Traditional and Modern Therapies for RA and Related Disorders
268(3)
Drug Therapy
271(4)
Precedents in Topical Delivery of Anti-inflammatory Agents
275(1)
Role of Copper in AI Activity
275(3)
Past Use of Copper Chelates in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
278(1)
Transdermal Delivery of Anti-inflammatory Copper Chelates vs. Conventional (Systemic) Anti-inflammatory Therapy
278(8)
Conclusions
286(2)
Outlook
288(1)
Abbreviations
288(1)
References
289(6)
Index 295


Jurij J. Hostynek, Howard I. Maibach
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