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xv | |
Foreword |
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xix | |
Sherertz -- Abramson Collaboration |
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xxi | |
Prologue: Overwhelmed Hospitals |
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xxiii | |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (2) |
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2 Coronaviruses --- Structure and Replication |
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3 | (2) |
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3 Evolution of Human Coronaviruses |
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5 | (2) |
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4 Differences Between Outbreaks, Epidemics and Pandemics |
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7 | (1) |
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5 Factors Affecting the Severity of a Pandemic |
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8 | (4) |
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6 Impact of Genetic Mutations on Viral Transmission and Mortality |
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12 | (3) |
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7 Containment, Mitigation and Flattening the Curve |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (7) |
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16 | (7) |
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23 | (38) |
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1 The SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak Begins and Spreads Across the Globe (December 2019--March 11, 2020) |
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24 | (11) |
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a Spread through all regions |
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30 | (2) |
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b Initial attempts to contain and mitigate the spread of SARS-Cov-2 vary across regions and countries |
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32 | (1) |
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c WHO Director General declares the COVID-19 pandemic |
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32 | (3) |
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2 The COVID-19 Pandemic Intensifies (March 12, 2020--December 31, 2020) |
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35 | (6) |
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a WHO develops the Solidarity Call to Action and the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator programs to help create equity in supplies, drugs and vaccine availability |
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37 | (3) |
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b Formation of the WHO Task Force to investigate the origins of SARS-CoV-2 |
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40 | (1) |
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3 Success of Containment and Mitigation Policies Vary Across Regions and Countries |
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41 | (20) |
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a Asian region with spotlight comparing China and India |
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43 | (2) |
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b European region with spotlight comparing Sweden and Norway |
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45 | (1) |
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c Americas regions with spotlight comparing the United States and Canada |
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45 | (3) |
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d African region with spotlight comparing South Africa and the rest of the region |
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48 | (3) |
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e Eastern Mediterranean region with spotlight comparing Iran and Jordan |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (7) |
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3 Disorganized Global Response |
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61 | (58) |
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62 | (8) |
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a WHO issues technical reports on how countries can contain and mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 |
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62 | (2) |
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b Effectiveness of various containment and mitigating steps |
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64 | (6) |
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64 | (6) |
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2 Lessons Learned from How Various Regions/Countries Responded to the Pandemic |
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70 | (35) |
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70 | (6) |
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71 | (5) |
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76 | (10) |
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78 | (8) |
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86 | (11) |
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86 | (11) |
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97 | (3) |
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i South Africa vs. the African Region |
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98 | (2) |
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e Eastern Mediterranean Region |
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100 | (5) |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (14) |
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109 | (10) |
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119 | (40) |
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120 | (39) |
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a Case #1---Risk of transmission |
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121 | (5) |
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i No symptoms vs. symptoms |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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iii Risk of transmission to healthcare workers |
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123 | (1) |
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iv How well do personal protective equipment work? |
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124 | (1) |
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v SARS-CoV-2 survival on surfaces |
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125 | (1) |
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b Case #2 --- Mild COVID-19 pneumonia |
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126 | (8) |
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i COVID-19 presentations at Emergency Departments |
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126 | (1) |
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ii Laboratory abnormalities |
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126 | (3) |
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iii Imaging: Chest computerized tomography vs. chest X-rays |
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129 | (1) |
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iv Diagnostic testing: PCR vs. antigen vs. antibodies |
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130 | (3) |
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v Risk factors for COVID-19 admissions |
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133 | (1) |
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c Case #3 --- COVID-19 with embolic and thrombotic events |
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134 | (5) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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iii Myocardial infarctions and strokes |
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138 | (1) |
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d Case #4 --- COVID-19 reinfection with fatal outcome |
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139 | (9) |
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i Reinfection vs. persistent infection |
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140 | (2) |
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ii Treatment effectiveness |
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142 | (5) |
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iii Overall impact of treatment on mortality |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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e Case #5 --- MIS-C in children |
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148 | (4) |
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f Case #6 --- Pregnant females with COVID-19 |
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152 | (1) |
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g Case #7 --- Immunocompromised patients |
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153 | (1) |
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h Case #8 --- Central nervous system manifestations |
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154 | (5) |
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i Case #9 --- "Long Haulers" or "Long COVID" |
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156 | (3) |
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2 Pathogenesis of COVID-19 |
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159 | (36) |
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159 | (2) |
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i Role of binding to ACE2 receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (1) |
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i Are asymptomatic COVID-19 infections due to persistent immunity from prior nonSARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections? |
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165 | (1) |
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ii Are the most severe COVID-19-pneumonias a consequence of cytokine storm? |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (28) |
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173 | (22) |
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195 | (54) |
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1 Development of COVID-19 Vaccines |
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196 | (13) |
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a Two recent technologies used to make the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antigen |
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201 | (8) |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (5) |
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209 | (3) |
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a Potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants alpha (B.1.1.7) and beta (B.1.351) on transmission, Case Fatality Rate (CFR) and vaccine efficacy |
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210 | (1) |
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b Potential need for repeated vaccination with new variant strains |
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211 | (1) |
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3 COVID-19 Vaccine --- Challenges in Delivery and Distribution |
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212 | (16) |
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a WHO develops programs to create equitable vaccine distribution |
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212 | (7) |
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i Solidarity program and access to COVID-19 tools (ACT)-Accelerator programs |
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213 | (1) |
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ii COVAX --- COVID-19 vaccine access program and facility |
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214 | (5) |
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b Prioritizing groups for vaccination |
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219 | (4) |
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i High risk including elderly and healthcare workers |
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221 | (2) |
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ii Do people known to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 need vaccination or can they wait? |
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223 | (1) |
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c Delivery of vaccines to vaccinations sites |
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223 | (5) |
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i How well did various countries do in rolling out vaccines? |
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224 | (4) |
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228 | (9) |
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a Overview of issues impacting vaccine hesitancy |
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228 | (1) |
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b COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy |
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229 | (6) |
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i Examples of vaccine hesitancy across regions and countries |
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231 | (2) |
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ii How vaccine hesitancy in one region can affect another region |
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233 | (2) |
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c Overcoming vaccine hesitancy |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (12) |
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238 | (11) |
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249 | (38) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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3 Impact on Other Diseases |
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251 | (6) |
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251 | (1) |
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b Declining outpatient visits and elective surgeries |
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251 | (1) |
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c Increasing TB, malaria, HIV, and sexually transmitted infections |
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252 | (1) |
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d Decrease in vaccination rate for routine preventable diseases |
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252 | (1) |
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e Decreased in incidence of influenza and RSV infections |
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253 | (1) |
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f Psychological impact: Community and healthcare workers |
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254 | (1) |
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g Excess deaths due to COVID-19 versus other causes |
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255 | (2) |
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4 Misinformation, Countering Misinformation |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (14) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (9) |
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i Exclusion of pregnant women |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (2) |
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iii Jumping the line for vaccines |
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266 | (1) |
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iv Should vaccines be mandated? |
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267 | (1) |
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v Countries using vaccines to advance their foreign policy agenda |
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268 | (2) |
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g School closure --- Impact on children, families and teachers |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (15) |
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273 | (14) |
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287 | (30) |
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1 What is an Infectious Disease? |
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288 | (1) |
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2 What is an Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)? |
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288 | (1) |
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3 When and Where did COVID-19 Become an EID? |
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288 | (1) |
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4 What was the Source of SARS-CoV-2? |
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288 | (2) |
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5 Why are Bats the Likely Animal Long-term Host for SARS-CoV-2? |
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290 | (1) |
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6 Is there an Intermediate Host for SARS-CoV-2? |
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291 | (2) |
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7 How does COVID-19 Compare with Other Coronavirus-caused Infections? |
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293 | (1) |
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8 Does the Recent Appearance of More Lethal Coronaviruses Globally Suggest that these Viruses have the Ability to Evolve Rapidly? |
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294 | (1) |
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9 Is there any Possible Explanation for How a Coronavirus can Suddenly Appear in the Human Population and Cause Disease? |
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295 | (1) |
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10 Are these Three New Coronavirus-caused EID (COVID-19, MERS, SARS) Isolated Events, or Are they Part of a Larger Global Phenomenon? |
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296 | (3) |
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11 What Risk Factors can Play a Role Increasing the Likelihood of an EID Event? |
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299 | (4) |
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a Transition to an agricultural society |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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g Ignorance = Undiscovered |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (14) |
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304 | (13) |
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317 | (86) |
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1 Epidemiology Definitions |
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317 | (4) |
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a What defines an outbreak, an epidemic or a pandemic? |
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317 | (4) |
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321 | (3) |
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324 | (11) |
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335 | (19) |
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354 | (3) |
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357 | (4) |
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7 Summary of Factors Leading to Pandemics |
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361 | (42) |
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364 | (39) |
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9 Are There Geopolitical Solutions? |
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403 | (28) |
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403 | (1) |
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1 Improve WHO and member countries pandemic capabilities |
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404 | (5) |
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2 Determine the impact of mitigation strategies on global economies |
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409 | (2) |
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3 Study the relationship between longCOVID and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection |
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411 | (1) |
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4 Evaluate the relationship between the immune system and 2nd SARS-CoV-2 infections |
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412 | (1) |
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5 Find ways to decrease global vaccine inequity |
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413 | (3) |
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6 Improve education for all ages during a pandemic |
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416 | (1) |
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7 Understand the importance of bat reservoirs related to SARS-CoV-2 evolution and human adaptation |
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416 | (4) |
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8 Investigate the reasons-for the asymptotic increase in global epidemic/pandemic infectious diseases |
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420 | (2) |
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9 Learn from all countries how best to handle future pandemics (investigation, early mitigation, global treatment trials, vaccine development and deployment) |
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422 | (9) |
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424 | (7) |
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431 | (28) |
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1 COVID-19 Pandemic Continues |
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432 | (3) |
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a Endemic disease is likely |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (3) |
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435 | (1) |
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b Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants |
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436 | (2) |
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438 | (2) |
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438 | (1) |
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b Other (non-COVID vaccines) vaccination programs |
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439 | (1) |
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c Tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria control and mortality |
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439 | (1) |
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4 COVID-19 Clinical Updates |
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440 | (5) |
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440 | (1) |
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b Long-COVID = Persistent infection |
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441 | (1) |
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c Immunocompromised patients |
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442 | (1) |
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d Treatment effectiveness |
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443 | (2) |
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445 | (1) |
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6 SARS-CoV-2 Origin: Revisited |
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446 | (13) |
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447 | (12) |
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459 | (20) |
Acknowledgments |
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479 | (2) |
Index |
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481 | (24) |
Figures and Tables |
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505 | |