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Covid Chaos: What Happened And Why [Pehme köide]

(Wake Forest School Of Medicine, Usa), (Wake Forest School Of Medicine, Usa)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 548 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-May-2023
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 9811265607
  • ISBN-13: 9789811265600
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 548 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-May-2023
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 9811265607
  • ISBN-13: 9789811265600
Teised raamatud teemal:
COVID Chaos is a book about the 2019 SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic that was written real time, spanning the time from March 31, 2020 through December 31, 2021, by two Emeritus Professors of Infectious Diseases (Adult - RJS, Pediatrics - JSA). RJS's and JSA's careers began with the HIV pandemic, involved collaboration with the 2009 Influenza pandemic, and now are finishing up with the Coronavirus pandemic. The authors have broad experience with outbreaks, from the local level (RJS had career long responsibilities for controlling outbreaks at medical school hospitals and worked taking care of COVID-19 patients during the pandemic), all the way up to the pandemic level (JSA wrote a book about the 2009 Influenza pandemic and has worked with the WHO for the past 10 years.The aim of the book is to give the reader some insight into the global impact of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak during the first two years, from multiple perspectives (patient, healthcare provider, global citizen, public health, economic, geopolitical). An attempt was also made to understand how SARS-CoV-2 caused disease, both its pathogenesis at the individual patient level, and globally, as to how it was so successful at causing a pandemic and how it compares with other organisms capable of causing outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. It is written to be of interest to anyone who likes to read and wants to know more about what happened during the COVID-19 pandemic and why.COVID Chaos was written by two infectious disease physicians, who each have over 35 years of experience caring for patients with a large variety of infectious diseases. Additionally, both did research in understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, and collectively have many years of experience handling outbreaks at the local level, have been involved with guideline documents making recommendations for reducing infections at the national level, and have global experience managing international infectious diseases.The book begins with three first person accounts from physicians involved in COVID-19 care during the early pandemic, when it was overwhelming hospitals.It then tracks its course from Wuhan, China, to other parts of the world, while comparing and contrasting public health interventions, both at the hospital and local community level, all the way up to country level.The book attempts to understand the broad spectrum of COVID-19 disease, both clinically and pathophysiologically, as well as its global collateral damage. It explores in depth SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, testing and the geopolitical problems with vaccine deployment, and attempts to understand the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and its place in the pantheon of other organisms causing pandemics.The book concludes with some late breaking pandemic events at the end of 2021 (Omicron variant, etc.) and a global photo essay about the pandemic.
List of Abbreviations
xv
Foreword xix
Sherertz -- Abramson Collaboration xxi
Prologue: Overwhelmed Hospitals xxiii
1 Making of a Pandemic
1(22)
1 Introduction
1(2)
2 Coronaviruses --- Structure and Replication
3(2)
3 Evolution of Human Coronaviruses
5(2)
4 Differences Between Outbreaks, Epidemics and Pandemics
7(1)
5 Factors Affecting the Severity of a Pandemic
8(4)
6 Impact of Genetic Mutations on Viral Transmission and Mortality
12(3)
7 Containment, Mitigation and Flattening the Curve
15(1)
8 Pandemic Waves
16(7)
References
16(7)
2 Path of Destruction
23(38)
1 The SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak Begins and Spreads Across the Globe (December 2019--March 11, 2020)
24(11)
a Spread through all regions
30(2)
b Initial attempts to contain and mitigate the spread of SARS-Cov-2 vary across regions and countries
32(1)
c WHO Director General declares the COVID-19 pandemic
32(3)
2 The COVID-19 Pandemic Intensifies (March 12, 2020--December 31, 2020)
35(6)
a WHO develops the Solidarity Call to Action and the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator programs to help create equity in supplies, drugs and vaccine availability
37(3)
b Formation of the WHO Task Force to investigate the origins of SARS-CoV-2
40(1)
3 Success of Containment and Mitigation Policies Vary Across Regions and Countries
41(20)
a Asian region with spotlight comparing China and India
43(2)
b European region with spotlight comparing Sweden and Norway
45(1)
c Americas regions with spotlight comparing the United States and Canada
45(3)
d African region with spotlight comparing South Africa and the rest of the region
48(3)
e Eastern Mediterranean region with spotlight comparing Iran and Jordan
51(3)
f Antarctica
54(1)
References
54(7)
3 Disorganized Global Response
61(58)
1 Overview
62(8)
a WHO issues technical reports on how countries can contain and mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2
62(2)
b Effectiveness of various containment and mitigating steps
64(6)
i Government policies
64(6)
2 Lessons Learned from How Various Regions/Countries Responded to the Pandemic
70(35)
a Asia
70(6)
i China vs. India
71(5)
b Europe
76(10)
i Sweden vs. Norway
78(8)
c Americas
86(11)
i US vs. Canada
86(11)
d Africa
97(3)
i South Africa vs. the African Region
98(2)
e Eastern Mediterranean Region
100(5)
i Iran vs. Jordan
101(4)
3 Conclusions
105(14)
References
109(10)
4 Airborne Assassin
119(40)
1 Clinical Presentations
120(39)
a Case #1---Risk of transmission
121(5)
i No symptoms vs. symptoms
121(2)
ii Superspreaders
123(1)
iii Risk of transmission to healthcare workers
123(1)
iv How well do personal protective equipment work?
124(1)
v SARS-CoV-2 survival on surfaces
125(1)
b Case #2 --- Mild COVID-19 pneumonia
126(8)
i COVID-19 presentations at Emergency Departments
126(1)
ii Laboratory abnormalities
126(3)
iii Imaging: Chest computerized tomography vs. chest X-rays
129(1)
iv Diagnostic testing: PCR vs. antigen vs. antibodies
130(3)
v Risk factors for COVID-19 admissions
133(1)
c Case #3 --- COVID-19 with embolic and thrombotic events
134(5)
i Deep venous thrombosis
136(2)
ii Pulmonary emboli
138(1)
iii Myocardial infarctions and strokes
138(1)
d Case #4 --- COVID-19 reinfection with fatal outcome
139(9)
i Reinfection vs. persistent infection
140(2)
ii Treatment effectiveness
142(5)
iii Overall impact of treatment on mortality
147(1)
iv Ethics
147(1)
e Case #5 --- MIS-C in children
148(4)
f Case #6 --- Pregnant females with COVID-19
152(1)
g Case #7 --- Immunocompromised patients
153(1)
h Case #8 --- Central nervous system manifestations
154(5)
i Case #9 --- "Long Haulers" or "Long COVID"
156(3)
2 Pathogenesis of COVID-19
159(36)
a ACE2 receptor
159(2)
i Role of binding to ACE2 receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor)
159(2)
b Lung disease
161(1)
c Heart disease
162(3)
d Immune response
165(1)
i Are asymptomatic COVID-19 infections due to persistent immunity from prior nonSARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections?
165(1)
ii Are the most severe COVID-19-pneumonias a consequence of cytokine storm?
166(1)
e Coagulopathy
166(1)
f SARS-CoV-2 mutation
167(28)
References
173(22)
5 Vaccine Salvation?
195(54)
1 Development of COVID-19 Vaccines
196(13)
a Two recent technologies used to make the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antigen
201(8)
i Viral-vector vaccines
201(3)
ii mRNA vaccines
204(5)
2 SARS-CoV-2 Variants
209(3)
a Potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants alpha (B.1.1.7) and beta (B.1.351) on transmission, Case Fatality Rate (CFR) and vaccine efficacy
210(1)
b Potential need for repeated vaccination with new variant strains
211(1)
3 COVID-19 Vaccine --- Challenges in Delivery and Distribution
212(16)
a WHO develops programs to create equitable vaccine distribution
212(7)
i Solidarity program and access to COVID-19 tools (ACT)-Accelerator programs
213(1)
ii COVAX --- COVID-19 vaccine access program and facility
214(5)
b Prioritizing groups for vaccination
219(4)
i High risk including elderly and healthcare workers
221(2)
ii Do people known to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 need vaccination or can they wait?
223(1)
c Delivery of vaccines to vaccinations sites
223(5)
i How well did various countries do in rolling out vaccines?
224(4)
4 Vaccine Hesitancy
228(9)
a Overview of issues impacting vaccine hesitancy
228(1)
b COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy
229(6)
i Examples of vaccine hesitancy across regions and countries
231(2)
ii How vaccine hesitancy in one region can affect another region
233(2)
c Overcoming vaccine hesitancy
235(2)
5 Conclusion
237(12)
References
238(11)
6 Collateral Damage
249(38)
1 Introduction
250(1)
2 Impact on Birth Rate
250(1)
3 Impact on Other Diseases
251(6)
a Drug shortages
251(1)
b Declining outpatient visits and elective surgeries
251(1)
c Increasing TB, malaria, HIV, and sexually transmitted infections
252(1)
d Decrease in vaccination rate for routine preventable diseases
252(1)
e Decreased in incidence of influenza and RSV infections
253(1)
f Psychological impact: Community and healthcare workers
254(1)
g Excess deaths due to COVID-19 versus other causes
255(2)
4 Misinformation, Countering Misinformation
257(1)
5 Ethical Issues
258(14)
a Drug trials
258(1)
b Equipment shortages
258(1)
c Racial disparities
259(1)
d Prisoners
260(1)
e Immigrants
261(1)
f Vaccines
261(9)
i Exclusion of pregnant women
262(2)
ii Vaccine passports
264(2)
iii Jumping the line for vaccines
266(1)
iv Should vaccines be mandated?
267(1)
v Countries using vaccines to advance their foreign policy agenda
268(2)
g School closure --- Impact on children, families and teachers
270(2)
6 Conclusion
272(15)
References
273(14)
7 Origin Story
287(30)
1 What is an Infectious Disease?
288(1)
2 What is an Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)?
288(1)
3 When and Where did COVID-19 Become an EID?
288(1)
4 What was the Source of SARS-CoV-2?
288(2)
5 Why are Bats the Likely Animal Long-term Host for SARS-CoV-2?
290(1)
6 Is there an Intermediate Host for SARS-CoV-2?
291(2)
7 How does COVID-19 Compare with Other Coronavirus-caused Infections?
293(1)
8 Does the Recent Appearance of More Lethal Coronaviruses Globally Suggest that these Viruses have the Ability to Evolve Rapidly?
294(1)
9 Is there any Possible Explanation for How a Coronavirus can Suddenly Appear in the Human Population and Cause Disease?
295(1)
10 Are these Three New Coronavirus-caused EID (COVID-19, MERS, SARS) Isolated Events, or Are they Part of a Larger Global Phenomenon?
296(3)
11 What Risk Factors can Play a Role Increasing the Likelihood of an EID Event?
299(4)
a Transition to an agricultural society
299(1)
b City size
300(1)
c War
300(1)
d Famine
301(1)
e Slavery
301(1)
f Colonization
302(1)
g Ignorance = Undiscovered
302(1)
h Climate change
303(1)
12 Summary
303(14)
References
304(13)
8 Pantheon of Plagues
317(86)
1 Epidemiology Definitions
317(4)
a What defines an outbreak, an epidemic or a pandemic?
317(4)
2 Outbreaks
321(3)
3 Epidemics
324(11)
4 Pandemics
335(19)
5 Superspreaders
354(3)
6 Global trends
357(4)
7 Summary of Factors Leading to Pandemics
361(42)
References
364(39)
9 Are There Geopolitical Solutions?
403(28)
Introduction
403(1)
1 Improve WHO and member countries pandemic capabilities
404(5)
2 Determine the impact of mitigation strategies on global economies
409(2)
3 Study the relationship between longCOVID and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection
411(1)
4 Evaluate the relationship between the immune system and 2nd SARS-CoV-2 infections
412(1)
5 Find ways to decrease global vaccine inequity
413(3)
6 Improve education for all ages during a pandemic
416(1)
7 Understand the importance of bat reservoirs related to SARS-CoV-2 evolution and human adaptation
416(4)
8 Investigate the reasons-for the asymptotic increase in global epidemic/pandemic infectious diseases
420(2)
9 Learn from all countries how best to handle future pandemics (investigation, early mitigation, global treatment trials, vaccine development and deployment)
422(9)
References
424(7)
10 Epilogue
431(28)
1 COVID-19 Pandemic Continues
432(3)
a Endemic disease is likely
434(1)
b Excess mortality
435(1)
2 COVID-19 Vaccines
435(3)
a Global availability
435(1)
b Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants
436(2)
3 Collateral Damage
438(2)
a Economic impact
438(1)
b Other (non-COVID vaccines) vaccination programs
439(1)
c Tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria control and mortality
439(1)
4 COVID-19 Clinical Updates
440(5)
a Immunocompetent adults
440(1)
b Long-COVID = Persistent infection
441(1)
c Immunocompromised patients
442(1)
d Treatment effectiveness
443(2)
5 SARS-CoV-2 Mutations
445(1)
6 SARS-CoV-2 Origin: Revisited
446(13)
References
447(12)
11 The Human Side
459(20)
Acknowledgments 479(2)
Index 481(24)
Figures and Tables 505