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Biomechanics of Movement: The Science of Sports, Robotics, and Rehabilitation [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 304 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x203 mm, 229 colour illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Jan-2021
  • Kirjastus: MIT Press
  • ISBN-10: 026204420X
  • ISBN-13: 9780262044202
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 304 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x203 mm, 229 colour illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Jan-2021
  • Kirjastus: MIT Press
  • ISBN-10: 026204420X
  • ISBN-13: 9780262044202
Teised raamatud teemal:
"A textbook on the Biomechanics of Movement that will be useful for courses and also inspiring for researchers in rehabilitation and the design of products as diverse as prosthetics and running shoes"--

An engaging introduction to human and animal movement seen through the lens of mechanics.

How do Olympic sprinters run so fast? Why do astronauts adopt a bounding gait on the moon? How do running shoes improve performance while preventing injuries? This engaging and generously illustrated book answers these questions by examining human and animal movement through the lens of mechanics. The authors present simple conceptual models to study walking and running and apply mechanical principles to a range of interesting examples. They explore the biology of how movement is produced, examining the structure of a muscle down to its microscopic force-generating motors. Drawing on their deep expertise, the authors describe how to create simulations that provide insight into muscle coordination during walking and running, suggest treatments to improve function following injury, and help design devices that enhance human performance.

Throughout, the book emphasizes established principles that provide a foundation for understanding movement. It also describes innovations in computer simulation, mobile motion monitoring, wearable robotics, and other technologies that build on these fundamentals. The book is suitable for use as a textbook by students and researchers studying human and animal movement. It is equally valuable for clinicians, roboticists, engineers, sports scientists, designers, computer scientists, and others who want to understand the biomechanics of movement.

Preface xi
Part I Locomotion
1 First Steps
1(24)
Why we study movement
4(4)
The Cybathlon
8(3)
Tools to study movement
11(4)
Overview of this book
15(1)
Language of movement
16(9)
2 Walking
25(30)
The walking gait cycle
26(2)
Ground reaction forces
28(5)
Ballistic walking model
33(1)
The Froude number
34(3)
Cost of transport
37(2)
Dynamic walking model
39(3)
Arm swing
42(2)
Skeletal model for gait analysis
44(2)
Kinematics of walking
46(2)
Ground reaction forces and walking speed
48(1)
Atypical gait
49(3)
Changes in walking under various conditions
52(3)
3 Running
55(26)
The running gait cycle
56(1)
Ground reaction forces
57(4)
Elastic mechanisms in hopping and running
61(3)
Hopping robots
64(2)
Tuned track
66(3)
Elastic mechanisms to improve running shoes
69(1)
Leg stiffness changes with body mass
70(2)
Gait transitions
72(2)
Bipedal mass---spring model
74(1)
Kinematics of running
75(2)
Ground reaction forces and running speed
77(4)
Part II Production of Movement
4 Muscle Biology and Force
81(24)
Muscle structure
83(2)
The cross-bridge cycle
85(1)
Sarcomere structure
86(2)
Force-length relationship
88(2)
Force-velocity relationship
90(3)
Muscle activation
93(2)
Rate encoding
95(1)
Motor unit recruitment
96(2)
Electromyography
98(2)
Modeling muscle activation dynamics
100(2)
Modeling the force--length--velocity--activation relationship
102(3)
5 Muscle Architecture and Dynamics
105(28)
Optimal muscle fiber length, Mo
107(2)
Muscle fiber pennation angle at optimal fiber length, φo
109(2)
Maximum isometric muscle force, FMo
111(1)
Maximum muscle contraction velocity υM max
112(2)
Tendon slack length, Ts
114(3)
Measuring muscle-specific parameters
117(4)
Hill-type model of muscle--tendon dynamics
121(2)
Dimensionless curves
123(1)
Computing muscle force with a rigid tendon
124(2)
Computing muscle force with a compliant tendon
126(2)
Other models of muscle force generation
128(5)
6 Musculoskeletal Geometry
133(28)
Muscle mechanical advantage
134(3)
Definition of a muscle moment arm
137(1)
Tendon-excursion definition of a moment arm
138(5)
Muscle moment arms affect muscle lengths and velocities
143(2)
Moment arms of multi-joint muscles
145(3)
Measurement and modeling of maximum joint moments
148(4)
Muscle architecture, moment arms, and tendon transfer surgery
152(2)
Moment arms of muscles with complex actions
154(2)
Wrapping up
156(5)
Part III Analysis of Movement
7 Quantifying Movement
161(32)
Measurement techniques
162(4)
Optical motion capture
166(5)
Unconstrained inverse kinematics
171(3)
Transformation matrices
174(7)
Calculating joint angles with unconstrained inverse kinematics
181(2)
Constrained inverse kinematics
183(3)
Kinematic model of the shoulder
186(2)
Assessing anterior cruciate ligament injury risk
188(5)
8 Inverse Dynamics
193(24)
Measuring external forces
195(2)
Center of pressure
197(2)
Inverse dynamics algorithms
199(2)
Inverse dynamics with ground reaction forces
201(6)
Inverse dynamics without ground reaction forces
207(1)
Verifying dynamic consistency
208(1)
Joint moments during walking and running
209(3)
Gait retraining to reduce knee loads and pain
212(5)
9 Muscle Force Optimization
217(32)
Biological and numerical optimizers
220(3)
Static optimization problems solved by inspection
223(3)
Local methods to solve static optimization problems
226(2)
Global methods to solve static optimization problems
228(2)
Muscle forces during walking and running
230(8)
Estimating joint loads
238(1)
Dynamic optimization
239(3)
Muscle coordination during a standing long jump
242(7)
Part IV Muscle-Driven Locomotion
10 Muscle-Driven Simulation
249(24)
Understanding muscle actions during movement is challenging
251(3)
Creating muscle-driven simulations
254(1)
Stage 1 Modeling musculoskeletal system dynamics
255(4)
Stage 2 Simulating movement
259(3)
Stage 3 Testing the accuracy of dynamic simulations
262(7)
Stage 4 Analyzing muscle-driven simulations
269(1)
Software for creating muscle-driven simulations
270(3)
11 Muscle-Driven Walking
273(32)
Building and testing simulations of walking
275(1)
Muscle contributions to ground reaction forces
275(5)
Muscle actions during the swing phase
280(2)
Muscle actions in stiff-knee gait
282(5)
Muscle actions over a range of walking speeds
287(5)
Muscle actions in crouch gait
292(5)
Heel-walking and toe-walking
297(2)
Device-assisted walking
299(6)
12 Muscle-Driven Running
305(26)
Building and testing simulations of running
307(3)
Muscle contributions to ground reaction forces
310(1)
Muscle activity during running
310(2)
Changes with running speed
312(2)
Run-to-sprint transition
314(1)
Muscle actions during the walk-to-run transition
315(2)
Interaction of arm and leg dynamics
317(1)
Swinging the legs in running
317(1)
Foot-strike patterns
318(5)
Device-assisted running
323(3)
Springs to enhance running
326(5)
13 Moving Forward
331(18)
Wearable technology
332(3)
Physical rehabilitation everywhere
335(1)
Large-scale experiments
336(2)
Modern statistics and machine learning
338(2)
Modeling neuromuscular control to predict movement
340(2)
Motivating movement
342(1)
Open science
343(4)
Taking the baton
347(2)
Symbols 349(4)
References 353(10)
Image Credits 363(2)
Index 365