| Preface |
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xi | |
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1 | (24) |
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4 | (4) |
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8 | (3) |
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11 | (4) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (9) |
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25 | (30) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (5) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (2) |
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Skeletal model for gait analysis |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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Ground reaction forces and walking speed |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (3) |
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Changes in walking under various conditions |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (26) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (4) |
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Elastic mechanisms in hopping and running |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (3) |
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Elastic mechanisms to improve running shoes |
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69 | (1) |
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Leg stiffness changes with body mass |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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Bipedal mass---spring model |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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Ground reaction forces and running speed |
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77 | (4) |
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Part II Production of Movement |
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4 Muscle Biology and Force |
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81 | (24) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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Force-length relationship |
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88 | (2) |
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Force-velocity relationship |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (2) |
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Modeling muscle activation dynamics |
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100 | (2) |
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Modeling the force--length--velocity--activation relationship |
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102 | (3) |
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5 Muscle Architecture and Dynamics |
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105 | (28) |
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Optimal muscle fiber length, Mo |
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107 | (2) |
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Muscle fiber pennation angle at optimal fiber length, φo |
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109 | (2) |
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Maximum isometric muscle force, FMo |
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111 | (1) |
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Maximum muscle contraction velocity υM max |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (3) |
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Measuring muscle-specific parameters |
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117 | (4) |
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Hill-type model of muscle--tendon dynamics |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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Computing muscle force with a rigid tendon |
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124 | (2) |
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Computing muscle force with a compliant tendon |
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126 | (2) |
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Other models of muscle force generation |
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128 | (5) |
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6 Musculoskeletal Geometry |
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133 | (28) |
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Muscle mechanical advantage |
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134 | (3) |
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Definition of a muscle moment arm |
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137 | (1) |
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Tendon-excursion definition of a moment arm |
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138 | (5) |
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Muscle moment arms affect muscle lengths and velocities |
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143 | (2) |
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Moment arms of multi-joint muscles |
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145 | (3) |
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Measurement and modeling of maximum joint moments |
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148 | (4) |
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Muscle architecture, moment arms, and tendon transfer surgery |
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152 | (2) |
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Moment arms of muscles with complex actions |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (5) |
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Part III Analysis of Movement |
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161 | (32) |
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162 | (4) |
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166 | (5) |
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Unconstrained inverse kinematics |
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171 | (3) |
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174 | (7) |
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Calculating joint angles with unconstrained inverse kinematics |
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181 | (2) |
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Constrained inverse kinematics |
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183 | (3) |
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Kinematic model of the shoulder |
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186 | (2) |
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Assessing anterior cruciate ligament injury risk |
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188 | (5) |
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193 | (24) |
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Measuring external forces |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (2) |
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Inverse dynamics algorithms |
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199 | (2) |
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Inverse dynamics with ground reaction forces |
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201 | (6) |
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Inverse dynamics without ground reaction forces |
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207 | (1) |
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Verifying dynamic consistency |
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208 | (1) |
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Joint moments during walking and running |
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209 | (3) |
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Gait retraining to reduce knee loads and pain |
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212 | (5) |
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9 Muscle Force Optimization |
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217 | (32) |
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Biological and numerical optimizers |
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220 | (3) |
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Static optimization problems solved by inspection |
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223 | (3) |
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Local methods to solve static optimization problems |
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226 | (2) |
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Global methods to solve static optimization problems |
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228 | (2) |
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Muscle forces during walking and running |
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230 | (8) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (3) |
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Muscle coordination during a standing long jump |
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242 | (7) |
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Part IV Muscle-Driven Locomotion |
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10 Muscle-Driven Simulation |
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249 | (24) |
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Understanding muscle actions during movement is challenging |
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251 | (3) |
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Creating muscle-driven simulations |
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254 | (1) |
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Stage 1 Modeling musculoskeletal system dynamics |
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255 | (4) |
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Stage 2 Simulating movement |
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259 | (3) |
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Stage 3 Testing the accuracy of dynamic simulations |
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262 | (7) |
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Stage 4 Analyzing muscle-driven simulations |
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269 | (1) |
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Software for creating muscle-driven simulations |
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270 | (3) |
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273 | (32) |
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Building and testing simulations of walking |
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275 | (1) |
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Muscle contributions to ground reaction forces |
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275 | (5) |
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Muscle actions during the swing phase |
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280 | (2) |
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Muscle actions in stiff-knee gait |
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282 | (5) |
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Muscle actions over a range of walking speeds |
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287 | (5) |
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Muscle actions in crouch gait |
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292 | (5) |
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Heel-walking and toe-walking |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (6) |
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305 | (26) |
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Building and testing simulations of running |
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307 | (3) |
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Muscle contributions to ground reaction forces |
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310 | (1) |
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Muscle activity during running |
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310 | (2) |
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Changes with running speed |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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Muscle actions during the walk-to-run transition |
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315 | (2) |
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Interaction of arm and leg dynamics |
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317 | (1) |
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Swinging the legs in running |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (5) |
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323 | (3) |
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Springs to enhance running |
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326 | (5) |
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331 | (18) |
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332 | (3) |
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Physical rehabilitation everywhere |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (2) |
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Modern statistics and machine learning |
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338 | (2) |
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Modeling neuromuscular control to predict movement |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (4) |
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347 | (2) |
| Symbols |
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349 | (4) |
| References |
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353 | (10) |
| Image Credits |
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363 | (2) |
| Index |
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365 | |