1 Introduction |
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2 Dependability Prediction in Early Design Stages |
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2.1 The Mechatronic Project Cycle and Its Demand on Dependability Prediction |
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2.1.1 The V-Model: A Mechatronic Process Model |
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2.1.2 The Mechatronic Dependability Prediction Framework and the Integration of Dependability into the V-Model |
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2.2 Dependability in an Early Design Stage |
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2.3 Definitions on Dependability, Reliability and Safety |
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2.3.1 Basic Definitions of Elements in Dependability Modeling |
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2.3.2 Dependability and Its Attributes |
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2.3.3 Means to Attain Dependability |
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2.4 Boolean System Models |
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3 Representation and Propagation of Uncertainty Using the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence |
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3.1 Types and Sources of Uncertainty |
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3.2 The ESReDA Framework on Uncertainty Modeling |
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3.3 The Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence |
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3.3.1 Dempster-Shafer Theory in Dependability Modeling |
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3.3.3 An Illustrative Example |
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3.5.1 The Concept of Copulas |
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3.5.3 Applying Copulas to Model Joint Imprecise Distributions |
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3.6 Propagation through System Functions |
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3.7 Measures of Uncertainty |
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3.8 Sensitivity Analysis Using Uncertainty Measures |
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3.9 Comparing Dempster-Shafer Theory and Probabilistic Settings |
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3.9.1 The Decision between Dempster-Shafer Theory and Probability |
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4 Predicting Dependability Characteristics by Similarity Estimates – A Regression Approach |
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4.1 Related Work: The Transformation Factor |
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4.2.1.1 Selection of One or More Similar Components |
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4.2.1.2 Estimation of Similarity Relations |
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4.2.1.3 Providing Training Data |
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4.2.2 Inherent Sources of Prediction Uncertainty |
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4.3 Formulating Similarity Prediction as a Regression Problem |
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4.3.2 Implementing the Regression Problem |
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4.4 Learning Similarity Prediction |
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4.4.1.1 Input and Output Representation |
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4.4.1.2 Customized Error Function |
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4.5.1 Scalable Test Suite |
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4.6.1 Scalable Test Suite |
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4.6.1.2 Gaussian Processes |
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4.6.2.2 Gaussian Processes |
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5 Design Space Specification of Dependability Optimization Problems Using Feature Models |
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5.1 The Redundancy Allocation Problem |
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5.3 Basic Feature Set Types |
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5.4 Feature Models Defining Optimization Problems |
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5.5 Generating Reliability Block Diagrams and Fault Trees from Realizations |
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6 Evolutionary Multi-objective Optimization of Imprecise Probabilistic Models |
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6.1 Pareto-Based Multi-objective Optimization |
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6.1.1 Deterministic Multi-objective Functions |
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6.1.2 Imprecise Multi-objective Functions |
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6.1.2.1 Multi-objective Optimization in System Dependability |
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6.2 Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms |
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6.2.1 Evolutionary Algorithms: Overview and Terminology |
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6.2.2 An Evolutionary Algorithm for Multi-objective Optimization under Uncertainty |
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6.3 Dominance Criteria on Imprecise Objective Functions |
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6.3.1 Probabilistic Dominance |
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6.3.2 Imprecise Probabilistic Dominance |
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6.4 Density Estimation for Imprecise Solution Sets |
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6.5 Illustrative Examples |
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6.5.2 Complex Design Space |
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7 Case Study |
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7.2 System under Investigation |
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7.4 Quantifying Reliability According to the IEC 61508 and the ESReDA Uncertainty Analysis Framework |
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7.5 Quantification of the Input Sources |
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7.6 Practical Implementation Characteristics and Results of the Uncertainty Study |
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7.7 Specifying Design Alternatives |
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7.8 Optimizing System Reliability |
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8 Summary, Conclusions and Outlook |
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8.1 Summary and Main Contributions |
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References |
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Index |
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