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Derivation and Use of Environmental Quality and Human Health Standards for Chemical Substances in Water and Soil [Pehme köide]

Edited by , Edited by , Edited by , Edited by (Watts and Crane Associates, Oxfordshire, UK), Edited by
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 168 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 240 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Sep-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 036738485X
  • ISBN-13: 9780367384852
Teised raamatud teemal:
Derivation and Use of Environmental Quality and Human Health Standards for Chemical Substances in Water and SoilSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 168 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 240 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Sep-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 036738485X
  • ISBN-13: 9780367384852
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780367384852.html

A balanced, comprehensive overview of Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), Derivation and Use of Environmental Quality and Human Health Standards for Chemical Substances in Water and Soil addresses the selection and prioritization of substances for standard derivation. With integrated content and up-to-date information on assessment of regulations that affect the derivation and use of EQS, it examines the derivation of these standards and their implementation to protect human health and the environment.





The book is based on contributions from thirty-five scientists, regulators, and policy makers from eleven countries with individual expertise across disciplines such as risk assessment, environmental, health, economic, and social sciences. These scientists summarize current knowledge on aquatic and terrestrial environmental quality standards, placing these standards in a wider socioeconomic and regulatory context. The book explains how to derive environmental standards that are defensible from a scientific and socioeconomic perspective. Using multidisciplinary techniques applicable to water, sediments, and soils; the text demonstrates how to select the best form and derivation method relative to individual environmental standards.





The book presents an in-depth examination of when, where, and how to implement environmental standards based on the social and economic context. It includes detailed coverage of technical approaches that shed light on the derivation and implementation of EQSs. It also identifies future research that will help to underpin the science of environmental and human health standards.

List of Figures
xiii
List of Tables
xv
Acknowledgments xvii
About the Editors xix
Workshop Participants xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(4)
Mark Crane
Martien Janssen
Peter Matthiessen
Steve Maund
Graham Merrington
Paul Whitehouse
1.1 Background
1(1)
1.2 Workshop Objectives and Topics
2(3)
References
4(1)
Chapter 2 Setting Environmental Standards within a Socioeconomic Context
5(26)
Andrew Farmer
Robert Lee
Stefania Loutseti
Kieron Stanley
Jacqui Warinton
Paul Whitehouse
2.1 Introduction
5(1)
2.2 Social and Economic Context
5(1)
2.2.1 Economic Analysis
5(1)
2.2.2 Social Aspects of Standard Setting
6(1)
2.3 Typological Issues in Understanding Standards
6(5)
2.3.1 Introduction
6(1)
2.3.2 Why Does Terminology Matter?
7(1)
2.3.3 Why Are Different Types of Standards Necessary?
8(1)
2.3.3.1 Standards for Different Purposes
8(1)
2.3.3.2 Selecting the Right Standard for the Job
8(3)
2.4 Framework for Deriving a New Standard
11(17)
2.4.1 Problem Formulation
12(1)
2.4.1.1 Why Is a Standard Needed?
13(1)
2.4.1.2 Who Needs to Be Involved?
13(2)
2.4.1.3 Constraints
15(1)
2.4.1.4 Social and Economic Questions
16(1)
2.4.1.5 Stakeholder Analyses
17(1)
2.4.1.6 Check Rejection Criteria
17(1)
2.4.2 Developing a Specification
18(1)
2.4.2.1 Scope
19(1)
2.4.2.2 Form of the Standard
19(1)
2.4.2.3 Monitoring
20(1)
2.4.2.4 Consideration of Costs and Benefits
21(1)
2.4.3 Deriving a Standard
22(1)
2.4.3.1 Integrating Scientific, Social, and Economic Factors
23(1)
2.4.3.2 Understanding the Relationship between Exposure and Effects
23(2)
2.4.4 Implementation of Standards
25(1)
2.4.4.1 Meeting a Standard
26(1)
2.4.4.2 Allowing Flexibility
26(1)
2.4.4.3 Taking Socioeconomic Factors into Account
27(1)
2.4.4.4 Importance of Feedback
28(1)
2.5 Some Final Thoughts
28(1)
References
29(2)
Chapter 3 How Should an Environmental Standard Be Implemented?
31(16)
Mark Crane
Bernard Fisher
Chris Leake
Paul Nathanail
Adam Peters
Bill Stubblefield
Tony Warn
3.1 Introduction
31(1)
3.2 Types and Uses of Standards
31(5)
3.3 Essential Features that Allow Implementation of a Standard
36(7)
3.3.1 Using Standards to Guide Decision Making
36(1)
3.3.1.1 Absolute Limits versus Ideal Standards
36(1)
3.3.1.2 "Ideal Standard"
37(1)
3.3.2 Compliance Issues
38(3)
3.3.3 Application of Ideal Standards to Other Media
41(2)
3.4 Other Implementation Issues
43(4)
3.4.1 Geographical Scope of Standards
43(1)
3.4.2 Background Levels
43(1)
3.4.3 Forcing Technological Innovation
44(1)
3.4.4 Verification and Review of Standards
44(1)
3.4.5 Implementation Analysis Report
45(1)
Notes
46(1)
References
46(1)
Chapter 4 Water and Sediment EQS Derivation and Application
47(58)
Peter Matthiessen
Marc Babut
Graeme Batley
Mark Douglas
John Fawell
Udo Hommen
Thomas H. Hutchinson
Martien Janssen
Dawn Maycock
Mary Reiley
Uwe Schneider
Lennart Weltje
4.1 Introduction
47(3)
4.2 Specification and Recording of EQS Derivation Procedures
50(1)
4.3 Selection and Evaluation of Data for Deriving Water and Sediment EQSs
51(10)
4.3.1 Selection and Prioritization of Substances for EQS Setting
51(1)
4.3.2 Types of Data
51(1)
4.3.2.1 Species Selection
51(1)
4.3.2.2 Test Endpoints
51(3)
4.3.2.3 Algal Tests
54(1)
4.3.2.4 Sediment-Dwelling Organisms
55(1)
4.3.3 Data Validity
55(1)
4.3.4 Data Requirements of Different EQS Assessment Methods
55(6)
4.3.5 Use of Toxic Body Burdens for Assessing Sediment Toxicity
61(1)
4.4 Derivation of EQSs
61(7)
4.4.1 Available Methods
61(1)
4.4.1.1 Standard Test Species Approach
62(2)
4.4.1.2 Species Sensitivity Distributions
64(2)
4.4.1.3 Predictions from Model Ecosystem (Microcosm and Mesocosm) Data
66(1)
4.4.2 Selection of the Most Appropriate PNEC or EQS Derivation Method
67(1)
4.4.3 Corrections for Bioavailability
67(1)
4.5 Short- (MAC) and Long-Term (AA) EQSs and Implications of Exceedance
68(1)
4.6 Marine and Freshwater EQS Derivation
69(3)
4.6.1 Need for Separate Marine and Freshwater Standards
69(3)
4.6.2 Marine Toxicity Data Requirements
72(1)
4.6.3 Substitution of Freshwater for Marine Data (and Vice Versa)
72(1)
4.7 Use of Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Field Data
72(2)
4.7.1 Introduction to Microcosm and Mesocosm Tests
72(1)
4.7.2 Use of Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Field Studies for EQS Setting
73(1)
4.7.2.1 Use of Existing Studies
73(1)
4.7.2.2 Use of New Microcosm and Mesocosm Studies
74(1)
4.8 Calculated Estimates of Toxicity
74(2)
4.9 Background Contamination by Naturally Occurring Substances
76(3)
4.9.1 Metals
76(1)
4.9.1.1 Identifying Background Concentrations
76(2)
4.9.1.2 Modifying Metal EQSs to Account for Background
78(1)
4.9.2 Other Substances
78(1)
4.10 Protection of the Human and Wildlife Food Chains from Aquatic Contaminants
79(3)
4.10.1 Protection of the Food Chain --- Humans and Wildlife
79(1)
4.10.1.1 Humans
79(1)
4.10.1.2 Wildlife
80(1)
4.10.2 Protection of Drinking Water
81(1)
4.10.3 Protection of Recreational Water
81(1)
4.11 Consideration of Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Reproductive Toxicity, Including Endocrine Disruption
82(5)
4.11.1 Background to Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Reproductive Toxicity
82(1)
4.11.2 Carcinogens, Mutagens, and Aquatic Organisms
83(1)
4.11.2.1 Population Perspective
83(1)
4.11.2.2 Deriving PNECs for Genotoxins
83(1)
4.11.2.3 Genotoxicity Assessment Methods
84(1)
4.11.3 Reproductive Toxins, Endocrine Disrupters, and Aquatic Organisms
84(1)
4.11.3.1 Population Perspective
84(1)
4.11.3.2 Reproductive Toxicity and PNEC Derivation
84(1)
4.11.3.3 Reproductive and Sexual Development Toxicity Assessment Tools
85(2)
4.12 Validation, Implementation, and Review of Aquatic EQSs
87(5)
4.12.1 Validation of Aquatic EQSs
87(1)
4.12.1.1 Validation of Correct Derivation
87(1)
4.12.1.2 Validation of EQS in the Field
87(1)
4.12.2 Validation Procedures
88(1)
4.12.3 Use of Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Field Studies for Validation Purposes
89(1)
4.12.4 Criteria for Triggering a Review of an Established EQS
90(2)
4.13 Conclusions
92(2)
4.14 Recommendations
94(11)
Notes
95(1)
References
95(10)
Chapter 5 Derivation and Use of Environmental Quality and Human Health Standards for Chemical Substances in Groundwater and Soil
105(22)
Graham Merrington
Sandra Boekhold
Amparo Haro
Katja Knauer
Kees Romijn
Norman Sawatsky
Use Schoeters
Rick Stevens
Frank Swartjes
5.1 Introduction and Scope
105(1)
5.2 Starting Point for the Development of a Terrestrial or Groundwater Standard
106(3)
5.3 Further Considerations in Soil Quality Standard Setting
109(1)
5.4 Prioritization
109(1)
5.5 Exposure Models --- Use in Standard Setting
110(3)
5.6 Ecological Endpoints
113(1)
5.7 Relevance and Reliability of Data
114(1)
5.7.1 Selection of Data prior to Standard Setting for Data-Rich Substances
114(1)
5.7.2 Use of Surrogate Data for Data-Poor Substances
115(1)
5.8 Assessment Factors --- Extrapolation and Soil Quality Standard Derivation
115(2)
5.9 Availability and Bioavailability
117(2)
5.9.1 Ecological Risk Assessment
117(1)
5.9.2 Human Health Risk Assessment
118(1)
5.9.3 Groundwater
119(1)
5.10 Background Concentrations
119(3)
5.10.1 Added Soil Quality Standard Approach
120(1)
5.10.2 Refinement of the Total Soil Quality Standard Approach
121(1)
5.10.2.1 SSD Approach
121(1)
5.10.2.2 Correcting the Quality Standard for Differences in Chemical Availability
122(1)
5.10.2.3 Correcting the Quality Standard for Differences in Bioavailability
122(1)
5.11 Verification of the Standard
122(2)
5.11.1 How to Validate?
123(1)
5.12 Conclusions
124(3)
Note
125(1)
References
125(2)
Chapter 6 Workshop Conclusions and Recommendations
127(6)
Mark Crane
Dawn Maycock
Graham Merrington
Index 133
Mark Crane, Peter Matthiessen, Dawn Stretton Maycock, Graham Merrington, Paul Whitehouse