Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
About The Companion Website |
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xix | |
1 Global Warming And Mitigation |
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1 | (24) |
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1.1 Introduction—Motivation |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.3 Energy Use and Industrialization |
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2 | (1) |
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1.4 New Oil Boom—Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (4) |
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1.7 Estimation of Future CO2 |
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7 | (2) |
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1.8 Green and Renewable Energy Sources |
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9 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.8.2 Solar and Photovoltaic |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.9 Energy Units and Conversions |
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12 | (4) |
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1.10 Estimating the Cost of Energy |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
2 Design Of Photovoltaic Microgrid Generating Station |
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25 | (84) |
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25 | (5) |
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2.2 Photovoltaic Power Conversion |
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30 | (1) |
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2.3 Photovoltaic Materials |
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31 | (1) |
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2.4 Photovoltaic Characteristics |
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32 | (3) |
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2.5 Photovoltaic Efficiency |
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35 | (1) |
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2.6 PV Generating Station |
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35 | (4) |
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2.7 Design of Photovoltaic Grids |
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39 | (5) |
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42 | (2) |
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2.8 Design Examples for PV Generating Stations |
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44 | (29) |
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2.9 Modeling of a Photovoltaic Module |
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73 | (1) |
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2.10 Measurement of Photovoltaic Performance |
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74 | (2) |
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2.11 Maximum Power Point of a Photovoltaic Plant |
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76 | (2) |
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2.12 Control of Maximum Power Point of Photovoltaic Plants |
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78 | (4) |
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2.13 Battery Storage Systems |
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82 | (2) |
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2.14 Storage Systems Based on a Single-Cell Battery |
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84 | (10) |
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2.15 The Energy Yield of a Photovoltaic Module and the Angle of Incidence |
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94 | (1) |
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2.16 Photovoltaic Generation Technology |
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95 | (1) |
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2.17 The Estimation of Photovoltaic Module Model Parameters |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (7) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
3 Fundamentals Of Power Circuit Analysis |
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109 | (69) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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3.3 DC Circuits and Ohms Law |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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3.5 Elements of Electrical Circuits |
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112 | (7) |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (3) |
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3.6 Calculating Power Consumption |
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119 | (24) |
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119 | (8) |
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127 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Controllable Switch |
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127 | (1) |
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3.6.4 The DC—DC Converters in Green Energy Grids |
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128 | (1) |
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3.6.5 The Step-Up Converter |
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129 | (3) |
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3.6.6 The Step-Down Converter |
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132 | (6) |
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3.6.7 The Buck—Boost Converter |
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138 | (5) |
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3.7 Solar and Wind Power Grids |
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143 | (1) |
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3.8 Single-Phase DC—AC Inverters with Two Switches |
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144 | (10) |
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3.9 Single-Phase DC—AC Inverters with a Four-Switch Bipolar Switching Method |
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154 | (4) |
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3.10 Pulse Width Modulation with Unipolar Voltage Switching for a Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter |
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158 | (2) |
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3.11 Three-Phase DC—AC Inverters |
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160 | (7) |
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3.12 Microgrid of Renewable Energy |
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167 | (3) |
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3.13 The Sizing of an Inverter for Microgrid Operation |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (5) |
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177 | (1) |
4 Smart Devices And Energy Efficiency Monitoring Systems |
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178 | (15) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (3) |
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4.2.1 Kilowatt-Hours Measurements |
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179 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Current and Voltage Measurements |
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180 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Power Measurements at 60 or 50 Hz |
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180 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Analog-to-Digital Conversions |
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181 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Root Mean Square (RMS) Measurement Devices |
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182 | (1) |
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4.3 Energy Monitoring Systems |
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182 | (1) |
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4.4 Smart Meters: Concepts, Features, and Roles in Smart Grid |
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183 | (7) |
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4.4.1 Power Monitoring and Scheduling |
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183 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Communication Systems |
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185 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Network Security and Software |
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187 | (3) |
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4.4.4 Smart Phone Applications |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
5 Load Estimation And Classification |
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193 | (24) |
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193 | (1) |
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5.2 Load Estimation of a Residential Load |
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193 | (17) |
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5.3 Service Feeder and Metering |
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210 | (3) |
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210 | (3) |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (1) |
6 Energy Saving And Cost Estimation Of Incandescent And Light Emitting Diodes |
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217 | (11) |
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217 | (1) |
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6.2 Comparative Performance of LED, Incandescent, and LFC Lighting |
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218 | (6) |
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224 | (1) |
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6.4 Return on Investment on LED Lighting |
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225 | (1) |
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6.5 The Annual Carbon Emissions |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (2) |
7 Three-Phase Power And Microgrids |
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228 | (76) |
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228 | (1) |
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7.2 The Basic Concept of AC Generator |
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228 | (1) |
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7.3 Three-Phase AC Generator |
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229 | (3) |
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7.4 The Synchronization of Generator to Power Grids |
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232 | (1) |
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7.5 Power Factor and Active and Reactive Power Concepts |
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233 | (3) |
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7.6 Three-Phase Power Grids |
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236 | (3) |
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7.7 Calculating Power Consumption |
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239 | (2) |
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7.8 One-Line Diagram Representation of Three-Phase Power Grids |
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241 | (4) |
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245 | (4) |
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7.10 Transformers in Electric Power Grids |
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249 | (6) |
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7.10.1 A Short History of Transformers |
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249 | (1) |
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7.10.2 Transmission Voltage |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (4) |
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7.11 Modeling a Microgrid System |
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255 | (10) |
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7.11.1 The Per Unit System |
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255 | (10) |
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7.12 Modeling Three-Phase Transformers |
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265 | (3) |
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7.13 Tap Changing Transformers |
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268 | (2) |
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7.14 Modeling Transmission Lines |
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270 | (12) |
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7.15 The Construction of a Power Grid System |
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282 | (7) |
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7.16 Microgrid of Renewable Energy Systems |
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289 | (5) |
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294 | (8) |
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302 | (2) |
8 Microgrid Wind Energy Systems |
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304 | (57) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (4) |
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8.3 Wind Turbine Generators |
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309 | (4) |
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8.4 The Modeling of Induction Machines |
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313 | (12) |
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8.4.1 Calculation of Slip |
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320 | (1) |
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8.4.2 The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Machine |
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321 | (4) |
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8.5 Power Flow Analysis of an Induction Machine |
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325 | (4) |
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8.6 The Operation of an Induction Generator |
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329 | (13) |
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342 | (7) |
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8.8 The Doubly Fed Induction Generator |
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349 | (2) |
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8.9 Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator Systems |
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351 | (1) |
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8.10 Variable-Speed Permanent Magnet Generators |
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352 | (1) |
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8.11 A Variable-Speed Synchronous Generator |
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353 | (1) |
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8.12 A Variable-Speed Generator With A Converter Isolated from the Grid |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (3) |
9 Market Operation Of Smart Power Grids |
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361 | (52) |
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9.1 Introduction—Classical Power Grids |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (6) |
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9.3 Vertically and Market-Structured Power Grid |
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368 | (3) |
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9.3.1 Who Controls the Power Grids? |
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369 | (2) |
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9.4 The Operation Control of a Power Grid |
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371 | (1) |
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9.5 Load-Frequency Control |
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372 | (6) |
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9.6 Automatic Generation Control |
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378 | (5) |
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9.7 Operating Reserve Calculation |
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383 | (1) |
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9.8 Basic Concepts of a Smart Power Grid |
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383 | (9) |
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392 | (2) |
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9.10 The Load Factor and Real-Time Pricing |
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394 | (3) |
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9.11 A Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid |
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397 | (3) |
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9.12 Smart Grid Development |
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400 | (1) |
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9.13 Smart Microgrid Renewable and Green Energy Systems |
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401 | (7) |
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9.14 The Impact of Renewable Power on Voltage Stability and Reactive Power Supply |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
10 Load Flow Analysis Of Power Grids And Microgrids |
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413 | (75) |
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413 | (1) |
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10.2 Voltage Calculation in Power Grid Analysis |
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414 | (3) |
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10.3 The Power Flow Problem |
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417 | (1) |
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10.4 Load Flow Study as a Power System Engineering Tool |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (4) |
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10.6 General Formulation of the Power Flow Problem |
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423 | (3) |
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10.7 The Bus Admittance Model |
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426 | (1) |
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10.8 The Bus Impedance Matrix Model |
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427 | (2) |
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10.9 Formulation of the Load Flow Problem |
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429 | (3) |
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10.10 The Gauss—Seidel YBus Algorithm |
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432 | (5) |
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10.11 The Gauss—Seidel ZBus Algorithm |
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437 | (6) |
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10.12 Comparison of the YBus and ZBus Power Flow Solution Methods |
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443 | (1) |
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10.13 The Synchronous and Asynchronous Operation of Microgrids |
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444 | (1) |
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10.14 An Advanced Power Flow Solution Method: The Newton—Raphson Algorithm |
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445 | (10) |
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10.14.1 The Newton—Raphson Algorithm |
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449 | (6) |
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10.15 General Formulation of the Newton—Raphson Algorithm |
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455 | (3) |
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10.16 The Decoupled Newton—Raphson Algorithm |
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458 | (2) |
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10.17 The Fast Decoupled Load Flow Algorithm |
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460 | (1) |
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10.18 Analysis of a Power Flow Problem |
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461 | (12) |
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473 | (12) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (2) |
11 Power Grid And Microgrid Fault Studies |
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488 | (69) |
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488 | (1) |
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11.2 Power Grid Fault Current Calculation |
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489 | (3) |
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11.3 Symmetrical Components |
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492 | (6) |
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11.4 Sequence Networks for Power Generators |
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498 | (3) |
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11.5 The Modeling of a Photovoltaic-Generating Station |
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501 | (1) |
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11.6 Sequence Networks for Balanced Three-Phase Transmission Lines |
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501 | (3) |
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11.7 Ground Current Flow in Balanced Three-Phase Transformers |
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504 | (2) |
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11.8 Zero Sequence Network |
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506 | (6) |
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506 | (2) |
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508 | (1) |
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508 | (4) |
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512 | (38) |
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11.9.1 Balanced Three-Phase Fault Analysis |
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514 | (17) |
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531 | (1) |
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11.9.3 Single Line-to-Ground Faults |
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532 | (2) |
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11.9.4 Double Line-to-Ground Faults |
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534 | (2) |
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11.9.5 Line-to-Line Faults |
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536 | (14) |
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550 | (5) |
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555 | (2) |
Index |
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557 | |