Preface |
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xix | |
Acronyms |
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xxv | |
Nomenclature |
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xxix | |
About the Companion Website |
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xxxvii | |
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1 | (34) |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (3) |
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1.3 Review of a Few Successful UAVs |
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8 | (4) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3.3 MQ-9 Predator B Reaper |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.3.9 Epson Micro-flying Robot |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4 Design Project Planning |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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1.6 Design Criteria, Objectives, and Priorities |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.10 Systems Engineering Approach |
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19 | (2) |
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1.11 UAV Conceptual Design |
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21 | (6) |
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1.12 UAV Preliminary Design |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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1.14 Design Review, Evaluation, Feedback |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (30) |
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35 | (1) |
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2.2 Maximum Takeoff Weight Estimation |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (4) |
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43 | (4) |
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47 | (1) |
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2.9 Wing and Engine Sizing |
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48 | (4) |
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2.10 Quadcopter Configuration |
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52 | (8) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (36) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (2) |
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3.4 Propulsion System Design |
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71 | (4) |
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3.4.1 General Design Guidelines |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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3.6 Mechanical and Power Transmission Systems Design |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (5) |
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80 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Safety Recommendations |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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3.7.4 Wire Insulation and Shielding |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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3.8 Control Surfaces Design |
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85 | (5) |
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90 | (5) |
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3.9.1 Design Lessons Learned |
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91 | (2) |
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3.9.2 Likely Failure Modes of Sub-Systems/Components |
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93 | (2) |
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3.10 Installation Guidelines |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (40) |
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102 | (1) |
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4.2 Fundamentals of Aerodynamics |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (9) |
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4.3.1 Wing Design Procedure |
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105 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Airfoil Selection/Design |
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106 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Wing Design Technique |
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108 | (5) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (6) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Horizontal Tail Design Technique |
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116 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Tail Planform Area and Tail Arm |
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117 | (1) |
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4.4.5 Tail Airfoil Section |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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4.4.7 Other Horizontal Tail Parameters |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (4) |
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119 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Vertical Tail Location |
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120 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Vertical Tail Moment Arm (lvt) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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4.5.6 Other Vertical Tail Parameters |
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122 | (1) |
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4.5.7 Vertical Tail Design Technique |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (7) |
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4.6.1 Fuselage Design Fundamentals |
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123 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Fuselage Aerodynamics |
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123 | (3) |
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4.6.3 Autopilot Compartment |
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126 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Optimum Length-to-Diameter Ratio |
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126 | (1) |
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4.6.5 Fuselage Aerodynamics |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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4.6.7 Fuselage Design Steps |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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4.7.3 Satellite Communication Antenna |
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131 | (1) |
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4.7.4 Antenna Design/Installation |
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132 | (1) |
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4.8 Aerodynamic Design of Quadcopters |
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132 | (1) |
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4.9 Aerodynamic Design Guidelines |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (5) |
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5 Fundamentals of Autopilot Design |
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141 | (54) |
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142 | (4) |
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5.1.1 Autopilot and Human Operator |
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143 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Primary Subsystems of an Autopilot |
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144 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Autopilot Design or Selection |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (7) |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (2) |
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5.2.4 State-Space Representation |
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152 | (1) |
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5.3 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments |
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153 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Forces and Moments Equations |
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153 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Stability and Control Derivatives |
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154 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Non-dimensional Stability and Control Derivatives |
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154 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Dimensional Stability and Control Derivatives |
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155 | (1) |
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5.3.5 Coupling Stability Derivatives |
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156 | (1) |
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5.4 Simplification Techniques of Dynamic Models |
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157 | (4) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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5.5 Fixed-Wing UAV Dynamic Models |
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161 | (8) |
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5.5.1 Nonlinear Fully Coupled Equations of Motion |
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162 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Nonlinear Semi-Coupled Equations of Motion |
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162 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Nonlinear Decoupled Equations of Motion |
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163 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Linear Coupled Equations of Motion |
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163 | (2) |
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5.5.5 Linear Decoupled Equations of Motion |
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165 | (2) |
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5.5.6 Reformulated (Nonlinear Semi-Coupled) Equations of Motion |
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167 | (1) |
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5.5.7 Un-powered Gliding Equations of Motion |
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168 | (1) |
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5.6 Dynamic Model Approximation |
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169 | (1) |
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5.6.1 Pure Pitching Motion Approximation |
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169 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Pure Rolling Motion Approximation |
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169 | (1) |
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5.6.3 Pure Yawing Motion Approximation |
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169 | (1) |
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5.6.4 Longitudinal Oscillatory Modes Approximation |
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170 | (1) |
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5.7 Quadcopter (Rotary-Wing) Dynamic Model |
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170 | (6) |
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5.7.1 Overall Thrust of Four Motors |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Simplified Dynamic Model |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (5) |
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5.8.1 Stability Augmentation |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (2) |
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5.8.3 Navigation Functions |
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180 | (1) |
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5.8.4 Command Augmentation Systems |
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180 | (1) |
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5.9 Flight Simulation -- Numerical Methods |
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181 | (4) |
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5.9.1 Numerical Integration |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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5.9.3 Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation |
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184 | (1) |
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5.10 Flying Qualities for UAVs |
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185 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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5.10.2 Classes, Categories, and Acceptability Levels |
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186 | (1) |
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5.10.3 Force Restrictions |
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186 | (1) |
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5.11 Autopilot Design Process |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (5) |
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195 | (60) |
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196 | (1) |
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6.2 Fundamentals of Control Systems |
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197 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Elements, Concepts and Definitions |
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197 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Root Locus Design Technique |
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199 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Frequency Domain Design Technique |
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200 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Controller Configurations and Control Architectures |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (4) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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6.4 Flight Control Requirements |
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207 | (2) |
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6.4.1 Longitudinal Control Requirements |
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207 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Roll Control Requirements |
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208 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Directional Control Requirements |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (14) |
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6.5.1 Coupled Control Modes |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Pitch-Attitude Hold |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (5) |
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223 | (11) |
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223 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Optimal Control -- LQR |
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224 | (5) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (3) |
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234 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Detect (i.e., Sense)-and-Avoid |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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6.7.5 Intelligent Flight Planning |
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236 | (1) |
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6.8 Manned-Unmanned Aircraft Teaming |
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237 | (6) |
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237 | (1) |
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6.8.2 Teaming Problem Formulation |
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237 | (2) |
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6.8.3 Decision Making Process |
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239 | (2) |
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6.8.4 Teaming Communication Process |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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6.9 Control System Design Process |
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243 | (3) |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (6) |
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255 | (50) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (6) |
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257 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Elements of Guidance System |
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258 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Guidance Components |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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7.2.5 Moving Target Tracking |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (4) |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (1) |
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7.7 Waypoint Guidance Law |
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274 | (8) |
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274 | (1) |
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7.7.2 Types of Waypoint Guidance |
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275 | (1) |
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7.7.3 Segments of a Horizontal (Level) Trajectory |
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276 | (2) |
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7.7.4 Waypoint Guidance Algorithm |
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278 | (1) |
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7.7.4.1 Trajectory Smoother |
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278 | (1) |
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7.7.4.2 Trajectory Tracking |
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279 | (2) |
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7.7.5 UAV Maneuverability Evaluation |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (9) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (3) |
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7.8.3 Collision Avoidance |
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286 | (5) |
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291 | (2) |
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7.10 Motion Planning and Trajectory Design |
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293 | (1) |
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7.11 Guidance Sensor -- Seeker |
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294 | (2) |
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7.12 Guidance System Design |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (5) |
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8 Navigation System Design |
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305 | (50) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (2) |
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8.3.1 Fixed and Moving Frames |
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309 | (1) |
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8.3.2 World Geodetic System |
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310 | (1) |
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8.4 Inertial Navigation System |
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311 | (4) |
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311 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Navigation Equations |
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313 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Navigation Basic Calculations |
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313 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Geodetic Coordinates Calculations |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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8.6 Global Positioning System |
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317 | (5) |
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317 | (2) |
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8.6.2 Earth Longitude and Latitude |
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319 | (3) |
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8.6.3 Ground Speed Versus Airspeed |
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322 | (1) |
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8.7 Position Fixing Navigation |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Celestial Navigation |
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322 | (1) |
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8.8 Navigation in Reduced Visibility Conditions |
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323 | (1) |
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8.9 Inertial Navigation Sensors |
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323 | (12) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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8.9.5.2 Mechanical Altimeter |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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8.9.10 MEMS Inertial Module |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (1) |
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8.10 Navigation Disturbances |
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335 | (10) |
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335 | (2) |
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8.10.2 Gust and Disturbance |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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8.10.4.1 Drift Due to Rotation of Rotor/Propeller |
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340 | (2) |
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8.10.4.2 Drift Due to Wind |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (2) |
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8.10.6 Magnetic Deviation |
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344 | (1) |
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8.11 Navigation System Design |
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345 | (3) |
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8.11.1 Design Requirements |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (4) |
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352 | (3) |
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355 | (44) |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (9) |
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9.2.1 Microcontroller Basics |
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358 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Microcontroller Versus Microprocessor |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (2) |
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9.3 Microcontroller Circuitry |
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367 | (2) |
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9.3.1 Microcontroller Circuit Board |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (3) |
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369 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Embedded Processors |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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9.5 Microcontroller Programming |
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371 | (1) |
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9.5.1 Software Development |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Management Software |
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371 | (1) |
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9.5.4 Microcontroller Programing |
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372 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Software Integration |
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372 | (1) |
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9.5.6 High-Level Programming Languages |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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374 | (1) |
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9.6.2 General Structure of a C Program |
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374 | (1) |
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9.6.3 Example Code -- Detecting a Dead LED |
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375 | (2) |
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9.6 A Execution of a C Program |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (4) |
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378 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Arduino Programming |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (2) |
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9.7 A Open-Loop Control of an Elevator |
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382 | (2) |
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383 | (1) |
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9.8 Open-Source Commercial Autopilots |
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384 | (3) |
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384 | (1) |
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9.8.2 PX4 Pixhawk Autopilot |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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9.8.4 DJI WooKong Autopilot |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (5) |
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389 | (1) |
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9.10.2 Design and Implementation |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (2) |
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391 | (1) |
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9.10.5 MATLAB Code for Real-Time Plotting |
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392 | (1) |
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9.10.6 System Response and Results |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (2) |
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10 Launch and Recovery Systems Design |
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399 | (46) |
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400 | (2) |
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10.2 Launch Technologies and Techniques |
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402 | (8) |
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10.2.1 Rocket Assisted Launch |
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402 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Bungee Cord Catapult Launch |
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403 | (3) |
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10.2.3 Pneumatic Launchers |
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406 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Hydraulic Launchers |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (5) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Elevation Platform |
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412 | (3) |
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415 | (1) |
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10.4 Fundamentals of Launch |
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415 | (7) |
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10.4.1 Fundamental Principles |
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415 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Governing Launch Equations |
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416 | (3) |
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10.4.3 Wing and Horizontal Tail Contributions |
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419 | (1) |
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10.4.4 UAV Longitudinal Trim |
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420 | (2) |
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10.5 Elevation Mechanism Design |
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422 | (2) |
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10.5.1 Elevation Mechanism Operation |
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422 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuators |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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10.7 Recovery Technologies and Techniques |
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424 | (5) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (1) |
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10.8 Recovery Fundamentals |
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429 | (2) |
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429 | (2) |
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431 | (1) |
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10.9 Launch/Recovery Systems Mobility |
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431 | (2) |
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10.9.1 Mobility Requirements |
|
|
431 | (1) |
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10.9.2 Conventional Wheeled Vehicle |
|
|
432 | (1) |
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10.10 Launch and Recovery Systems Design |
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|
433 | (4) |
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10.10.1 Launch and Recovery Techniques Selection |
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|
433 | (1) |
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10.10.2 Launch System Design |
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|
434 | (2) |
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10.10.3 Recovery System Design |
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|
436 | (1) |
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|
437 | (3) |
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|
440 | (3) |
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|
443 | (2) |
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11 Ground Control Station |
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|
445 | (42) |
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446 | (2) |
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|
448 | (1) |
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11.3 Types of Ground Stations |
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|
448 | (12) |
|
11.3.1 Handheld Radio Controller |
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|
449 | (1) |
|
11.3.1.1 General Structure |
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|
449 | (1) |
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450 | (2) |
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|
452 | (1) |
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|
453 | (1) |
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|
454 | (4) |
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11.3.4 Central Command Station |
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|
458 | (1) |
|
11.3.5 Sea Control Station |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
11.4 GCS of a Number of UAVs |
|
|
460 | (4) |
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|
460 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
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|
462 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
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11.4.6 Yamaha RMAX Unmanned Helicopter |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
11.5 Human-Related Design Requirements |
|
|
464 | (5) |
|
11.5.1 Number of Pilots/Operators in Ground Station |
|
|
464 | (1) |
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|
464 | (2) |
|
11.5.3 Features of a Human Pilot/Operator |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
11.5.4 Console Dimensions and Limits |
|
|
467 | (2) |
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|
469 | (3) |
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|
469 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Transportation Equipment |
|
|
470 | (1) |
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|
471 | (1) |
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|
471 | (1) |
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|
471 | (1) |
|
11.7 GCS Design Guidelines |
|
|
472 | (1) |
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|
473 | (2) |
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|
475 | (1) |
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|
476 | (1) |
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|
477 | (10) |
|
12 Payloads Selection/Design |
|
|
487 | (44) |
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|
482 | (1) |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
12.2.1 Payload Definition |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
12.2.2 Payloads Classifications |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
12.3 Payloads of a Few UAVs |
|
|
484 | (3) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
12.3.2 MQ-9 Predator B Reaper |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
12.3.5 DJI Phantom Quadcopter |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
12.4 Cargo or Freight Payload |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
12.5 Reconnaissance/Surveillance Payload |
|
|
488 | (17) |
|
12.5.1 Electro-Optical Camera |
|
|
489 | (5) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
12.5.3.2 Radar Governing Equations |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
12.5.3.4 A Few Applications |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
12.5.7 Radar Warning Receiver |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
505 | (3) |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
12.6.2 Temperature Sensor |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
12.8 Electronic Counter Measure Payloads |
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
12.9 Payload Installation |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
12.9.3 Payload Aerodynamics |
|
|
513 | (4) |
|
12.9.4 Payload-Structure Integration |
|
|
517 | (2) |
|
12.9.5 Payload Stabilization |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
12.10 Payload Control and Management |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
12.11 Payload Selection/Design Guidelines |
|
|
520 | (3) |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
|
527 | (4) |
|
13 Communications System Design |
|
|
531 | (34) |
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
541 | (3) |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
13.8 Communications Systems of a Few UAVs |
|
|
545 | (2) |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
13.10 Communications System Design |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
13.11 Bi-directional Communications Using Arduino Boards |
|
|
548 | (10) |
|
13.11.1 Communications Modules |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (4) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
554 | (4) |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
562 | (3) |
|
14 Design Analysis and Feedbacks |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
|
569 | (4) |
|
14.3.1 UAV Center of Gravity |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
14.3.2 Weight Distribution |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
14.4.2 Static Longitudinal Stability |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
14.4.3 Dynamic Longitudinal Stability |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
14.4.4 Static Lateral-Directional Stability |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
14.4.5 Dynamic Lateral-Directional Stability |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
14.4.6 Typical Values for Stability Derivatives |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
14.5 Controllability Analysis |
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
14.5.1 Longitudinal Control |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
14.5.3 Directional Control |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
14.5.4 Typical Values for Control Derivatives |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
14.6 Flight Performance Analysis |
|
|
582 | (9) |
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
14.6.5 Takeoff Performance |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
14.6.7.1 UAV with Jet Engine(s) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
14.6.7.2 UAV with Propeller-driven Engine(s) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
|
595 | (6) |
References |
|
601 | (8) |
Index |
|
609 | |