This application-oriented approach to ecorestoration of coalmine-degraded land discusses theoretical aspects, minint types, land degradation, biodiversity conservation, topsoil management, seeding, mulching, biofertlizer, aftercare of reclaimed sites and more.
The book adopts an application-oriented approach for ecorestoration of coalmine degraded. The theoretical aspects of ecorestoration, and steps involved in ecorestoration process and experimental aspects of thorough analytical procedures have been discussed in detail. It emphasizes on the types of mining, land degradation, and biodiversity conservation while giving details of technical and biological steps, topsoil management, selection of plant species, seeding, nursery practices; adoption of innovative approaches like mulching, biofertlizer application, hydroseeding, superabsorbent; use of grass-legume mix; monitoring and aftercare of reclaimed sites; the indicators of sustainable ecorestoration; and Rules and Acts implemented and followed across the world. Best ecorestoration practices, mine closure issues, collection, laboratory analysis and interpretation of minesoil and topsoil samples, monitoring biological parameters, litterfall and tree growth analysis, erosion management, design of drainage and sedimentation retention basin, and brief description of tree species with identifying character for field people are all part of the book.[ Message by Prominent Academician]It is now urgent that methods of coal mining be integrated with engineering for ecorestoration because the larger society will not accept devastated waste land. A book, coming out from the hands of one of the persistent researchers of the field, cannot be more timely.Jayanta Bhattacharya, PhDFNAE Professor, Department of Mining EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
Arvustused
From the reviews:
In Ecorestoration of the Coalmine Degraded Lands, Subodh Kumar Maiti addresses the status, policies, and methods of restoration of coalmine degraded lands and has tried to fill a significant gap in the science of restoration ecology. This book appears to be useful as a basic textbook for students and new professionals of mining engineering. (Kripal Singh, Restoration Ecology, January, 2014)
SECTION A.-Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION.- 1.1 Importance of Coal mining in
India.-1.2 Opencastcoal mining and environmental issues.-1. 3 Mine waste and
ecorestoration.-1.4. Current Ecorestoration Scenario in India.-1.5
Differences between natural soil and minesoil (mine spoil) .- 1.6
Ecorestoration.- 1.7 Relevant Issues of dump rehabilitation.- 1.8 Aims of
Biological Reclamation.- 1.9 Philosophies of Revegetation.-1.10 Problems of
Biological Reclamation.-1.11 Dump reclamation Practices in India.-1.12
Biological reclamation planning.-1.13 The Legal and Statutory Framework for
Ecorestoration.-References.-Chapter -2: Ecology and Ecosystem in Mine
Dedraded Land.-2.1 Preamble.-2.2 Ecology .-2.3 The Ecosystem.-2.4 Guild and
Keystone Species.-2.5 Ecosystem stability.-2.6 Functioning of Ecosystem.-2.7
Species diversity.-2.8 Biogeochemical Cycles (nutrient cycles) .-2.9
Ecological Succession.-2.10 Terminology of Ecology.-2.11 Ecosystem components
in restored site.-References.-CHAPTER 3: PHYSICAL (TECHNICAL)
RECLAMATION.-3.1 Introduction.-3.2 Issues related to physical
reclamation.-3.3 Site Preparation.-3.4 Different Methods of Dumping.-3.5
Estimation Of Soil Erosion.-3.6 Diversion ditch design.-3.7 Sediment
load.-Chapter 4: Minesoil properties affecting plant establishment and
growth.-4.1 Introduction.-4.2 SOIL PHYSICAL FACTORS.-4.3 SPOIL CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES AND PLANT GROWTH.-4.4 Microbiological
properties.-References.-Chapter 5: Topsoil Management.-5.1 Introduction .-5.2
Factors influencing topsoil properties.-5.3 Components of topsoil
management.-5.4 Alternatives to Topsoil.-5.5 Monitoring Post Mining Soil
Development on reclaimed site.- 5.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of use of
topsoil .-5.7 Limitations of application of topsoil.-5.8 References.-Chapter
6: Programs and Planning of vegetation cover development.-6.1
Introduction.-6.2 Selection of plant species.-6.3 Exotic Plantations and
Wildlife Habitat.-6.4 Direct seeding of tree species.-6.5 Hydro seedin.-6.6
Vegetation covers development techniques.-6.7 Criteria for selection of
species.-6.8 List of common tree species use for revegetation programme.-6.9
Choice of Tree Plantation in OB dumps.-6.10 Suitability of direct seeding of
tree species in the OB dumps.-6.11 Tree species suggested by CPCB for
Minesoil reclamation.-6.12 Pollution tolerant and sensitive tree
species.-6.13 Techniques of Tree Plantation .-6.14. Case study I: Plantation
activities in KDH project (CCL area) .-6.15 Case study-II: Plantation
activities of Chirimiri area (SECL) .-Reference.-Chapter 7: Seeds
collection, storage & treatment .-7.1 Introduction.-7.2 Seed collection.-7.3
Seed processing (pods, capsules, etc.) .-7.3. Drying of Seed.-7.4 Seed
storage and longevity.-7.5 Seed testing (germination rate) .-7.6 Causes of
seed dormancy.-7.7 Seed treatment to overcome dormancy.-7.8 Calculation of
quantity of seed.-7.9 Seed record.-References.-Chapter 8: NURSERY RAISING OF
SAPLINGS FOR FOREST TREES.-8.1 Preamble - Nursery development .-8.2 Nursery
techniques of common tree .-8.3 Rising of Subabul Plant (Leucaena
leucocephala) Sapling.-Rising of Bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea and
Dendrocalamus strictus) sapling.-8.5 Rising of Bamboo Cutting (Bambusa
Vulgaris) in the Nursery.-8.6 Nursery practices and Raising of important
plants.-Chapter 9: Establishment of Grasses and Legumes Cover.-9.1
Introduction.-9.2 Benefits of Grass-legume mixtures.-9.3 Important
Legumes.-9.4 Important grasses .-9.5 Planting procedure .-References.-Chapter
10 Application of Mulch, geotextiles and amendments.-10.1 Mulching.-10.2
Amendments.-10.3 Geotextiles.-10.4 Super-absorbent.-Chapter 11:
Bio-fertilizer (Mycorrhiza) technology in Mine Ecorestoration.-11.1
Introduction.-11.2 The Mycorrhizal association- a plant root/fungus
interaction.-11.3 Benefits of mycorrhizal association.-11.4 Importance of VAM
Fungi in Coal Overburden dump Reclamation.-11.5 Importance of VAM Fungi in
Coal Overburden dump Reclamation.-11.6 Formation of Mycorrhizal
association.-11.7 Bulk VAM-Inoculum production and use (soil culture method)
.-11.8 Measurement of Mycorrhizal growth response .-11.9 Laboratory study of
VAM spores.-11.10 Laboratory study of root infection.-11.11 Application of
VAM for Bioreclmation of OB dumps - Case studies in India.-11.12 Natural VAM
colonization in Jharia coalfields.-11.13 Natural VAM colonization study in KD
Heslong project of CCL (Maiti, 2006) .-11.14 Natural VAM colonization in the
reclaimed dumps of SECL.- 11.15 Concluding remarks.-References.-Chapter -12:
Biodiversity, Erosion and Conservation in Ecorestored site.-12.1
Introduction.-12.2 What is biodiversity? .-12.3 Ecorestoration and
biodiversity conservation.-12.4 Biodiversity Wealth of India.-12. 5
Biodiversity, Society and Mining.-12.6 Integrated biodiversity
management.-12.7 Conclusive remarks .-Chapter 13: Monitoring and Aftercare of
Ecorestored Site.-13.1 Introduction.-13.2 Nutrient accumulation and
cycling.-13.3 Restoration of Faunal population.-13.4 Management of Wildlife
conservation.-13.5 Success Criteria and Monitoring of Ecorestored site.-13.6
Development of emergency plan for monitoring.-References.-Chapter 14:
Evaluation of Reclamation success and Soil Quality Indicators.-14.1
Evaluation of reclamation success by ecological process.-14.2 Soil quality
indicators.-14.3 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon as an indicator
parameter.-14.3.1 Measurement of Microbial Biomass Carbon .-14.4
Dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA) in Ecorestored site.-14.5 Litter
accumulation and Decomposition an indicator.- References.-Chapter 15:
Forest & Wildlife Conservation Acts.-15.1 Introduction.-15.2 Forest
Conservation Acts.-15.3 National Forest Policy (NFP), 1988.-15.4 National
Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP), 2002.-15.5 Biodiversity Act, 2002.-15.6.
Procedure for Forest Clearance.-15.7 Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) .-15.8
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)
.-15.9 Critical Wildlife Habitats Guidelines (4-5-2011) .-15.10 Wildlife
(Protection) Amendment Act, 2010.-15.11 Action plan.- 15.12. Schedule animals
(THE WILD LIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972) .-Chapter 16: Ecological Impact
Assessment of Surface Mining Project.-16.1 Introduction.-16.2 Ecological
Impact Assessment (EcoIA) .-16.3 Habitat-based method (HES) for Biological
Impact Prediction.-16.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of HES.-16.5 Conclusive
remarks.-References.-Chapter 17: MINE CLOSURE .-17.1 Introduction.-17.2
Objectives of Mine closure.-17.3 Issues related to the Mine closure.-17.4
Mine closure planning.-17.5 Environmental impacts Mine closure .-17.6 Steps
in Closure Plan Development .-17.7 Mine closure guidelines in India.-17.8 Key
element of mine closure (coal mining) .- 17.9 Preparation of Mine closure
plan report (Coal) .-17.10 Economic Repercussions of Mine Closure.-17.11 Mine
closure activity.-17.12 Closure Costs (Abandonment Cost) and financial
sureties.-17.13 IBM Guidelines for Mine Closure Plan.-References.-SECTION
B.-Chapter 1 : SAMPLING TECNIQUE.-Introduction.-1.2 Objectives of soil
testing.-1.3 Soil/Overburden sampling.-1.4 Steps to be followed during
sapling.-1.5 On-site tests and description.-1.6 ample preparation (for
sending laboratory analysis) .-1.7 Self test .-References.-Chapter 2 :
ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS.-2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Coarse fractions (>
2-mm size) (Sieving method) .-2.3 TEXTURE ANALYSIS (U.S.D.A
method)-International pipette method). .-2.4 Bulk Density And Pore Pace.-2.5
MOISTURE CONTENTS (Gravimetric method) .-Measurement of Field capacity (Field
method) .-WATER HOLDING CAPACITY (WHC) .-2.8 WILTING POINT (by plant method)
.-2.9 INFILTRATION RATE.-2.10 Test on analysis of soil physical
parameters.-References.-Chapter 3: ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SOIL
AND OVERBURDEN.-3.1 pH (pouvoir hydrogene or hydrogen power) .-3.2 LIME
REQUIREMENT OF ACIDIC SPOIL / SOIL.-3.3. MEASUREMENT OF SOLUBLE SALTS
(ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY) .-3.4 ORGANIC CARBON.-3. 5 ORGANIC MATTER (OM) BY
LOSS OF IGNITION (LOI) .-3.6 TOTAL NITROGEN .-3.7AVAILABLE NITROGEN .-3.8
AVAILABLE PHOSPHOROUS.-3.9 TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS (Digestion Method)
.-3.10 PHOSPHOROUS FIXING CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL.-3.11 EXCHANGEABLE
POTASSIUM (K) .-3.12 EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM (Na) .-3.13 EXCHANGEABLE CALCIUM
AND MAGNESIUM.-3.14 CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) .-3.15 PLANT AVAILABLE
SULFUR.-3.16 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE.-3.17 ESSENTIAL MICRONUTRIENTS AND
HEAVY METALS.-3.18 DETERMINATION OF PLANT AVAILABLE Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni
AND Cd (DTPA - EXTRACTABLE) .-References.-Chapter 4: SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS.-4.1 Collection/ processing of samples.-4.2 Enumeration of
Bacteria and Actinomycetes (by plate count- spread plate method) .-4.3
Filamentous fungi (Pour plate method). .-4.4 Study of Vesicular-Arbuscular
Mycorrhiza fungi (VAMF) .-4.5 SOIL RESPIRATION (CO2- EVOLUTION METHOD) .-4.6
SOIL ENZYME.-4.7 Self test of soil microbiology.-References.-CHAPTER 5:
PLANT ANALYSIS, FIELD TRIALS AND VEGETATION SURVEY.-5.1 Plant Material
Analysis.-5.2 Plant Sampling.-5.3 Bioassay and growth Trials.-5.4
Treatments.-5.5 Experimental design and layout.-5.6 Assessment of
growth.-Annex: SOIL ANALYSIS.-Annex- 1: Soil Analysis .-Annex- 2:
Apparatus/ Instruments required for sol analysis laboratory.
Dr Subodh Kumar Maiti (b. 25-04-1960) is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad. He did BSc (Hons) and MSc in Botany from Calcutta University in 1981, M.Tech (Environmental Science and Engineering) from IIT Mumbai in 1986 and worked as Senior Environmental Engineer in Kirloskar Consultancy Division, Pune till 1987. In 1988, he joined as lecturer in ISM, Dhanbad and earned his Ph.D in Environmental Science and Engineering in ecological aspects of reclamation of coalmine degraded lands. He underwent 3 months training on EIA and auditing at University of Bradford, UK in 1996 and 1 month advanced training on mining and environment at University of Lulea, Sweden under SIDA. He has taught ecology, environmental microbiology, land reclamation at B.Tech and M.Tech levels and has guided several research students. He has worked in the biological aspects of reclamation for more than two decades and has published over 60 papers in International and national journals, and has presented over 120 papers in International and national seminars. He has completed several R&D and consultancy projects on biological reclamation, biodiversity assessment, design and development of green belts in mining areas. He is life member of IAEM, IASWC, Mycorrhiza News, MGMI, The Indian Mining & Engineering Journal (IME). He was also selected as Fellow National Environmentalist Association (FNAE), Member SERI (Australia) and IPS (USA). SECTION A.-Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION.-Chapter -2: Ecology and Ecosystem in Mine Dedraded Land.-CHAPTER 3: PHYSICAL (TECHNICAL) RECLAMATION.-Chapter 4: Minesoil properties affecting plant establishment and growth.-Chapter 5: Topsoil Management.-Chapter 6: Programs and Planning of vegetation cover development.-Chapter 7: Seeds collection, storage & treatment.-Chapter 8: NURSERY RAISING OF SAPLINGS FOR FOREST TREES.- Chapter 9: Establishment of Grasses and Legumes Cover.-Chapter 10 Application of Mulch, geotextiles and amendments.-Chapter 11: Bio-fertilizer (Mycorrhiza) technology in Mine Ecorestoration.-Chapter -12: Biodiversity, Erosion and Conservation in Ecorestored site.-Chapter 13: Monitoring and Aftercare of Ecorestored Site.-Chapter 14: Evaluation of Reclamation success and Soil Quality Indicators.-Chapter 15: Forest & Wildlife Conservation Acts.-Chapter 16: Ecological Impact Assessment of Surface Mining Project.-Chapter 17: MINE CLOSURE.- SECTION B.-Chapter 1 : SAMPLING TECNIQUE.-Chapter 2 : ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS.-Chapter 3: ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SOIL AND OVERBURDEN.-Chapter 4: SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS.-CHAPTER 5: PLANT ANALYSIS, FIELD TRIALS AND VEGETATION SURVEY.-Annex: SOIL ANALYSIS.-Annex- 1: Soil Analysis.- Annex- 2: Apparatus/ Instruments required for sol analysis laboratory.
