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E-raamat: Ecorestoration of the coalmine degraded lands

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2012
  • Kirjastus: Springer, India, Private Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9788132208518
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Ecorestoration of the coalmine degraded landsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2012
  • Kirjastus: Springer, India, Private Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9788132208518
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The book adopts an application-oriented approach for ecorestoration of coalmine degraded. The theoretical aspects of ecorestoration, and steps involved in ecorestoration process and experimental aspects of thorough analytical procedures have been discussed in detail. It emphasizes on the types of mining, land degradation, and biodiversity conservation while giving details of technical and biological steps, topsoil management, selection of plant species, seeding, nursery practices; adoption of innovative approaches like mulching, biofertlizer application, hydroseeding, superabsorbent; use of grass-legume mix; monitoring and aftercare of reclaimed sites; the indicators of sustainable ecorestoration; and Rules and Acts implemented and followed across the world. Best ecorestoration practices, mine closure issues, collection, laboratory analysis and interpretation of minesoil and topsoil samples, monitoring biological parameters, litterfall and tree growth analysis, erosion management, design of drainage and sedimentation retention basin, and brief description of tree species with identifying character for field people are all part of the book.[ Message by Prominent Academician]It is now urgent that methods of coal mining be integrated with engineering for ecorestoration because the larger society will not accept devastated waste land. A book, coming out from the hands of one of the persistent researchers of the field, cannot be more timely.Jayanta Bhattacharya, PhDFNAE Professor, Department of Mining EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.

This application-oriented approach to ecorestoration of coalmine-degraded land discusses theoretical aspects, minint types, land degradation, biodiversity conservation, topsoil management, seeding, mulching, biofertlizer, aftercare of reclaimed sites and more.

Arvustused

From the reviews:

In Ecorestoration of the Coalmine Degraded Lands, Subodh Kumar Maiti addresses the status, policies, and methods of restoration of coalmine degraded lands and has tried to fill a significant gap in the science of restoration ecology. This book appears to be useful as a basic textbook for students and new professionals of mining engineering. (Kripal Singh, Restoration Ecology, January, 2014)

Part I Ecorestoration of Coalmine Degraded Lands
1 Introduction
3(18)
1.1 Importance of Coal Mining in India
3(2)
1.2 Opencast Coal Mining and Environmental Issues
5(1)
1.3 Land Degradation Due to Mining
6(1)
1.4 Current Ecorestoration Scenario in India
7(1)
1.5 Differences Between Natural Soil and Minesoil (Mine Spoil)
7(1)
1.6 Ecorestoration
7(6)
1.6.1 Definition of Ecorestoration
8(1)
1.6.2 Attributes of Restored Ecosystem
9(1)
1.6.3 Underlying Principles of Restoration
10(1)
1.6.4 Options in Restoration
10(1)
1.6.5 Components of Restoration
10(2)
1.6.6 Criteria of Ecorestoration Success
12(1)
1.7 Relevant Issues of Dump Rehabilitation
13(1)
1.8 Aims of Biological Reclamation
14(1)
1.9 Philosophies of Revegetation
14(1)
1.10 Problems of Biological Reclamation
14(1)
1.11 Dump Reclamation Practices in India
15(1)
1.12 Biological Reclamation Planning
16(2)
1.13 The Legal and Statutory Framework for Ecorestoration
18(3)
1.13.1 The Mine and Mineral (Development and Regulation), MMDR Act 1957 (Amended on 1984 and 1994)
18(1)
1.13.2 Mineral Conservation and Development Rules (MCDR), 1988 (Amended up to 25th Sep. 2000)
18(2)
References
20(1)
2 Ecology and Ecosystem in Mine-Degraded Land
21(18)
2.1 Preamble
21(1)
2.2 Ecology
22(1)
2.3 The Ecosystem
22(5)
2.3.1 Components of Ecosystem
22(1)
2.3.2 Characteristics of Ecosystem
23(1)
2.3.3 Food Chain, Food Web and Tropic Level
24(3)
2.4 Guild and Keystone Species
27(1)
2.5 Ecosystem Stability
27(1)
2.6 Functioning of Ecosystem
27(1)
2.6.1 Ecosystem Inertia and Resilience
27(1)
2.6.2 Resistance and Resilience
28(1)
2.6.3 Ecosystem Integrity and Ecosystem Health
28(1)
2.7 Species Diversity
28(4)
2.7.1 Species Richness Index (d)
28(1)
2.7.2 Berger-Parker Index (DBP)
29(1)
2.7.3 Simpson's Index (Ds)
29(1)
2.7.4 Shannon Index (Hs)
30(1)
2.7.5 Shannon Equitability Index (EH) or Evenness Index
31(1)
2.7.6 Index of Similarity
31(1)
2.7.7 α- β- and γ-Diversity
31(1)
2.7.8 Biotope and Ecoregion
31(1)
2.8 Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
32(1)
2.9 Ecological Succession
32(3)
2.9.1 Important Steps Involved in Succession
33(1)
2.9.2 Effects of Ecological Succession on Coal Mine Spoil
34(1)
2.10 Terminology of Ecology
35(1)
2.11 Ecosystem Components in Restored Site
36(3)
References
36(3)
3 Physical (Technical) Reclamation
39(22)
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 Issues Related to Physical Reclamation
40(2)
3.2.1 Drainage
40(1)
3.2.2 Internal Dumps
40(1)
3.2.3 External Waste Dumps
41(1)
3.2.4 Slope
41(1)
3.2.5 Aspects of Slope
41(1)
3.3 Site Preparation
42(1)
3.4 Different Methods of Dumping
42(5)
3.4.1 Area Dumping Method
43(1)
3.4.2 End-Tipping Method
44(1)
3.4.3 Perimeter Tipping Method
44(1)
3.4.4 Preservation and Optimum Use of Topsoil During Tipping of Mine Spoils
45(2)
3.5 Drainage and Erosion Control
47(1)
3.6 Estimation of Soil Erosion
47(5)
3.6.1 Rainfall Factor (R)
48(2)
3.6.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K)
50(1)
3.6.3 Slope Length and Slope Steepness Factors (LS)
50(1)
3.6.4 Vegetative Factor (C)
51(1)
3.6.5 Mechanical Erosion Control Factor (P)
51(1)
3.7 Diversion Ditch Design
52(1)
3.8 Sediment Load
52(9)
3.8.1 Sediment Ponds
54(1)
3.8.2 Design of Sediment Pond
55(4)
3.8.3 Sediment Retention
59(1)
3.8.4 Sediment Trap
59(1)
References
59(2)
4 Minesoil Properties Affecting Plant Establishment and Growth
61(22)
4.1 Introduction
61(1)
4.2 Physical Factors
62(8)
4.2.1 Aspects of Slope and Temperature
62(1)
4.2.2 Stoniness and Textural Class
62(2)
4.2.3 Bulk Density, Pore Space and Compaction
64(2)
4.2.4 Moisture Content
66(1)
4.2.5 Infiltration
67(1)
4.2.6 Soil Depth (Rooting Depth)
68(2)
4.3 Chemical Properties and Plant Growth
70(9)
4.3.1 pH
70(2)
4.3.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
72(1)
4.3.3 Essential Elements for Plant Growth
72(1)
4.3.4 Nutrient Poverty of Mine Spoil
73(1)
4.3.5 Organic Matter (OM)
74(1)
4.3.6 Nitrogen (N)
75(1)
4.3.7 Phosphorous (P)
76(1)
4.3.8 Cations
77(1)
4.3.9 Storage and Supply of Nutrients (CEC and BS)
77(2)
4.4 Microbiological Properties
79(4)
References
80(3)
5 Topsoil Management
83(14)
5.1 Introduction
83(1)
5.2 Factors Influencing Topsoil Properties
84(1)
5.3 Components of Topsoil Management
85(8)
5.3.1 Inventory of Topsoil Resources
86(1)
5.3.2 Topsoil Removal (Stripping)
87(3)
5.3.3 Topsoil Storage (Stockpiles)
90(2)
5.3.4 Spreading of Topsoil
92(1)
5.4 Alternatives to Topsoil
93(2)
5.4.1 Evaluation of Present and Potential Productivity of Existing Overburden Material
94(1)
5.5 Monitoring of Post-mining Soil Development on Ecorestored Site
95(1)
5.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Use of Topsoil
95(1)
5.7 Limitations of Application of Topsoil
95(2)
References
96(1)
6 Programmes and Planning of Vegetation Cover Development
97(18)
6.1 Introduction
98(2)
6.2 Selection of Plant Species: A Vital Component for Ecorestoration Success
100(1)
6.3 Exotic Plantations and Wildlife Habitat: An Issue to Be Dealt Judiciously?
101(1)
6.4 Direct Seeding of Tree Species
102(1)
6.5 Hydroseeding
102(1)
6.6 Vegetation Cover Development Techniques
103(1)
6.6.1 Planting of Seedlings
103(1)
6.6.2 Transplanting
103(1)
6.6.3 Habitat Transfer
104(1)
6.6.4 Natural Recolonisation
104(1)
6.7 Criteria for Selection of Species
104(1)
6.8 List of Common Tree Species Used for Revegetation Programme
105(1)
6.9 Choice of Tree Plantation in OB Dumps
106(1)
6.9.1 OB Dump: Near to the Community
106(1)
6.9.2 In OB Dumps
107(1)
6.9.3 Extreme Environmental Conditions
107(1)
6.10 Suitability of Direct Seeding of Species in the OB Dumps
107(1)
6.11 Tree Species Suggested by CPCB for Minesoil Reclamation
107(1)
6.12 Pollution-Tolerant and Pollution-Sensitive Tree Species
107(2)
6.13 Techniques of Tree Plantation
109(1)
6.14 Case Study I: Plantation Activities in KDH Project (CCL Area)
110(2)
6.15 Case Study II: Plantation Activities of Chirimiri Area (SECL)
112(3)
6.15.1 Tree Species Composition in Young Vegetation Stand
112(1)
6.15.2 Tree Species Composition in Intermediate Age
112(1)
6.15.3 Tree Species Composition in Old Reclaimed Dumps
113(1)
References
114(1)
7 Seeds: Collection, Storage and Treatment
115(6)
7.1 Introduction
115(1)
7.2 Seed Collection
115(1)
7.3 Seed Processing (Pods, Capsules, etc.)
116(1)
7.4 Drying of Seed
116(1)
7.5 Seed Storage and Longevity
117(1)
7.6 Seed Testing (Germination Rate)
117(1)
7.7 Causes of Seed Dormancy
118(1)
7.8 Seed Treatment to Overcome Dormancy
119(1)
7.9 Calculation of Quantity of Seed
119(1)
7.10 Seed Record
119(2)
References
120(1)
8 Raising of Saplings for Forest Trees
121(30)
8.1 Preamble: Nursery Development
122(1)
8.2 Nursery Techniques of Common Tree
122(5)
8.2.1 Criteria for Selection of Nursery Site
122(1)
8.2.2 Protection of Nursery
123(1)
8.2.3 Timing of Nursery
123(1)
8.2.4 Common Resources Needed for Nursery Development
124(1)
8.2.5 Tools Needed for Nursery Development
124(1)
8.2.6 Laying Out and Preparing Bed
124(2)
8.2.7 Important Nursery Activities
126(1)
8.3 Raising of Subabul Plant (Leucaena leucocephala) Saplings
127(1)
8.3.1 Requirement of Resources
127(1)
8.3.2 Procedures of Nursery Development
127(1)
8.4 Raising of Bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea and Dendrocalamus strictus) Saplings
127(3)
8.4.1 Introduction
127(1)
8.4.2 Requirements of Materials
128(1)
8.4.3 Nursery Procedure
128(2)
8.5 Raising of Bamboo Cutting (Bambusa vulgaris) in the Nursery
130(1)
8.5.1 Resources to Be Utilised
130(1)
8.5.2 Required Materials and Tools
130(1)
8.5.3 Nursery Procedure
130(1)
8.6 Nursery Practices and Raising of Important Plants
131(20)
8.6.1 Acacia nilotica (Babul, Kikar, Gum Arabic)
131(1)
8.6.2 Acacia auriculiformis (Australian Wattle, Akashmoni)
131(1)
8.6.3 Acacia catechu (Khair)
132(1)
8.6.4 Acacia mangium (Mangium Acacia)
133(1)
8.6.5 Azadirachta indica (The Margosa Tree, Neem)
134(1)
8.6.6 Albizia lebbeck (Siris Tree)
135(1)
8.6.7 Cassia fistula (Indian Labrum)
135(1)
8.6.8 Cassia siamea (Kassod Tree, Chakundi)
136(1)
8.6.9 Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo)
136(1)
8.6.10 Delonix regia (Gulmohar)
137(1)
8.6.11 Eucalyptus citriodora (Lemon Gum)
138(1)
8.6.12 Gmelina arborea (Gamhar)
138(1)
8.6.13 Grevillea robusta (Silver-Oak)
139(1)
8.6.14 Heterophragma adenophyllum (Katsagon)
140(1)
8.6.15 Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul)
140(2)
8.6.16 Melia azedarach (Bakain)
142(1)
8.6.17 Peltophorum pterocarpum (Copper-pod)
142(1)
8.6.18 Pongamia pinnata (Indian Beech, Karanj, Karanja)
142(1)
8.6.19 Phyllanthus emblica (Aamla, Amloki)
143(1)
8.6.20 Pithecellobium dulce (Manila Tamarind)
144(1)
8.6.21 Tectona grandis (Teak)
144(2)
8.6.22 Other Trees
146(3)
8.6.23 Vetiveria zizanioides (Khus)
149(1)
8.6.24 Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon Grass)
149(2)
9 Establishment of Grass and Legume Cover
151(12)
9.1 Introduction
151(1)
9.2 Benefits of Grass-Legume Mixtures
152(1)
9.3 Important Legumes
152(2)
9.3.1 Stylosanthes humilis Kunth. (Stylo)
152(1)
9.3.2 Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub
153(1)
9.3.3 Compatible Trees
154(1)
9.4 Inoculation Techniques of Leguminous Seed
154(1)
9.5 Important Grasses
155(3)
9.5.1 Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Nash (Khus Grass)
155(1)
9.5.2 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (Lemon Grass)
156(1)
9.5.3 Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. (Dennanath Grass)
156(1)
9.5.4 Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. (Marvel Grass)
156(1)
9.5.5 Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Anjan Grass)
157(1)
9.5.6 Saccharum munja Roxb. (Munja grass) and S. spontaneum L. (Kansi, Kas grass)
158(1)
9.5.7 Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) CE Hubb. (Sabai Grass)
158(1)
9.6 Planting Procedure
158(5)
9.6.1 Additional Information of Grass-Legume Mixture
160(1)
References
160(3)
10 Application of Mulch, Geotextiles and Amendments
163(8)
10.1 Mulching
163(2)
10.1.1 Durability of Mulch Materials
164(1)
10.2 Soil Amendments
165(1)
10.3 Geotextiles
166(2)
10.3.1 Installation of Nets and Mats
168(1)
10.4 Super Absorbent
168(3)
10.4.1 Application of Super Absorbent
169(1)
References
169(2)
11 Biofertiliser (Mycorrhiza) Technology in Mine Ecorestoration
171(16)
11.1 Introduction
172(1)
11.2 The Mycorrhizal Association: A Plant Root/Fungus Interaction
172(2)
11.2.1 Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)
172(1)
11.2.2 Ectomycorrhiza
172(2)
11.3 Benefits of Mycorrhizal Association
174(1)
11.4 Importance of VAM Fungi in Coal Overburden Dump Reclamation
175(1)
11.5 Factors Affecting Establishment of Mycorrhiza Fungi in OB Dumps
175(1)
11.5.1 Essential Elements
175(1)
11.5.2 pH
176(1)
11.5.3 Organic Matter
176(1)
11.5.4 Soil Moisture
176(1)
11.5.5 Topsoil Cover
176(1)
11.6 Formation of Mycorrhizal Association
176(1)
11.7 Bulk VAM-Inoculum Production and Use (Soil Culture Method)
177(1)
11.8 Measurement of Mycorrhizal Growth Response
177(1)
11.9 Laboratory Study of VAM Spores
178(1)
11.10 Laboratory Study of Root Infection
178(1)
11.11 Application of VAM for Bioreclamation of OB Dumps: Case Studies in India
179(1)
11.12 Natural VAM Colonisation in Jharia Coalfields
180(2)
11.12.1 Mycorrhizal Spore Density
181(1)
11.12.2 Size Distribution of VAM spores
181(1)
11.13 Natural VAM Colonisation Study in KD Heslong Project of CCL
182(1)
11.13.1 Variations in VAM Spores Density Among Tree Species
183(1)
11.14 Natural VAM Colonisation in the Reclaimed Dumps of SECL
183(1)
11.15 Concluding Remarks
184(3)
References
185(2)
12 Biodiversity Erosion and Conservation in Ecorestored Site
187(14)
12.1 Introduction
187(1)
12.1.1 Conference of Parties (COP)
188(1)
12.1.2 Conference of Parties (COP) - 11
188(1)
12.2 What Is Biodiversity?
188(1)
12.3 Biodiversity Conservation - a Stairway to Ecorestoration
189(1)
12.4 Ecorestoration and Biodiversity Conservation
190(2)
12.4.1 Site-Level Factors
190(1)
12.4.2 Landscape Factors
191(1)
12.4.3 Strong and Weak Linkages in Restoration of Biodiversity
191(1)
12.5 Biodiversity Wealth of India
192(1)
12.5.1 India as a Megadiversity Centre
192(1)
12.5.2 India as a Vavilov Centre
193(1)
12.6 Biodiversity, Society and Mining
193(4)
12.6.1 Social Licences to Operate
194(1)
12.6.2 Biodiversity Assessment and Planning
194(1)
12.6.3 General Overview of Baseline Monitoring
195(1)
12.6.4 Regional Planning
195(1)
12.6.5 Assessing Impacts on Biodiversity
196(1)
12.6.6 Setting Biodiversity Objectives
196(1)
12.6.7 Planning for Closure
197(1)
12.7 Integrated Biodiversity Management
197(1)
12.8 Conclusive Remarks
198(3)
References
198(3)
13 Monitoring and Aftercare of Ecorestored Site
201(6)
13.1 Introduction
201(2)
13.2 Nutrient Accumulation and Cycling
203(1)
13.3 Restoration of Faunal Population
203(1)
13.4 Management of Wildlife Conservation
204(1)
13.5 Success Criteria and Monitoring of Ecorestored Site
204(1)
13.5.1 Soil Structure and Development
205(1)
13.6 Development of Emergency Plan for Monitoring
205(2)
References
206(1)
14 Evaluation of Reclamation Success and Indicator Parameters
207(10)
14.1 Introduction
207(1)
14.2 Soil Quality Indicators
208(3)
14.3 Microbial Biomass Carbon: As an Indicator Parameter
211(2)
14.3.1 Measurement of Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC)
212(1)
14.4 Dehydrogenase Enzyme Activity in Ecorestored Site
213(1)
14.5 Litter Accumulation and Decomposition: An Indicator
214(3)
References
215(2)
15 Forest and Wildlife Conservation Acts
217(12)
15.1 Introduction
217(1)
15.2 Forest Conservation Acts
218(1)
15.3 National Forest Policy (NFP), 1988
218(1)
15.4 National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP), (2002)
219(1)
15.4.1 Wildlife Conservation Strategy (2002)
219(1)
15.4.2 Forest (Conservation) Act (FCA), 1980; Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2003
219(1)
15.5 Biodiversity Act (2002)
220(1)
15.6 Procedure for Forest Clearance
220(4)
15.6.1 Forest (Conservation) Rules (2003)
220(1)
15.6.2 Committee to Advise on Proposals Received by the Central Government
221(1)
15.6.3 Action of the Central Government on the Advice of the Committee
221(1)
15.6.4 Proposals for First-Time Approval Under the FC Act
221(3)
15.6.5 Proposals for Renewal of Leases (Forest Clearance Granted): Form B
224(1)
15.7 Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) (2002)
224(1)
15.8 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)
224(1)
15.8.1 Net Present Value (NPV)
224(1)
15.8.2 Aims and Objectives of CAMPA
225(1)
15.9 Critical Wildlife Habitats (CHW) Guidelines
225(1)
15.9.1 What Are CWH?
226(1)
15.10 Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2010
226(1)
15.11 Action Plan
226(1)
15.12 Schedule Animals The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
226(3)
References
228(1)
16 Ecological Impact Assessment of Surface Mining Project
229(14)
16.1 Introduction
229(1)
16.2 Ecological Impact Assessment (EcoIA)
230(1)
16.3 Approach of EcoIA
230(9)
16.3.1 Identification of Biological Impacts of the Proposed Project (Step 1)
231(1)
16.3.2 Description of Existing Biological Condition (Baseline Studies) (Step 2)
231(4)
16.3.3 Procurement of Relevant Laws, Regulations, Guidelines, etc. (Step 3)
235(1)
16.3.4 Impact Prediction (Step 4)
235(1)
16.3.5 Assessment of Predicted Significant Impacts (Step 5)
236(1)
16.3.6 Mitigation Measures (Step 6)
237(1)
16.3.7 Monitoring (Last Step)
238(1)
16.3.8 Drawbacks of Existing Ecological Impact Assessment Methods
238(1)
16.4 Habitat-Based Method for Biological Impact Prediction
239(2)
16.4.1 Habitat Evaluation System (HES)
239(2)
16.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of HES
241(1)
16.6 Conclusive Remarks
241(2)
References
242(1)
17 Mine Closure
243(16)
17.1 Introduction
243(1)
17.2 Objectives of Mine Closure
244(1)
17.3 Issues Related to the Mine Closure
244(1)
17.4 Mine Closure Planning
245(1)
17.5 Environmental Impacts of Mine Closure
246(1)
17.6 Steps in Closure Plan Development
246(1)
17.7 Mine Closure Guidelines in India
247(1)
17.8 Key Elements of Mine Closure (Coal Mining)
248(1)
17.9 Preparation of Mine Closure Plan Report (Coal)
248(1)
17.10 Economic Repercussions of Mine Closure
248(2)
17.11 Mine Closure Activity
250(1)
17.12 Closure Costs (Abandonment Cost) and Financial Sureties
250(2)
17.13 IBM Guidelines for Mine Closure Plan (http://ibm.nic.in/mineclosuregl.htm) (2003)
252(7)
References
255(4)
Part II Analysis of Soil, Mine soil and Vegetation
18 Soil Sampling Techniques
259(6)
18.1 Introduction
259(1)
18.2 Objectives of Soil Testing
259(1)
18.3 Soil/Overburden Sampling
260(1)
18.4 Steps to Be Followed During Sampling
260(1)
18.4.1 Selection of Sampling Locations
260(1)
18.4.2 Optimal Numbers of Samples
260(1)
18.4.3 Sampling Tools
261(1)
18.4.4 Size of OB Samples Needed for Analysis
261(1)
18.5 On-Site Tests and Description
261(1)
18.6 Sample Preparation (For Sending Laboratory Analysis)
262(1)
18.7 Accuracy, Precision and Method Detection Limits (MDL)
263(1)
18.8 Self Test
264(1)
References
264(1)
19 Analysis of Physical Parameters
265(16)
19.1 Introduction
266(1)
19.1.1 Parameters to Be Determined in the Field Itself
266(1)
19.1.2 Parameters to Be Determined in Laboratory
266(1)
19.2 Coarse Fractions (>2-mm Size) (Sieving Method)
266(1)
19.2.1 Introduction
266(1)
19.2.2 Calculation
266(1)
19.2.3 Comments
267(1)
19.3 Texture Analysis (USDA Method-International Pipette Method)
267(5)
19.3.1 Principle
267(1)
19.3.2 Materials and Equipments
268(1)
19.3.3 Reagents
269(1)
19.3.4 Procedure
269(2)
19.3.5 Calculation
271(1)
19.3.6 Comments
271(1)
19.4 Bulk Density and Pore Pace
272(1)
19.4.1 Bulk Density
272(1)
19.4.2 Pore Space
272(1)
19.5 Moisture Contents (Gravimetric Method)
273(1)
19.5.1 Equipment
273(1)
19.5.2 Procedure
273(1)
19.5.3 Calculation
273(1)
19.6 Measurement of Field capacity (Field Method)
274(1)
19.6.1 Principle
274(1)
19.6.2 Equipments and Materials
274(1)
19.6.3 Procedure
274(1)
19.6.4 Observation
274(1)
19.6.5 Calculation
274(1)
19.7 Water Holding Capacity (WHC)
274(1)
19.7.1 Equipment
275(1)
19.7.2 Procedure
275(1)
19.7.3 Calculation
275(1)
19.8 Wilting Point (By Plant Method)
275(1)
19.8.1 Materials and Equipments
275(1)
19.8.2 Procedure
275(1)
19.8.3 Calculation
276(1)
19.9 Infiltration Rate (Double ring Infiltrometer Method)
276(2)
19.9.1 Principle
276(1)
19.9.2 Equipments
277(1)
19.9.3 Procedure
277(1)
19.9.4 Observation
278(1)
19.9.5 Calculation
278(1)
19.10 Test on Analysis of Soil Physical Parameters
278(3)
References
279(2)
20 Analysis of Chemical Parameters of Soil and Overburden
281(38)
20.1 pH (Pouvoir Hydrogene or Hydrogen Power)
282(2)
20.2 Lime Requirement of Acidic Spoil/Soil
284(1)
20.3 Soluble Salts (Electrical Conductivity)
285(1)
20.4 Organic Carbon (OC)
286(3)
20.5 Organic Matter (OM) by Loss of Ignition (LOI)
289(1)
20.6 Total Nitrogen
290(3)
20.7 Available Nitrogen
293(1)
20.8 Available Phosphorous
294(5)
20.8.1 Available P by Bray's Method
295(2)
20.8.2 Available P by Olsen's Method
297(2)
20.9 Total Phosphorous (Digestion Method)
299(1)
20.10 Phosphorous Fixing Characteristics of Soil
299(1)
20.11 Exchangeable Potassium (K)
300(2)
20.12 Exchangeable Sodium (Na)
302(1)
20.13 Exchangeable Calcium and Magnesium
303(2)
20.14 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
305(3)
20.15 Plant-Available Sulphur
308(1)
20.15.1 Turbidimetric method for sulphate estimation
308(1)
20.16 Determination of Chloride
309(1)
20.17 Essential Micronutrients and Heavy Metals
310(4)
20.17.1 Lead (Pb)
310(2)
20.17.2 Iron (Fe)
312(1)
20.17.3 Copper (Cu)
313(1)
20.17.4 Manganese (Mn)
313(1)
20.17.5 Zinc (Zn)
313(1)
20.17.6 Nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr)
313(1)
20.17.7 Cadmium (Cd)
314(1)
20.18 Determination of Plant-Available Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Cd (DTPA-Extractable)
314(1)
20.19 Soil nutrient as an index of soil fertility
315(4)
References
317(2)
21 Soil Microbiological Parameters
319(20)
21.1 Collection/Processing of Samples
319(1)
21.1.1 Materials
319(1)
21.1.2 Sample Collection
319(1)
21.2 Enumeration of Bacteria and Actinomycetes (by Plate Count-Spread Plate Method)
320(2)
21.3 Filamentous Fungi (Pour Plate Method)
322(2)
21.4 Study of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (VAMF)
324(5)
21.4.1 Collection and Storage of Soil and Root Samples
325(1)
21.4.2 Procedure for Assessment of VAM Infection in Root
325(2)
21.4.3 Estimation of VAMF Spores
327(1)
21.4.4 Wet-Sieving and Decanting Method
328(1)
21.4.5 Flotation-Centrifugation Technique
328(1)
21.5 Soil Respiration (CO2 Evolution Method)
329(3)
21.5.1 Measurement of CO2 Evolution Rate in Field Conditions (In Situ)
330(1)
21.5.2 Measurement of CO2 Evolution (Laboratory Method)
331(1)
21.6 Soil Enzyme
332(3)
21.6.1 Dehydrogenase Activities in Soil
332(2)
21.6.2 Invertase, Amylase and Cellulase Activity of Soil
334(1)
21.7 Determination of Microbial Biomass (Carbon and Nitrogen)
335(2)
21.8 Exercise on Soil Microbiology
337(2)
References
338(1)
22 Plant Analysis, Field Trials and Vegetation Survey
339(8)
22.1 Plant Material Analysis
339(1)
22.2 Plant Sampling
339(1)
22.3 Bioassay and Growth Trials
340(1)
22.4 Pot Experiments
340(1)
22.4.1 Field Trials
340(1)
22.5 Treatments
341(1)
22.6 Experimental Design and Layout
341(1)
22.7 Assessment of Growth
341(1)
22.8 Vegetation Survey
342(5)
22.8.1 Quadrate Sampling
343(1)
22.8.2 Dominance
343(1)
22.8.3 Transect Method
344(1)
22.8.4 Plotless Method
345(1)
References
346(1)
Annexes
347(10)
Soil Analysis
347(1)
Apparatus/Instruments Required for Soil Analysis Laboratory
348(1)
List of Trees Commonly Found in Mining Areas and Reclaimed Areas
349(8)
Index 357
Dr Subodh Kumar Maiti (b. 25-04-1960) is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad. He did BSc (Hons) and MSc in Botany from Calcutta University in 1981, M.Tech (Environmental Science and Engineering) from IIT Mumbai in 1986 and worked as Senior Environmental Engineer in Kirloskar Consultancy Division, Pune till 1987. In 1988, he joined as lecturer in ISM, Dhanbad and earned his Ph.D in Environmental Science and Engineering in ecological aspects of reclamation of coalmine degraded lands. He underwent 3 months training on EIA and auditing at University of Bradford, UK in 1996 and 1 month advanced training on mining and environment at University of Lulea, Sweden under SIDA. He has taught ecology, environmental microbiology, land reclamation at B.Tech and M.Tech levels and has guided several research students. He has worked in the biological aspects of reclamation for more than two decades and has published over 60 papers in International and national journals, and has presented over 120 papers in International and national seminars. He has completed several R&D and consultancy projects on biological reclamation, biodiversity assessment, design and development of green belts in mining areas. He is life member of IAEM, IASWC, Mycorrhiza News, MGMI, The Indian Mining & Engineering Journal (IME). He was also selected as Fellow National Environmentalist Association (FNAE), Member SERI (Australia) and IPS (USA). SECTION A.-Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION.-Chapter -2: Ecology and Ecosystem in Mine Dedraded Land.-CHAPTER 3: PHYSICAL (TECHNICAL) RECLAMATION.-Chapter 4: Minesoil properties affecting plant establishment and growth.-Chapter 5: Topsoil Management.-Chapter 6: Programs and Planning of vegetation cover development.-Chapter 7: Seeds collection, storage & treatment.-Chapter 8: NURSERY RAISING OF SAPLINGS FOR FOREST TREES.- Chapter 9: Establishment of Grasses and Legumes Cover.-Chapter 10 Application of Mulch, geotextiles and amendments.-Chapter 11: Bio-fertilizer (Mycorrhiza) technology in Mine Ecorestoration.-Chapter -12: Biodiversity, Erosion and Conservation in Ecorestored site.-Chapter 13: Monitoring and Aftercare of Ecorestored Site.-Chapter 14: Evaluation of Reclamation success and Soil Quality Indicators.-Chapter 15: Forest & Wildlife Conservation Acts.-Chapter 16: Ecological Impact Assessment of Surface Mining Project.-Chapter 17: MINE CLOSURE.- SECTION B.-Chapter 1 : SAMPLING TECNIQUE.-Chapter 2 : ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS.-Chapter 3: ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SOIL AND OVERBURDEN.-Chapter 4: SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS.-CHAPTER 5: PLANT ANALYSIS, FIELD TRIALS AND VEGETATION SURVEY.-Annex: SOIL ANALYSIS.-Annex- 1: Soil Analysis.- Annex- 2:   Apparatus/ Instruments required for sol analysis laboratory.                   
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