Preface |
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vii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
Editors |
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xvii | |
Contributors |
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xix | |
Section I: Theoretical Fundamentals Of Wave Tomography |
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1 Mathematical Fundamentals to Inverse Problems |
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3 | (14) |
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1.1 Direct and Inverse Problems: Algebraic Approach |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Tikhonov Definition of Well-Posed Problem: Tikhonov Regularization |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 Singular-Value Decomposition: Moore-Penrose Matrix |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5 Singular Regularization |
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10 | (1) |
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1.6 Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm for Non-Linear Equations Solution |
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11 | (1) |
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1.7 Iteration Algorithms for Solution of Inverse Problems |
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12 | (2) |
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1.8 Solution of Convolution Integral Equation and Wiener Filtering |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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2 Theoretical Overview of Wave Tomography |
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17 | (30) |
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2.1 Method of Inverse Projections |
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18 | (1) |
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2.2 Method of Fourier Synthesis Based on Projections of Shadowing |
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19 | (4) |
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2.3 Method of Double Focusing |
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23 | (5) |
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2.4 Radio Wave Tomography Synthesis: Stoles Method |
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28 | (5) |
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2.5 Transmission Tomography of the Semitransparent Media Based on the Kirchhoff Approximation |
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33 | (3) |
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2.6 Transmission Tomography of Opaque Objects |
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36 | (3) |
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2.7 Linear-Frequency-Modulated Radiation Tomography Technique |
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39 | (3) |
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2.8 Incoherent Tomography for Reconstruction of Objects Hidden in Clutter |
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42 | (3) |
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45 | (2) |
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3 Special Theoretical Approaches in Wave Tomography |
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47 | (32) |
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3.1 Wave Location Tomography |
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48 | (17) |
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3.1.1 General Solution of Radio-Location Tomography |
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48 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Matched Filtering Method for Definition of Radiation Sources Distribution |
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50 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Method of Migration in Spatiotemporal Region by Use of Pulse Signals |
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51 | (3) |
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3.1.4 Method of Synthesized Focusing |
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54 | (2) |
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3.1.5 Single Focusing at the Boundary of Two Media |
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56 | (4) |
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60 | (3) |
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3.1.7 Group Focusing Technique |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (4) |
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3.3 Single-Side Monostatic Tomography of Non-Transparent Objects |
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69 | (1) |
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3.4 Diffraction Tomography Techniques |
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70 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Diffraction Tomography Method Based on Rytov Approximation |
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72 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Method of Diffraction Tomography Based on Feynman's Path Integral |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (4) |
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4 Low-Frequency Magnetic and Electrostatic Tomography |
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79 | (10) |
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4.1 Low-Frequency Magnetic Tomography |
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79 | (5) |
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4.2 Impedance Electrostatic Tomography Methods |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (3) |
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5 Eddy Current Tomography |
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89 | (32) |
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5.1 Overview of Methodology |
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89 | (5) |
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5.2 Methods of Inverse Problem Solution Using Eddy Current Testing |
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94 | (8) |
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5.3 Theoretical Consideration of Diffraction Tomography Approach |
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102 | (13) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (5) |
Section II: Experimental Verification Of Wave Tomography Theoretical Framework |
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6 Radio Tomography of Various Objects Hidden in Clutter Conditions |
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121 | (46) |
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6.1 Special Experimental Setup and Antennas |
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122 | (8) |
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6.2 Radio Tomography Based on UWB Tomographic Synthesis |
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130 | (16) |
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6.2.1 UWB Tomographic Synthesis of Building Constructions |
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130 | (8) |
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6.2.2 UWB Tomographic Synthesis of Bags and Luggage |
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138 | (1) |
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6.2.3 UWB Tomographic Synthesis of Object with Metallic Inclusions |
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138 | (8) |
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6.3 Tomography Based on Linear Frequency Modulation Radiation |
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146 | (1) |
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6.4 Transmission Tomography of Semitransparent Objects |
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147 | (5) |
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148 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Tomography of Semitransparent Objects |
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151 | (1) |
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6.5 Radio Tomography of Non-Transparent Objects |
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152 | (11) |
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6.5.1 Transmission Tomography of Form of Radio-Opaque Object |
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153 | (3) |
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6.5.2 Multiple-Angle Tomography of Opaque Objects' Shapes |
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156 | (2) |
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6.5.3 Unilateral Location Tomography of the Shapes of Radiopaque Objects |
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158 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Recovery of the Focusing Properties of Combined Reflector Antennas |
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158 | (5) |
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163 | (4) |
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7 Proof of Specific Radio Tomography Methods |
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167 | (36) |
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7.1 Ultra-Wide Band Incoherent Tomography |
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168 | (9) |
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7.1.1 Overview of Problem |
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168 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Spatial Testing with Non-Filled Aperture |
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169 | (3) |
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7.1.3 Time-Tact of Objects in the Frequency Domain |
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172 | (5) |
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7.2 UWB Tomography of Non-Linear Inclusions |
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177 | (8) |
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7.2.1 Current Statement of Problem |
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177 | (3) |
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7.2.2 UWB Tomography of Non-Linearities |
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180 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Signal Processing and Algorithm of UWB Images of Non-Linear Inclusions |
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182 | (3) |
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7.3 Doppler Tomography Experimental Proof |
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185 | (12) |
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7.3.1 Microwave Doppler Sensor and Location Sounding |
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185 | (4) |
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7.3.2 Reconstruction of Objects: Imitational Modeling |
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189 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Positioning System and Manual Doppler Scanning Device |
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191 | (4) |
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7.3.4 Doppler Sub-Surface Tomography |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (6) |
Section III: Radio Tomography Practical Applications |
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8 Ground-Penetrating and Geo-Radars |
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203 | (22) |
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8.1 Non-Contacting Sounding of Mines |
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205 | (13) |
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8.1.1 Random and Incomplete Ground-Penetrating Radar Technology |
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206 | (4) |
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8.1.2 Physical and Numerical Aspects of Mine Detection |
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210 | (4) |
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8.1.3 Signal Processing: Pre-Processing and Post-Processing |
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214 | (4) |
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8.2 Mine Detection and Imaging Using Diffraction Tomography Technique |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (4) |
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9 Sub-Surface Tomography Applications |
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225 | (40) |
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9.1 Subsoil Structures Detection and Visualization |
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226 | (14) |
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9.1.1 Tunnels and Tubes (Pipelines) Detection and Identification |
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226 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Geolocation of Rough and Uneven Terrain Surfaces |
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226 | (7) |
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9.1.3 Subsoil Structures Detection and Reconstruction of Images |
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233 | (7) |
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9.2 Experimental Reconstruction of Foreign Structures Buried in Subsoil Medium |
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240 | (4) |
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9.3 Minerals Detection and Identification |
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244 | (3) |
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9.4 Geolocation of Special Sub-Surface Man-Made Structures and Objects |
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247 | (10) |
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9.5 Millimeter-Wave Sub-Surface Tomography Applications |
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257 | (6) |
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9.5.1 Theoretical Background of Radiometer Operation |
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258 | (2) |
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9.5.2 Typical Application of Millimeter-Wave Radiometers |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (2) |
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10 UWB Tomography of Forested and Rural Environments |
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265 | (16) |
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10.1 Tomography of Forested Areas |
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265 | (4) |
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10.2 Tomography of Wooden Structures and Constructions |
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269 | (4) |
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10.3 Applications of Focusing Method in Rural Environments |
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273 | (5) |
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278 | (3) |
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11 Detection of Live People in Clutter Conditions |
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281 | (12) |
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11.1 Finding Living People Buried in Sub-Soil Media |
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281 | (6) |
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11.2 Detection and Identification of Living People behind Walls |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (4) |
Section IV: Non-Contacting Acoustic And Combined Radio-Acoustic Tomography |
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12 Applications of Radio-Acoustic Tomography |
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293 | (20) |
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12.1 Experimental Results |
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294 | (5) |
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12.2 Complexing of Radio and Ultrasound Tomography Techniques |
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299 | (4) |
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12.3 Visualization of Small Defects Hidden Inside Metallic Constructions Using Acoustic Tomography |
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303 | (6) |
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309 | (4) |
Section V: Applications Of Low-Frequency Magnetic And Eddy Current Tomography |
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13 Applications of Low-Frequency Magnetic Tomography |
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313 | (10) |
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13.1 Eddy Currents and Accompanied Magnetic Fields |
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313 | (1) |
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13.2 Reconstruction of Metallic Objects by Low-Frequency Magnetic Tomography |
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314 | (4) |
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13.3 Magnetic Tomography of Metallic Objects Hidden behind Metallic Screens |
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318 | (4) |
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322 | (1) |
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14 Eddy Current Tomography Applications |
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323 | (12) |
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323 | (1) |
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14.2 Eddy Current Tomography for Reconstruction of Sub-Surface Defects |
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324 | (7) |
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331 | (4) |
Section VI: Methods Of Visualization And Reconstruction Of Objects |
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15 Visualization and Reconstruction of Objects |
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335 | (12) |
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15.1 Visualization of 3-D Tomograms by Polyscreen Technique |
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335 | (1) |
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15.2 Visualization of 3-D Tomograms by Equipotential Surfaces |
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336 | (1) |
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15.3 Visualization of 3-D Tomograms by Orthogonal Slices |
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337 | (1) |
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15.4 Inverse Problems in Object Reconstruction |
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338 | (4) |
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15.4.1 Elimination of Image Spreading |
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338 | (2) |
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15.4.2 Inverse Problem for Signal Analysis |
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340 | (2) |
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15.5 Inverse Problem of Source Localization |
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342 | (1) |
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15.6 Inverse Problem of Micro-Strip Sensors Reconstruction |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (2) |
Symbols and Abbreviations |
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347 | (6) |
Index |
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353 | |