List of Boxes |
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xv | |
List of Figures |
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xvii | |
List of Tables |
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xix | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxiii | |
About the Authors |
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xxv | |
Introduction |
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xxvii | |
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xxviii | |
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Structure of the Energy Industry |
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xxviii | |
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Stakeholders in the Energy Policy Network |
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xxix | |
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What Actions Should We Take? |
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xxxi | |
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xxxii | |
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Why an Energy Policy Is Important |
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xxxiii | |
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Energy and Economic Growth |
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xxxiii | |
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Energy Policy and Public Opinion |
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xxxiv | |
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xxxiv | |
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Part 1: The Challenges in Crafting U.S. Energy Policy |
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xxxiv | |
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Part 2: Policies for Energy Transition |
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xxxvi | |
Part 1 The Challenges In Crafting U.S. Energy Policy |
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1 The Political Realities of Energy Policy |
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3 | (22) |
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Demystifying Energy Policy |
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4 | (1) |
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An Example: Coal, from Mine to Furnace |
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4 | (4) |
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A Good Fuel for Generating Electricity |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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The Rankine Cycle Process |
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7 | (1) |
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Understanding the Scale of Energy |
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8 | (4) |
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Conversion Processes Needed |
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9 | (1) |
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Why Worry about These Conversions? |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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The Function of Energy Policy |
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12 | (2) |
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Unexpected Influence of Nonenergy Policies |
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13 | (1) |
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Why Does the United States Use so Much Energy? |
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14 | (4) |
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Factors Influencing U.S. Energy Use |
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16 | (1) |
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Sources of Our Preferences |
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17 | (1) |
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Encouraging Energy Trends |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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Energy in Contemporary Society |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Need for a New Business Model |
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21 | (1) |
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Energy in Commerce and Industry |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Help for Low-Income Families |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Energy out of Balance |
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24 | (1) |
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2 Energy Policy in Transition |
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25 | (20) |
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26 | (2) |
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The Threat of Climate Change |
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28 | (1) |
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Forecasts, Energy, and Creating the Future |
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28 | (2) |
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Why Forecasts Are Necessary |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (4) |
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33 | (1) |
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Transitioning from Peak Production |
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34 | (1) |
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Climate Change: Challenges and Policy Goals |
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35 | (2) |
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High GHG Emissions Levels Continue |
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37 | (1) |
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The Challenge; the Response |
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37 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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The Stern Review and Its Aftermath |
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40 | (1) |
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The Social Cost of Carbon |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Arcane Issues with Global Ramifications |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Climate Implications for Energy Policy |
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43 | (2) |
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3 The Art and Science of Crafting Public Policy |
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45 | (18) |
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45 | (2) |
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The Evolution of U.S. Political Culture |
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47 | (2) |
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A New Conception of the State |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Congress and Its Influence on Policy |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Pluralism, Elites, Triangles, and Networks |
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50 | (1) |
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The Role of Technical Experts in Policy Making |
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51 | (1) |
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Shifting Models of Government Power |
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51 | (3) |
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A New Approach: The Policy Network |
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51 | (1) |
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Two Additional Policy Models |
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52 | (2) |
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The Multiple Streams Framework |
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52 | (1) |
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Policy Design and Social Construction |
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53 | (1) |
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Constructions Are Not Fixed |
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54 | (1) |
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The System: Weakened, but Still Functioning for Now |
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54 | (1) |
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Framing the Energy Policy Issue |
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54 | (3) |
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55 | (1) |
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Visible Lack of Consensus |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Subtext of the Framing Issue |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Hard to Generate Citizen Involvement |
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57 | (1) |
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Needed: A New Way of Thinking about Policy |
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57 | (1) |
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Occurring at the Local Level |
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58 | (1) |
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The U.S. Policy Space: Today and the Near Tomorrow |
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58 | (3) |
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Meeting the Needs of an Aging Society |
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58 | (1) |
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Structural Deficits and Entitlements |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Conclusion: A Rough Terrain Ahead |
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61 | (2) |
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4 The Long Search for a Sustainable Energy Policy |
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63 | (20) |
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The History of U.S. Energy Policy since 1945 |
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64 | (1) |
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1945 to 1970: Managing an Energy Surplus |
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64 | (1) |
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1971 to 1980: Coping with Energy Shortages |
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65 | (2) |
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1981 to 1990: Deregulating the Industry |
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67 | (1) |
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1991 to 1999: Calls for a Comprehensive Energy Policy |
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68 | (1) |
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2000 to 2602: Linking Energy and National Security |
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69 | (3) |
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War, Politics, and Energy Security |
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70 | (2) |
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2003 to 4,007: A Comprehensive Energy Policy Finally Emerges |
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72 | (6) |
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The Energy Policy Act of 2005 |
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72 | (3) |
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Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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2008 to 2009: A Renewed Call for Energy Independence |
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78 | (1) |
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2010 and Beyond: Energy Efficiency, Conservation, and the Environment |
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78 | (3) |
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The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) |
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79 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Fuel Efficiency Standards |
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80 | (1) |
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Conclusion: A History of Crisis and Change |
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81 | (2) |
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5 Difficulties in Achieving a Balanced Energy Policy |
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83 | (24) |
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84 | (2) |
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The Principal-Agent Problem |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Stakeholders in Forming Energy Policy |
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86 | (3) |
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The Energy Scope Challenge |
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89 | (3) |
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Energy Stakeholder Policy Preferences |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Focus on National Security |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Widely Different Perspectives |
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92 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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Ambiguous and Conflicting Policy Goals |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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The Nature of Energy Policy Interventions |
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95 | (1) |
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Complex and Unwieldy Interventions |
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97 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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Need to Rethink Energy Subsidies |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Can We Afford All Planned Energy Programs? |
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100 | (1) |
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The Innovators: States, Regions, Compacts |
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100 | (1) |
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Regional GHG Initiatives Underway |
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101 | (3) |
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Contentious State-Federal Relationships |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Environmental Policy, Energy Policy, and Politics II |
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104 | (2) |
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The Climate Change Challenge |
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104 | (2) |
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Conclusion: A Complex, Interrelated Energy Policy Result |
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106 | (1) |
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6 What's on the Current Energy Policy Agenda? |
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107 | (22) |
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Climate Change and the U.S. Economy |
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111 | (1) |
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The Future Role of Nuclear Energy |
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112 | (1) |
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Concern about Our Reliance on Imported Oil |
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113 | (1) |
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Issues to Address Immediately |
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113 | (3) |
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Renewables and Conservation Policy Issues |
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116 | (1) |
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Tackling the Major Agenda Issues |
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116 | (4) |
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Changing Energy Investment Strategies |
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116 | (3) |
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Major Investments in Smart Grid Technologies |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Is Carbon Capture and Storage Viable? |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Failure to Produce a Global Climate Treaty |
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122 | (1) |
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What's on the Periphery of the Energy Agenda? |
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123 | (1) |
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A Need for More Cost-Effective Biofuels |
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123 | (1) |
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Natural Gas Back on the Agenda |
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124 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Sorting out the Energy Agenda |
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124 | (5) |
Part 2 Policies For Energy Transition |
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|
7 Crafting Policy with Subsidies and Regulations |
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129 | (18) |
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The Nature of Government Interventions |
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129 | (1) |
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The Importance of Subsidies |
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130 | (3) |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Tax Expenditure Interventions |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Problems Financing Renewable Energy Projects |
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134 | (1) |
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Policy Challenges of Tax Subsidies |
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135 | (1) |
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Energy Research and Development |
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135 | (1) |
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A Major Presidential Theme |
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136 | (1) |
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The DOE's Spotty Record of Success |
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137 | (2) |
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Federal Regulation of the Energy Sector |
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139 | (3) |
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Early Requirements for Federal Agencies |
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139 | (1) |
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Regulation as Command and Control |
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140 | (1) |
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Limitations of Regulation |
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141 | (1) |
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Political Implications of Regulation |
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141 | (1) |
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Appliance Efficiency Standards and Energy Star |
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142 | (2) |
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EPA's Energy Star Program |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Energy Interventions for Households: LIHEAP |
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144 | (1) |
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Additional Programs for Households |
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144 | (1) |
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Conclusion: The U.S. Energy Policy Blunderbuss |
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145 | (2) |
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8 Policies Shaped by Taxes and Market Mechanisms |
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147 | (18) |
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Federal Energy Fees and Taxes |
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148 | (6) |
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Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund and Related Fees |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade |
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154 | (5) |
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What Is the Most Important Variable? |
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155 | (1) |
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The Primary Disadvantages of a Carbon Tax |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Renewable Portfolio Standards |
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159 | (4) |
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Meeting Requirements with Wind Energy |
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161 | (1) |
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Impacts of These Programs |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Prospects for National Application |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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The FIT Experience in Germany |
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163 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Role of Interventions in Energy Policy |
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164 | (1) |
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9 International Cooperation on Energy Policy |
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165 | (22) |
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Global Energy: Sources, Consumption, Inequities |
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166 | (1) |
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States, Realists, and Idealists |
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167 | (1) |
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Regimes and Global Environmental and Energy Governance |
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168 | (1) |
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Global Energy Regimes and Regional Energy Institutions |
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169 | (1) |
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International Influences on U.S. Energy Policy |
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170 | (1) |
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The International Energy Agency |
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170 | (1) |
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Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Energy Working Group |
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171 | (1) |
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North American Energy Working Group |
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171 | (1) |
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International Energy Forum |
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172 | (2) |
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Other International Energy Organizations |
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174 | (1) |
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Meeting Europe's Growing Demand for Electricity |
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175 | (1) |
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Global Cooperation on Greenhouse Gas Reduction |
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175 | (3) |
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175 | (3) |
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Cooperating on Cap and Trade Agreements |
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178 | (2) |
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The Voluntary Carbon Offset System |
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179 | (1) |
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The Compliance Carbon Offset System |
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180 | (1) |
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Reducing Carbon Emissions: REDD and Carbon Sinks |
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180 | (1) |
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Evaluating Carbon Offset Programs |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Challenges to Global Action on Climate |
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183 | (2) |
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Conclusion: Influences of Global Cooperation on U.S. Energy Policy |
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185 | (2) |
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10 Policies for a New Energy Future |
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187 | (18) |
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The Energy Options Portfolio |
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188 | (2) |
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Carbon Taxes on Fossil Fuels |
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190 | (1) |
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The Challenges Facing Policy Makers |
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191 | (5) |
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191 | (1) |
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Challenge II: The Inertia of the Energy System |
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192 | (1) |
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Challenge III: Energy Supply |
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192 | (2) |
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Challenge IV: Overcoming Environmental Barriers to Renewables |
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194 | (2) |
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Challenge V: Energy Behaviors and Increasing Energy Efficiency |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (4) |
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196 | (1) |
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Conflict over Two Underlying Issues |
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197 | (1) |
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Coal and Carbon Capture and Storage |
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197 | (2) |
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Access to Public Lands and the Continental Shelf |
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199 | (1) |
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Greenhouse Gas Leakage Problem |
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200 | (2) |
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What Are Sensible Policy Criteria? |
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202 | (1) |
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Conclusion: The Recurring Issue of Local Control |
|
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203 | (2) |
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11 Aftermath of the Gulf Oil Spill: Prospects for Policy Changes |
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205 | (10) |
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Policy Failure and the Gulf Oil Spill |
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206 | (1) |
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Problems Regulating the Energy Industry |
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207 | (3) |
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207 | (2) |
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Transitioning to a New Vision |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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Making Policy Change Happen |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Get Started, Get Involved, Be Heard |
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212 | (3) |
Part 3 Appendices |
|
|
Appendix A: Chapter Discussion and Review Questions |
|
|
215 | (8) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
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Chapter 1 The Political Realities of Energy Policy |
|
|
215 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Energy Policy in Transition |
|
|
216 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 The Art and Science of Crafting Energy Policy |
|
|
217 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 The Long Search for a Sustainable Energy Policy |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Chapter 5 Difficulties in Achieving a Balanced Energy Policy |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Chapter 6 What's on the Current Energy Policy Agenda? |
|
|
218 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Crafting Policy with Subsidies and Regulations |
|
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219 | (1) |
|
Chapter 8 Policies Shaped by Taxes and Market Mechanisms |
|
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220 | (1) |
|
Chapter 9 International Cooperation on Energy Policy |
|
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220 | (1) |
|
Chapter 10 Policies for a New Energy Future |
|
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221 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Aftermath of the Gulf Oil Spill Prospects for Policy Changes |
|
|
222 | (1) |
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Appendix B: Timeline of Energy Policy Developments, 1950-2010 |
|
|
223 | (14) |
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Appendix C: Energy-Related Acronyms |
|
|
237 | (4) |
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|
241 | (8) |
References |
|
249 | (30) |
Index |
|
279 | |