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E-raamat: Energy Policy in the U.S.: Politics, Challenges, and Prospects for Change

(Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, USA), (The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington, USA)
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In an effort to provide greater awareness of the necessary policy decisions facing our elected and appointed officials, Energy Policy in the U.S.: Politics, Challenges, and Prospects for Change presents an overview of important energy policies and the policy process in the United States, including their history, goals, methods of action, and consequences.

In the first half of the book, the authors frame the energy policy issue by reviewing U.S. energy policy history, identifying the policy-making players, and illuminating the costs, benefits, and economic and political realities of currently competing policy alternatives. The book examines the stakeholders and their attempts to influence energy policy and addresses the role of supply and demand on the national commitment to energy conservation and the development of alternative energy sources.

The latter half of the book delves into specific energy policy strategies, including economic and regulatory options, and factors that influence energy policies, such as the importance of international cooperation. Renewed interest in various renewable and nontraditional energy resourcesfor example, hydrogen, nuclear fusion, biomass, and tide motionis examined, and policy agendas are explored in view of scientific, economic, regulatory, production, and environmental constraints. This book provides excellent insight into the complex task of creating a comprehensive energy policy and its importance in the continued availability of energy to power our way of life and economy while protecting our environment and national security.
List of Boxes xv
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
About the Authors xxv
Introduction xxvii
What Is Energy?
xxviii
Structure of the Energy Industry
xxviii
Stakeholders in the Energy Policy Network
xxix
What Actions Should We Take?
xxxi
Purpose for the Book
xxxii
Why an Energy Policy Is Important
xxxiii
Energy and Economic Growth
xxxiii
Energy Policy and Public Opinion
xxxiv
Structure of the Book
xxxiv
Part 1: The Challenges in Crafting U.S. Energy Policy
xxxiv
Part 2: Policies for Energy Transition
xxxvi
Part 1 The Challenges In Crafting U.S. Energy Policy
1 The Political Realities of Energy Policy
3(22)
Demystifying Energy Policy
4(1)
An Example: Coal, from Mine to Furnace
4(4)
A Good Fuel for Generating Electricity
6(1)
A Big Footprint
7(1)
The Rankine Cycle Process
7(1)
Understanding the Scale of Energy
8(4)
Conversion Processes Needed
9(1)
Why Worry about These Conversions?
9(2)
The Economic Perspective
11(1)
The Function of Energy Policy
12(2)
Unexpected Influence of Nonenergy Policies
13(1)
Why Does the United States Use so Much Energy?
14(4)
Factors Influencing U.S. Energy Use
16(1)
Sources of Our Preferences
17(1)
Encouraging Energy Trends
18(1)
The U.S. Energy Sector
18(3)
Energy in Contemporary Society
19(1)
Energy as a Business
19(1)
Public Utilities
20(1)
Need for a New Business Model
21(1)
Energy in Commerce and Industry
21(1)
Energy and the Consumer
22(1)
Help for Low-Income Families
22(1)
Energy and Agriculture
23(1)
Conclusion: Energy out of Balance
24(1)
2 Energy Policy in Transition
25(20)
Early Climate Research
26(2)
The Threat of Climate Change
28(1)
Forecasts, Energy, and Creating the Future
28(2)
Why Forecasts Are Necessary
29(1)
New Planning Tools
30(1)
Confusion over Peak Oil
30(4)
Lower Amounts Predicted
33(1)
Transitioning from Peak Production
34(1)
Climate Change: Challenges and Policy Goals
35(2)
High GHG Emissions Levels Continue
37(1)
The Challenge; the Response
37(2)
A Supreme Challenge
37(1)
Who Is Responsible?
38(1)
Thinking in Wedges
39(1)
The Stern Review and Its Aftermath
40(1)
The Social Cost of Carbon
40(1)
Why the Discrepancy?
41(1)
The Ethics Question
41(1)
The Equity Question
41(1)
The Carbon Price Debate
41(1)
Arcane Issues with Global Ramifications
42(1)
How High to Price Carbon
43(1)
Conclusion: Climate Implications for Energy Policy
43(2)
3 The Art and Science of Crafting Public Policy
45(18)
Policy Making in Action
45(2)
The Evolution of U.S. Political Culture
47(2)
A New Conception of the State
48(1)
Emerging Themes
49(1)
Congress and Its Influence on Policy
49(1)
The Battle for Control
50(1)
Pluralism, Elites, Triangles, and Networks
50(1)
The Role of Technical Experts in Policy Making
51(1)
Shifting Models of Government Power
51(3)
A New Approach: The Policy Network
51(1)
Two Additional Policy Models
52(2)
The Multiple Streams Framework
52(1)
Policy Design and Social Construction
53(1)
Constructions Are Not Fixed
54(1)
The System: Weakened, but Still Functioning for Now
54(1)
Framing the Energy Policy Issue
54(3)
Worrisome Trends
55(1)
Visible Lack of Consensus
56(1)
A More Divisive Nation
56(1)
Subtext of the Framing Issue
56(1)
A Glimmer of Optimism
57(1)
Hard to Generate Citizen Involvement
57(1)
Needed: A New Way of Thinking about Policy
57(1)
Occurring at the Local Level
58(1)
The U.S. Policy Space: Today and the Near Tomorrow
58(3)
Meeting the Needs of an Aging Society
58(1)
Structural Deficits and Entitlements
59(1)
A Shifting U.S. Economy
60(1)
Conclusion: A Rough Terrain Ahead
61(2)
4 The Long Search for a Sustainable Energy Policy
63(20)
The History of U.S. Energy Policy since 1945
64(1)
1945 to 1970: Managing an Energy Surplus
64(1)
1971 to 1980: Coping with Energy Shortages
65(2)
1981 to 1990: Deregulating the Industry
67(1)
1991 to 1999: Calls for a Comprehensive Energy Policy
68(1)
2000 to 2602: Linking Energy and National Security
69(3)
War, Politics, and Energy Security
70(2)
2003 to 4,007: A Comprehensive Energy Policy Finally Emerges
72(6)
The Energy Policy Act of 2005
72(3)
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
75(2)
New CAFE Standards
77(1)
2008 to 2009: A Renewed Call for Energy Independence
78(1)
2010 and Beyond: Energy Efficiency, Conservation, and the Environment
78(3)
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
79(1)
The Evolution of Fuel Efficiency Standards
80(1)
Conclusion: A History of Crisis and Change
81(2)
5 Difficulties in Achieving a Balanced Energy Policy
83(24)
Why Intervene in Energy?
84(2)
The Principal-Agent Problem
85(1)
Multiple Stakeholders
86(1)
Art of the Compromise
86(1)
Stakeholders in Forming Energy Policy
86(3)
The Energy Scope Challenge
89(3)
Energy Stakeholder Policy Preferences
90(1)
Focus on Supply
90(1)
Focus on Demand
91(1)
Focus on National Security
91(1)
Focus on the Environment
91(1)
Widely Different Perspectives
92(2)
Difficulty Showing Links
93(1)
Ambiguous and Conflicting Policy Goals
94(1)
Setting National Goals
94(1)
Strategic Limitations
95(1)
The Nature of Energy Policy Interventions
95(1)
Complex and Unwieldy Interventions
97(2)
The FutureGen Program
98(1)
Need to Rethink Energy Subsidies
99(1)
Problems with Biofuels
100(1)
Can We Afford All Planned Energy Programs?
100(1)
The Innovators: States, Regions, Compacts
100(1)
Regional GHG Initiatives Underway
101(3)
Contentious State-Federal Relationships
103(1)
Sharing Responsibility
103(1)
Environmental Policy, Energy Policy, and Politics II
104(2)
The Climate Change Challenge
104(2)
Conclusion: A Complex, Interrelated Energy Policy Result
106(1)
6 What's on the Current Energy Policy Agenda?
107(22)
Climate Change and the U.S. Economy
111(1)
The Future Role of Nuclear Energy
112(1)
Concern about Our Reliance on Imported Oil
113(1)
Issues to Address Immediately
113(3)
Renewables and Conservation Policy Issues
116(1)
Tackling the Major Agenda Issues
116(4)
Changing Energy Investment Strategies
116(3)
Major Investments in Smart Grid Technologies
119(1)
Access to Federal Lands
120(1)
Is Carbon Capture and Storage Viable?
121(1)
EPA Regulatory Authority
122(1)
Failure to Produce a Global Climate Treaty
122(1)
What's on the Periphery of the Energy Agenda?
123(1)
A Need for More Cost-Effective Biofuels
123(1)
Natural Gas Back on the Agenda
124(1)
Conclusion: Sorting out the Energy Agenda
124(5)
Part 2 Policies For Energy Transition
7 Crafting Policy with Subsidies and Regulations
129(18)
The Nature of Government Interventions
129(1)
The Importance of Subsidies
130(3)
Subsidy Categories
130(2)
Nuclear Power Subsidies
132(1)
Risky Business
133(1)
Tax Expenditure Interventions
133(1)
An Incomplete Portrait
134(1)
Problems Financing Renewable Energy Projects
134(1)
Policy Challenges of Tax Subsidies
135(1)
Energy Research and Development
135(1)
A Major Presidential Theme
136(1)
The DOE's Spotty Record of Success
137(2)
Federal Regulation of the Energy Sector
139(3)
Early Requirements for Federal Agencies
139(1)
Regulation as Command and Control
140(1)
Limitations of Regulation
141(1)
Political Implications of Regulation
141(1)
Appliance Efficiency Standards and Energy Star
142(2)
EPA's Energy Star Program
143(1)
Criticism of Energy Star
143(1)
Energy Interventions for Households: LIHEAP
144(1)
Additional Programs for Households
144(1)
Conclusion: The U.S. Energy Policy Blunderbuss
145(2)
8 Policies Shaped by Taxes and Market Mechanisms
147(18)
Federal Energy Fees and Taxes
148(6)
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund and Related Fees
148(1)
Federal Gasoline Taxes
149(3)
Direct User Charges
152(2)
The Carbon Challenge
154(1)
Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade
154(5)
What Is the Most Important Variable?
155(1)
The Primary Disadvantages of a Carbon Tax
156(1)
The Cap and Trade Option
156(1)
A Market-Based Approach
157(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages
158(1)
Choosing the Best Option
158(1)
Renewable Portfolio Standards
159(4)
Meeting Requirements with Wind Energy
161(1)
Impacts of These Programs
161(1)
Measuring Performance
162(1)
Prospects for National Application
162(1)
Feed-in Tariffs
163(1)
The FIT Experience in Germany
163(1)
Conclusion: Role of Interventions in Energy Policy
164(1)
9 International Cooperation on Energy Policy
165(22)
Global Energy: Sources, Consumption, Inequities
166(1)
States, Realists, and Idealists
167(1)
Regimes and Global Environmental and Energy Governance
168(1)
Global Energy Regimes and Regional Energy Institutions
169(1)
International Influences on U.S. Energy Policy
170(1)
The International Energy Agency
170(1)
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Energy Working Group
171(1)
North American Energy Working Group
171(1)
International Energy Forum
172(2)
Other International Energy Organizations
174(1)
Meeting Europe's Growing Demand for Electricity
175(1)
Global Cooperation on Greenhouse Gas Reduction
175(3)
The Kyoto Protocol
175(3)
Cooperating on Cap and Trade Agreements
178(2)
The Voluntary Carbon Offset System
179(1)
The Compliance Carbon Offset System
180(1)
Reducing Carbon Emissions: REDD and Carbon Sinks
180(1)
Evaluating Carbon Offset Programs
181(1)
The Verdict on Kyoto
182(1)
The Copenhagen Accord
182(1)
Challenges to Global Action on Climate
183(2)
Conclusion: Influences of Global Cooperation on U.S. Energy Policy
185(2)
10 Policies for a New Energy Future
187(18)
The Energy Options Portfolio
188(2)
Carbon Taxes on Fossil Fuels
190(1)
The Challenges Facing Policy Makers
191(5)
Challenge I: Politics
191(1)
Challenge II: The Inertia of the Energy System
192(1)
Challenge III: Energy Supply
192(2)
Challenge IV: Overcoming Environmental Barriers to Renewables
194(2)
Challenge V: Energy Behaviors and Increasing Energy Efficiency
196(1)
Making the Tough Choices
196(4)
Nuclear Power
196(1)
Conflict over Two Underlying Issues
197(1)
Coal and Carbon Capture and Storage
197(2)
Access to Public Lands and the Continental Shelf
199(1)
Greenhouse Gas Leakage Problem
200(2)
What Are Sensible Policy Criteria?
202(1)
Conclusion: The Recurring Issue of Local Control
203(2)
11 Aftermath of the Gulf Oil Spill: Prospects for Policy Changes
205(10)
Policy Failure and the Gulf Oil Spill
206(1)
Problems Regulating the Energy Industry
207(3)
Limited Policy Options
207(2)
Transitioning to a New Vision
209(1)
Citizen Reaction
210(2)
Making Policy Change Happen
210(1)
Taking Action
211(1)
Conclusion: Get Started, Get Involved, Be Heard
212(3)
Part 3 Appendices
Appendix A:
Chapter Discussion and Review Questions
215(8)
Introduction
215(1)
Chapter 1 The Political Realities of Energy Policy
215(1)
Chapter 2 Energy Policy in Transition
216(1)
Chapter 3 The Art and Science of Crafting Energy Policy
217(1)
Chapter 4 The Long Search for a Sustainable Energy Policy
217(1)
Chapter 5 Difficulties in Achieving a Balanced Energy Policy
218(1)
Chapter 6 What's on the Current Energy Policy Agenda?
218(1)
Chapter 7 Crafting Policy with Subsidies and Regulations
219(1)
Chapter 8 Policies Shaped by Taxes and Market Mechanisms
220(1)
Chapter 9 International Cooperation on Energy Policy
220(1)
Chapter 10 Policies for a New Energy Future
221(1)
Chapter 11 Aftermath of the Gulf Oil Spill Prospects for Policy Changes
222(1)
Appendix B: Timeline of Energy Policy Developments, 1950-2010
223(14)
Appendix C: Energy-Related Acronyms
237(4)
Appendix D: Glossary
241(8)
References 249(30)
Index 279
David E. McNabb is emeritus professor of business administration at Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington and former visiting professor at the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga, Latvia.

Laurance R. Geri teaches in the Masters Program in Public Administration (MPA) at Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, where he was director of the MPA program from 2002 to 2006.