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Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage: A methodological analysis of theory and research [Kõva köide]

(VU University Amsterdam)
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Cognitive linguists have proposed that metaphor is not just a matter of language but of thought, and that metaphorical thought displays a high degree of conventionalization. In order to produce converging evidence for this theory of metaphor, a wide range of data is currently being studied with a large array of methods and techniques. Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage aims to map the field of this development in theory and research from a methodological perspective. It raises the question when exactly evidence for metaphor in language and thought can be said to count as converging. It also goes into the various stages of producing such evidence (conceptualization, operationalization, data collection and analysis, and interpretation). The book offers systematic discussion of eight distinct areas of metaphor research that emerge as a result of approaching metaphor as part of grammar or usage, language or thought, and symbolic structure or cognitive process.
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
PART
1. Foundations
1(130)
Mapping the field
3(24)
Grammar versus usage
5(3)
Language versus thought
8(2)
Symbols versus behavior
10(3)
Eight areas of research
13(4)
Relations between areas of research
17(2)
Converging evidence and the role of methods: Main claims of this book
19(4)
Outlook
23(4)
The deductive approach
27(20)
Deductive reasoning
28(6)
From conceptual structure to cognitive process and product
28(3)
From conceptual structure to linguistic form
31(3)
Deductive and inductive approaches
34(3)
The deductive approach and scientific progress
37(5)
From conceptual metaphor to embodied, cultural experience
37(3)
Primary metaphors
40(2)
Alternative deductive approaches
42(2)
The diachronic dimension
44(1)
Conclusion
45(2)
Conceptualization: Theoretical definitions
47(26)
Four models of metaphor
48(9)
The two-domain approach
49(2)
The many-space approach
51(1)
The class-inclusion approach
52(1)
The career of metaphor approach
53(1)
Parameters of metaphor models
54(3)
Metaphor and metonymy
57(4)
Metaphor and similarity
61(3)
Metaphor and comparison
64(2)
Metaphor and literal meaning
66(4)
Conclusion
70(3)
Operationalization: Operational definitions
73(30)
Criteria for metaphor identification
74(8)
Criteria for metaphor in usage
75(5)
Criteria for metaphor in grammar
80(2)
Units of analysis
82(6)
Grammatical metaphor
85(3)
Moments of decision
88(6)
Decisions and measurement scales
91(3)
Metaphorical for who? The role of variation and change
94(3)
From moments of decision to tools
97(4)
Conclusion
101(2)
Application: Data collection and analysis
103(28)
Data: Verbal, nonverbal, and meta
104(3)
Data collection: Introspection, observation, manipulation
107(9)
Thought data: The conceptual structures of metaphor
109(2)
Language data: The linguistic forms of metaphor
111(5)
Data analysis: Quantitative and qualitative
116(4)
Analyst performance: Reliability and error
120(7)
Interanalyst agreement and individual bias
121(3)
Interanalyst agreement and chance
124(1)
Doing methodological research
125(2)
Conclusion
127(4)
PART
2. Finding metaphor in grammar
131(134)
Linguistic forms in grammar
133(38)
Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach
134(4)
The synchronic dimension
134(2)
The diachronic dimension
136(2)
Conceptualization
138(6)
Conventionalized versus ad-hoc polysemy
139(2)
Polysemy, homonymy, and monosemy
141(1)
Nonliteral similarity
142(2)
Operationalization
144(5)
One form
144(2)
Two senses
146(1)
Sense relations by nonliteral similarity
147(2)
Introspection
149(10)
Finding polysemy
149(5)
Metaphoric or metonymic polysemy?
154(2)
Finding metaphorical polysemy: Conceptual metaphor as a search mechanism
156(3)
Observation
159(4)
Manipulation
163(4)
Conclusion
167(4)
Conceptual structures in grammar (1): Domains
171(30)
Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach
172(5)
The synchronic dimension
172(3)
The diachronic dimension
175(2)
Conceptualization
177(7)
Domains and other conceptual systems
177(2)
Defining conceptual domains
179(2)
Domains and metaphorically motivated polysemy
181(2)
Conclusion
183(1)
Operationalization
184(4)
Introspection
188(3)
Observation
191(5)
Manipulation
196(2)
Conclusion
198(3)
Conceptual structures in grammar (2): Mappings
201(28)
Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach
202(6)
The synchronic dimension
202(3)
The diachronic dimension
205(3)
Conceptualization
208(5)
Defining cross-domain mappings
208(2)
Configurations of domains and mappings: Metaphor and/or metonymy
210(3)
Operationalization
213(4)
Introspection
217(3)
Observation
220(4)
Manipulation
224(3)
Conclusion
227(2)
Cognitive processes and products in grammar
229(36)
Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach
230(4)
Conceptualization
234(8)
Language acquisition
234(3)
Knowledge of language
237(5)
Operationalization
242(2)
Linguistic forms
242(1)
Conceptual structures
243(1)
Introspection
244(4)
Observation
248(5)
Acquisition
248(3)
Knowledge of language
251(2)
Manipulation
253(7)
Acquisition
253(4)
Knowledge of language
257(3)
Conclusion
260(5)
PART
3. Finding metaphor in usage
265(140)
Linguistic forms and conceptual structures in usage (1): Metaphorical language use
267(42)
Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach
268(6)
Two-domain approaches
269(4)
Many-space approaches
273(1)
Conceptualization
274(9)
From grammar to usage
274(2)
Defining metaphorical linguistic forms in usage: Indirectness and incongruity
276(5)
Defining cross-domain mappings in usage: Two domains or many spaces?
281(2)
Operationalization
283(6)
Linguistic forms: The Pragglejaz method
283(4)
Conceptual structures: Barcelona's method
287(2)
Introspection
289(4)
Linguistic forms
289(3)
Conceptual structures
292(1)
Observation
293(8)
Linguistic forms
293(2)
Conceptual structures
295(6)
Manipulation
301(5)
Conclusion
306(3)
Linguistic forms and conceptual structures in usage (2): Other forms of metaphor
309(36)
Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach
311(6)
Two-domain approaches
311(5)
Many-space approaches
316(1)
Conceptualization
317(7)
Signaling
317(2)
Four dimensions of metaphor in usage
319(4)
Indirectness revisited
323(1)
Operationalization
324(3)
Introspection
327(2)
Observation
329(10)
Manipulation
339(3)
Conclusion
342(3)
Cognitive processes and products in usage
345(36)
Cognitive-linguistic examples of the deductive approach
345(4)
Conceptualization
349(5)
Operationalization
354(4)
Introspection
358(4)
Observation
362(6)
Manipulation
368(9)
Experimental materials
368(2)
Data collection and analysis
370(7)
Conclusion
377(4)
Conclusion
379(2)
Evidence for metaphor in grammar and usage
381(24)
The production of evidence: The empirical cycle
382(8)
Conceptualization
383(1)
Operationalization
384(2)
Data collection
386(1)
Data analysis
387(2)
Interpretation
389(1)
The interpretation of evidence: The field of research
390(9)
Symbol analysis
391(4)
Behavior analysis
395(4)
The utilization of evidence: Variations on convergence
399(3)
Concluding comments
402(3)
References 405(22)
Index 427