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Forensic Pathology of Fractures and Mechanisms of Injury: Postmortem CT Scanning [Kõva köide]

(Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Australia)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 273 pages, kõrgus x laius: 280x210 mm, kaal: 1156 g, 381 Illustrations, color
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Dec-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439881480
  • ISBN-13: 9781439881484
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 273 pages, kõrgus x laius: 280x210 mm, kaal: 1156 g, 381 Illustrations, color
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Dec-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439881480
  • ISBN-13: 9781439881484
Teised raamatud teemal:
Practitioners of forensic medicine have various tools at their disposal to determine cause of death, and todays computed tomography (CT) can provide valuable clues if images are interpreted properly. Forensic Pathology of Fractures and Mechanisms of Injury: Postmortem CT Scanning is a guide for the forensic pathologist who wants to use CT imaging to assist in determining the mechanism of injury that might have contributed to death.







Advice from a forensic pathologist using CT images in daily practice

Drawn from the authors work at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, the book presents an overview of his experience with CT in routine casework, provides an appraisal of the literature with respect to fractures, and offers suggestions for the evaluation of CT images by pathologists. He then suggests what reasonable conclusions can be drawn from the images, the circumstances surrounding the death, and an external examination of the deceased.







Includes images and case studies

Enhanced with hundreds of CT images that clarify the text and case studies to put the material in context, the book begins by discussing classification of injuries and different types of fractures. It then explores the basics of CT. Next, the book gives a head-to-toe catalogue of various injuries and how they are represented on a CT scan. Finally, the book explores the use of CT in difficult forensic cases such as decomposed and burnt remains, falls, child abuse, and transportation incidents.

While not intended to make a forensic pathologist an expert at CT image interpretation, the book enables these professionals to become familiar with the technology so they can competently use it in their practice, heightening the accuracy of their cause of death determinations.
List of Illustrations
xvii
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgments xxxiii
The Author xxxv
Introduction xxxvii
1 Introduction of Computed Tomography (CT) into Routine Forensic Pathology Practice
1(16)
Introduction
1(1)
The Victorian Model
1(1)
The Introduction of Postmortem CT
2(1)
Current Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) System
2(1)
Decision-Making Process
2(1)
Cause of Death
3(1)
Family Contact Program
4(1)
CT in Trauma
4(1)
CT in Tissue Donation
4(1)
Errors in CT Diagnosis by Forensic Pathologists
5(1)
Proficiency Standard of Forensic Pathologists in Analysis of CT Images
5(1)
CT Education for Forensic Pathologists
5(1)
Deficiencies of CT in Routine Forensic Practice
5(1)
Audit
6(1)
Practical Issues in the Use of CT in Routine Forensic Practice
7(1)
Illustrative Case Studies
7(10)
Case Study 1 Coronary Artery Disease
7(1)
Forensic Issues
7(1)
Case Study 2 Hemopericardium and Aortic Dissection
8(1)
Forensic Issues
8(1)
Case Study 3 Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
9(1)
Forensic Issues
10(1)
Case Study 4 Pericardial Effusion
10(1)
Forensic Issues
10(1)
Case Study 5 Cardiomegaly
11(1)
Forensic Issues
11(1)
Case Study 6 Hemothorax
12(1)
Case 6.1
12(2)
Case 6.2
14(1)
Case Study 7 Basal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
14(1)
Case 7.1
14(1)
Case 7.2
14(1)
Case Study 8 Intracerebral Hemorrhage
15(1)
Case 8.1
15(1)
Case 8.2
15(1)
Case 8.3
15(2)
Case Study 9 Subdural Hemorrhage
17(1)
Case 9.1 Acute Subdural Hemorrhage
17(1)
Case 9.2 Acute Subdural Hemorrhage Arising from an Arachnoid Cyst
18(19)
Case Study 10 Cerebral Infarction
19(1)
Forensic Issues
19(1)
Case Study 11 Hydrocephalus
20(1)
Case Study 12 Pneumoperitoneum
20(1)
Forensic Issues
20(1)
Case Study 13 Bowel Obstruction
21(1)
Forensic Issues
22(2)
Case Study 14 Liver Disease and Ascites
24(1)
Case 14.1
24(1)
Case 14.2
24(1)
Case Study 15 Hemoperitoneum
25(1)
Forensic Issues
25(1)
Case Study 16 CT in Medication Overdose
26(1)
Forensic Issues
26(1)
Case Study 17 CT in Pulmonary Thromboembolism
26(1)
Forensic Issues
26(2)
Case Study 18 Pneumonia
28(1)
Forensic Issues
28(1)
Case Study 19 Peritonitis and Appendicitis
29(1)
Forensic Issues
30(1)
Case Study 20 Air Embolism
30(1)
Forensic Issues
30(1)
Case Study 21 Hyoid Bone in Hanging and Neck Compression
30(1)
Forensic Issues
31(1)
Case Study 22 Postmortem Angiography
32(1)
Forensic Issues
32(1)
Case Study 23 Cautionary Cases
32(1)
Case 23.1
32(1)
Case 23.2
32(1)
Conclusions
33(2)
References
35(2)
2 Classification of Injuries
37(8)
Introduction
37(1)
Types of Skin Injury
37(4)
Abrasions
37(1)
Lacerations
38(2)
Bruises
40(1)
Other Skin and Soft Tissue Injuries
41(1)
Gunshot Injuries
41(1)
Entrance Injuries
41(1)
Exit Wounds
42(1)
Sharp Force Injuries
42(1)
Inflammation and Artifacts
42(1)
Postmortem Insect Predation
42(1)
The Forensic Importance of Skin Injuries
43(1)
Site of Application of Blunt Force
43(1)
Case Study
43(1)
References
44(1)
3 Fractures
45(10)
Anatomy of Bone
45(1)
Composition of Bone
45(1)
Development of Bone
45(1)
Remodeling of Bone
45(1)
Classification of Bone
45(1)
Fractures
46(6)
Definition
46(1)
Types of Fracture
46(1)
Mechanisms of Fracture
46(1)
Long Bone Fractures
46(2)
Healing of Fractures
48(2)
Complications of Fractures
50(1)
Forensic Issues
50(2)
Pediatric Fractures
52(1)
Case Study
53(1)
References
54(1)
4 Computed Tomography
55(20)
Introduction
55(1)
Challenges in Routine CT Analysis by Forensic Pathologists
55(1)
"Expert Interpretation" of CT Images by Forensic Pathologists
55(1)
Standard of CT Analysis by the "Reasonable" Forensic Pathologist
55(1)
Practical Problems Raised by the Introduction of CT into Routine Forensic Practice
56(1)
Basic Principles of CT
56(1)
Evolution of CT Scanning
56(2)
Helical Computed Tomography (HCT) Scanning
57(1)
Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) Scanning
57(1)
Reconstruction in CT Scanning
58(1)
The Detection of Foreign Materials by MDCT
58(1)
Practical Issues in CT Scanning
59(1)
Spatial Resolution
59(1)
Contrast Resolution
59(1)
Conspicuity
59(1)
Noise
59(1)
Windowing
59(1)
Artifacts in CT Scanning
59(3)
Physics-Based Issues
59(1)
Beam Hardening
59(1)
Photon Starvation
59(1)
Partial Volume Artifact
60(1)
Patient- or Subject-Based Issues
60(1)
Partial Scanning
60(1)
Metal Artifact
60(1)
Scanner-Based Issues
60(1)
Ring Artifact
60(1)
Helical Scanning or Reconstruction-Based Issues
61(1)
Cone Beam Effects
61(1)
Helical Artifacts in Multisection Scanning
62(1)
Stair-Step Artifacts
62(1)
Fracture Diagnosis
62(5)
Radiological Fractures
62(1)
Soft Tissue Changes
62(2)
Alteration in the Normal Contour of the Bone
64(1)
Identification of the Fracture Line
64(1)
Pathological Fractures
64(2)
Pseudofractures
66(1)
Pediatric Fractures and CT
67(1)
Practical Guidelines for Forensic Pathologists Reading CT Scans
67(1)
Common Fracture Complications Seen on CT
68(5)
Head Injury
68(2)
Chest Injury
70(1)
Abdominal and Pelvic Injuries
71(2)
References
73(2)
5 Head: Skull, Face, and Hyoid Bone
75(34)
Skull
75(15)
Calvarium
75(1)
Anatomy
75(1)
Fractures of the Calvarium
75(1)
Introduction
75(1)
Types of Fracture
75(4)
Sites of Skull Fracture
79(1)
Parietal Fracture
79(1)
Frontal Fracture
79(1)
Occipital Fracture
80(1)
Base of Skull Fractures
80(1)
Anatomy
80(2)
Etiology
82(1)
Mechanisms of Basal Skull Fractures
83(3)
Practical Forensic Issues in CT Scanning of the Head
86(1)
Practical Guidelines for Forensic Pathologists Interpreting CT Scans of the Head
87(1)
Case Study
87(1)
Pediatric CT of the Skull
88(1)
Pediatric Aspects of Skull Fractures
89(1)
Facial Fractures
90(10)
Introduction
90(1)
Anatomy
90(1)
Pediatric Faciomaxillary Fractures
90(1)
Forensic Aspects of Facial Fracture
90(1)
CT Diagnosis of Facial Fracture
91(1)
Facial CT
92(1)
Fractures of the Orbit
92(1)
Anatomy
92(1)
Etiology
92(1)
Mechanism
92(1)
CT Diagnosis of Orbital Fracture
93(1)
Fractures of the Zygoma
93(1)
Anatomy
93(1)
Etiology
93(1)
Mechanism
93(1)
CT Diagnosis of Zygoma Fractures
94(1)
Maxillary and Nasal Fractures
95(1)
Anatomy
95(1)
Etiology
95(1)
Mechanism
96(1)
CT Diagnosis of Nasomaxillary Fractures
96(1)
Mandibular Fractures
96(1)
Anatomy
96(3)
Etiology
99(1)
Mechanism
99(1)
Fracture Patterns in Mandibular Fractures
99(1)
CT Diagnosis of Mandibular Fractures
99(1)
Hyoid Bone
100(5)
Introduction
100(2)
Anatomy
102(1)
Etiology
102(1)
Mechanism
103(1)
CT Diagnosis of Hyoid Bone Fractures
103(1)
Case Study
104(1)
References
105(4)
6 Spine
109(20)
Vertebral Column
109(1)
Anatomy
109(1)
Vertebral Fractures
109(1)
Spinous Process and Transverse Process Fractures
109(1)
Cervical Spine
109(14)
Anatomy
109(2)
Cervical Spine Fractures
111(1)
First Cervical Vertebra (Atlas)
111(1)
Anatomy
111(1)
Etiology
111(1)
Mechanism
111(3)
Second Cervical Vertebra (Axis)
114(1)
Anatomy
114(1)
Etiology
115(1)
Mechanism
115(4)
CT Diagnosis of Cervical Spine Injury
119(1)
Practical Points for Pathologists
120(1)
Pediatric Issues
121(1)
Case Study 1
121(1)
Case Study 2
122(1)
Thoracolumbar Spine
123(4)
Anatomy
123(1)
The Concept of the Three Spinal Columns
123(1)
Cervicothoracic Junction
123(1)
Thoracolumbar Spine
124(1)
Etiology
124(1)
Mechanism
124(2)
CT Diagnosis of Thoracolumbar Fractures
126(1)
Forensic Issues in Thoracolumbar Fractures
126(1)
References
127(2)
7 Chest
129(16)
Ribs
129(5)
Anatomy
129(1)
Etiology
129(1)
Mechanisms
129(1)
Pediatric Rib Fractures
130(1)
Etiology and Significance of Pediatric Rib Fractures
130(1)
Nonaccidental Injury (NAI)
130(1)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
131(1)
CT Diagnosis of Rib Fractures
132(2)
Pediatric CT Scanning
134(1)
Forensic Issues in Rib Fractures
134(1)
Sternum
134(3)
Anatomy
134(1)
Etiology
135(1)
Mechanism
135(1)
CT Diagnosis of Sternal Fractures
135(1)
Pediatric Sternal Fractures
135(2)
Sternoclavicular Dislocation
137(1)
Manubriosternal Fracture Dislocation
137(1)
Scapula
137(3)
Anatomy
137(1)
Etiology
138(1)
Mechanism
138(2)
Clavicle
140(2)
Anatomy
140(1)
Etiology
140(1)
Mechanism
141(1)
CT Diagnosis of Clavicular Fractures
141(1)
Case Study
141(1)
References
142(3)
8 Upper Limbs
145(14)
Humerus
145(3)
Anatomy
145(1)
Etiology
145(1)
Mechanisms
145(1)
Tuberosity Fractures
145(1)
Proximal Humeral Fractures
145(1)
Humeral Shaft Fractures
146(1)
Condylar and Supracondylar Fractures
146(1)
Distal Articular Fractures
147(1)
Pediatric Humeral Fractures
147(1)
CT Diagnosis of Humeral Fractures
147(1)
Pediatric CT of Humeral Fractures
148(1)
Ulna
148(1)
Anatomy
148(1)
Etiology
148(1)
Mechanisms
148(1)
Olecranon
148(1)
Coronoid Process Fracture
148(1)
Ulna Shaft Fracture
148(1)
Distal Ulna Fractures
149(1)
Radius
149(2)
Anatomy
149(1)
Etiology
149(1)
Mechanism
149(1)
Radial Head
149(1)
Radial Shaft Fractures
150(1)
Radiocarpal Fractures and Dislocations
150(1)
Pediatric Forearm Fractures
150(1)
Carpal Bones
151(1)
Scaphoid
151(1)
Capitate
151(1)
Navicular
151(1)
Trapezoid
152(1)
Metacarpals and Phalanges
152(1)
Anatomy
152(1)
Etiology
152(1)
Mechanism
152(1)
CT Diagnosis of Upper Limb Fractures
152(1)
Humerus
152(1)
Forearm
153(1)
Wrist Injuries
153(1)
Shoulder Dislocation
153(2)
Anatomy
153(1)
Etiology
153(1)
Mechanism
154(1)
CT Diagnosis of Shoulder Dislocation
154(1)
Elbow Fracture Dislocation
155(1)
Anatomy
155(1)
Etiology
155(1)
Mechanism
155(1)
CT Diagnosis of Elbow Fracture Dislocation
155(1)
Wrist Fracture Dislocation
156(1)
Forensic Aspects of Upper Limb Injury
156(1)
Assault
156(1)
Offensive-Type Fractures
156(1)
Defensive-Type Injuries
157(1)
Motor Vehicle--Related Injury
157(1)
Trauma Associated with Seizures
157(1)
References
157(2)
9 Pelvis
159(14)
Anatomy
159(1)
Etiology
159(1)
Mechanisms
159(1)
Avulsion Fractures
160(7)
Simple Pelvic Fractures
162(1)
Sacral Fractures
163(1)
Complex Pelvic Fractures
164(1)
Open Book Fracture
165(1)
Acetabular Fracture
166(1)
Malgaigne Fracture
167(1)
Bucket Handle Fracture
167(1)
Hip Dislocations
167(1)
Pediatric Pelvic Fractures
167(1)
CT Diagnosis of Pelvic Fractures
168(2)
Forensic Aspects of Pelvic Fractures
170(1)
Case Study 1
170(1)
Case Study 2
170(1)
Case Study 3
171(1)
References
172(1)
10 Lower Limbs
173(18)
Femur
173(4)
Anatomy
173(1)
Etiology
173(1)
Mechanism
173(1)
Femoral Shaft Fractures
173(1)
Neck of Femur Fractures
173(3)
Femoral Head Fractures
176(1)
Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures
176(1)
Supracondylar and Condylar Fractures
176(1)
Pediatric Femoral Fractures
176(1)
CT Diagnosis of Femoral Fracture
177(1)
Patella
177(1)
Anatomy
177(1)
Etiology
177(1)
Mechanism
177(1)
Tibia
177(3)
Anatomy
177(1)
Etiology
178(1)
Mechanism
178(1)
Tibial Shaft
178(1)
Tibial Plateau Fractures
178(1)
Nonarticular Proximal Tibial Fractures
178(1)
Distal Tibial Fractures
178(1)
Pediatric Fractures
179(1)
CT Diagnosis of Tibial Fracture
179(1)
Fibula
180(2)
Anatomy
180(1)
Etiology
180(1)
Mechanism
180(1)
Forensic Issues in Fractures to the Lower Leg
181(1)
Pedestrians
181(1)
CT in Pedestrian Deaths
182(1)
Fractures Involving the Foot
182(4)
Calcaneus
182(1)
Anatomy
182(1)
Etiology
183(1)
Mechanism
183(1)
Talus
183(1)
Anatomy
183(1)
Epidemiology
183(1)
Mechanism
184(1)
Cuboid
184(1)
Anatomy
184(1)
Epidemiology
184(1)
Mechanism
184(1)
Navicular
184(1)
Anatomy
184(1)
Etiology
184(1)
Mechanism
185(1)
Cuneiform Bones
185(1)
Anatomy
185(1)
Epidemiology
185(1)
Mechanism
185(1)
Metatarsals and Tarsometatarsal Complex (TMC)
185(1)
Anatomy
185(1)
Etiology
185(1)
Mechanism
185(1)
CT Diagnosis in Foot Fractures
185(1)
Joint Injury to the Lower Leg
186(2)
Knee
186(1)
Anatomy
186(1)
Etiology
186(1)
Mechanism
186(1)
Reconstruction of Mechanism of Injury
186(1)
Pediatric Injuries
187(1)
CT Diagnosis of Pediatric Knee Injuries
187(1)
Ankle
187(1)
Anatomy
187(1)
Etiology
188(1)
Mechanism
188(1)
CT Diagnosis of Ankle Injuries
188(1)
References
188(3)
11 The Use of CT in Difficult Forensic Cases
191(38)
Decomposed and Burnt Remains
191(2)
Decomposition
191(1)
Burnt Remains
192(1)
Case Study
192(1)
Falls
193(15)
Natural Deaths
193(1)
Suicidal Deaths
194(1)
Accidental Deaths
194(1)
Homicidal Deaths
194(1)
Falls from Standing Heights and Relatively Low Heights
195(1)
Case Study
195(1)
Falls Down Stairs
196(1)
Case Study
197(1)
Falls from a Significant Height
198(1)
Distribution of Injuries in Significant Falls
199(4)
Case Study 1
203(1)
Case Study 2
203(1)
Can the Distribution of Injuries Be an Indicator of the Manner of Death?
203(3)
Pediatric Falls
206(1)
Studies on Pediatric Falls
207(1)
Pediatric Falls Down Stairs
207(1)
Baby Walker--Related Falls
207(1)
Child Abuse
208(5)
Cause of Death
208(1)
Fractures
208(1)
Forensic Significance of Fractures
209(3)
Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Fractures
212(1)
Birth Injury
213(1)
Transportation Incidents
213(12)
Cause of Death
214(1)
Case Study
215(1)
Position of the Deceased in a Motor Vehicle at the Moment of the Collision
215(4)
CT and External Examination
219(1)
Case Study
220(1)
Was the Driver of a Vehicle Conscious at the Time of the Collision?
221(1)
An Opinion as to the Type of Vehicle That Struck a Pedestrian
221(2)
An Opinion as to the Position of the Pedestrian When Struck
223(1)
CT and External Examination of Deceased Pedestrians
224(1)
Aircraft Incidents
224(1)
References
225(4)
Concluding Remarks 229(2)
Index 231
Michael P. Burke has been a consulting forensic pathologist for 18 years and has performed 12,500 autopsies. He has worked in Kosovo as part of the United Nations investigation of war crimes and was part of the team investigating the Port Arthur massacre in Hobart, Tasmania.