|
|
xvii | |
Preface |
|
xxxi | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxxiii | |
The Author |
|
xxxv | |
Introduction |
|
xxxvii | |
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1 Introduction of Computed Tomography (CT) into Routine Forensic Pathology Practice |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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The Introduction of Postmortem CT |
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2 | (1) |
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Current Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) System |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Errors in CT Diagnosis by Forensic Pathologists |
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5 | (1) |
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Proficiency Standard of Forensic Pathologists in Analysis of CT Images |
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5 | (1) |
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CT Education for Forensic Pathologists |
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5 | (1) |
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Deficiencies of CT in Routine Forensic Practice |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Practical Issues in the Use of CT in Routine Forensic Practice |
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7 | (1) |
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Illustrative Case Studies |
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7 | (10) |
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Case Study 1 Coronary Artery Disease |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Case Study 2 Hemopericardium and Aortic Dissection |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Case Study 3 Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Case Study 4 Pericardial Effusion |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Case Study 5 Cardiomegaly |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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Case Study 7 Basal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Case Study 8 Intracerebral Hemorrhage |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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Case Study 9 Subdural Hemorrhage |
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17 | (1) |
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Case 9.1 Acute Subdural Hemorrhage |
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17 | (1) |
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Case 9.2 Acute Subdural Hemorrhage Arising from an Arachnoid Cyst |
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18 | (19) |
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Case Study 10 Cerebral Infarction |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Case Study 11 Hydrocephalus |
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20 | (1) |
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Case Study 12 Pneumoperitoneum |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Case Study 13 Bowel Obstruction |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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Case Study 14 Liver Disease and Ascites |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Case Study 15 Hemoperitoneum |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Case Study 16 CT in Medication Overdose |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Case Study 17 CT in Pulmonary Thromboembolism |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Case Study 19 Peritonitis and Appendicitis |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Case Study 20 Air Embolism |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Case Study 21 Hyoid Bone in Hanging and Neck Compression |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Case Study 22 Postmortem Angiography |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Case Study 23 Cautionary Cases |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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2 Classification of Injuries |
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37 | (8) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (4) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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Other Skin and Soft Tissue Injuries |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Inflammation and Artifacts |
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42 | (1) |
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Postmortem Insect Predation |
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42 | (1) |
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The Forensic Importance of Skin Injuries |
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43 | (1) |
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Site of Application of Blunt Force |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (10) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (6) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (2) |
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Complications of Fractures |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (20) |
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55 | (1) |
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Challenges in Routine CT Analysis by Forensic Pathologists |
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55 | (1) |
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"Expert Interpretation" of CT Images by Forensic Pathologists |
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55 | (1) |
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Standard of CT Analysis by the "Reasonable" Forensic Pathologist |
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55 | (1) |
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Practical Problems Raised by the Introduction of CT into Routine Forensic Practice |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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Helical Computed Tomography (HCT) Scanning |
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57 | (1) |
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Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) Scanning |
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57 | (1) |
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Reconstruction in CT Scanning |
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58 | (1) |
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The Detection of Foreign Materials by MDCT |
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58 | (1) |
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Practical Issues in CT Scanning |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Patient- or Subject-Based Issues |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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|
60 | (1) |
|
Helical Scanning or Reconstruction-Based Issues |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Helical Artifacts in Multisection Scanning |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (5) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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Alteration in the Normal Contour of the Bone |
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64 | (1) |
|
Identification of the Fracture Line |
|
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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|
66 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Fractures and CT |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Practical Guidelines for Forensic Pathologists Reading CT Scans |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Common Fracture Complications Seen on CT |
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|
68 | (5) |
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68 | (2) |
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|
70 | (1) |
|
Abdominal and Pelvic Injuries |
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|
71 | (2) |
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|
73 | (2) |
|
5 Head: Skull, Face, and Hyoid Bone |
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|
75 | (34) |
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|
75 | (15) |
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|
75 | (1) |
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|
75 | (1) |
|
Fractures of the Calvarium |
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75 | (1) |
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|
75 | (1) |
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|
75 | (4) |
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79 | (1) |
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|
79 | (1) |
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|
79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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|
80 | (1) |
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|
80 | (2) |
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|
82 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Basal Skull Fractures |
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|
83 | (3) |
|
Practical Forensic Issues in CT Scanning of the Head |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Practical Guidelines for Forensic Pathologists Interpreting CT Scans of the Head |
|
|
87 | (1) |
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|
87 | (1) |
|
Pediatric CT of the Skull |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Aspects of Skull Fractures |
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|
89 | (1) |
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|
90 | (10) |
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|
90 | (1) |
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|
90 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Faciomaxillary Fractures |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Forensic Aspects of Facial Fracture |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Facial Fracture |
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|
91 | (1) |
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|
92 | (1) |
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|
92 | (1) |
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|
92 | (1) |
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|
92 | (1) |
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|
92 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Orbital Fracture |
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|
93 | (1) |
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|
93 | (1) |
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|
93 | (1) |
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|
93 | (1) |
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|
93 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Zygoma Fractures |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Maxillary and Nasal Fractures |
|
|
95 | (1) |
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|
95 | (1) |
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|
95 | (1) |
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|
96 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Nasomaxillary Fractures |
|
|
96 | (1) |
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|
96 | (1) |
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|
96 | (3) |
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|
99 | (1) |
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|
99 | (1) |
|
Fracture Patterns in Mandibular Fractures |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Mandibular Fractures |
|
|
99 | (1) |
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|
100 | (5) |
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|
100 | (2) |
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|
102 | (1) |
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|
102 | (1) |
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|
103 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Hyoid Bone Fractures |
|
|
103 | (1) |
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|
104 | (1) |
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|
105 | (4) |
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|
109 | (20) |
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|
109 | (1) |
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|
109 | (1) |
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|
109 | (1) |
|
Spinous Process and Transverse Process Fractures |
|
|
109 | (1) |
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|
109 | (14) |
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|
109 | (2) |
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|
111 | (1) |
|
First Cervical Vertebra (Atlas) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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|
111 | (1) |
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|
111 | (3) |
|
Second Cervical Vertebra (Axis) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
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|
115 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (4) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Cervical Spine Injury |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Practical Points for Pathologists |
|
|
120 | (1) |
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|
121 | (1) |
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|
121 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (4) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
The Concept of the Three Spinal Columns |
|
|
123 | (1) |
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|
123 | (1) |
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|
124 | (1) |
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|
124 | (1) |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Thoracolumbar Fractures |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Forensic Issues in Thoracolumbar Fractures |
|
|
126 | (1) |
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|
127 | (2) |
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|
129 | (16) |
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|
129 | (5) |
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|
129 | (1) |
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|
129 | (1) |
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|
129 | (1) |
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|
130 | (1) |
|
Etiology and Significance of Pediatric Rib Fractures |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Nonaccidental Injury (NAI) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Rib Fractures |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
Forensic Issues in Rib Fractures |
|
|
134 | (1) |
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|
134 | (3) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
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|
135 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Sternal Fractures |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Sternal Fractures |
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
Sternoclavicular Dislocation |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Manubriosternal Fracture Dislocation |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
|
137 | (1) |
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|
138 | (1) |
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|
138 | (2) |
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|
140 | (2) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Clavicular Fractures |
|
|
141 | (1) |
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|
141 | (1) |
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|
142 | (3) |
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|
145 | (14) |
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|
145 | (3) |
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|
145 | (1) |
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|
145 | (1) |
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|
145 | (1) |
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|
145 | (1) |
|
Proximal Humeral Fractures |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Condylar and Supracondylar Fractures |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Distal Articular Fractures |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Humeral Fractures |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Humeral Fractures |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
Pediatric CT of Humeral Fractures |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
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|
148 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Coronoid Process Fracture |
|
|
148 | (1) |
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|
148 | (1) |
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|
149 | (1) |
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|
149 | (2) |
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|
149 | (1) |
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|
149 | (1) |
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|
149 | (1) |
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|
149 | (1) |
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|
150 | (1) |
|
Radiocarpal Fractures and Dislocations |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Forearm Fractures |
|
|
150 | (1) |
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|
151 | (1) |
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|
151 | (1) |
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|
151 | (1) |
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|
151 | (1) |
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|
152 | (1) |
|
Metacarpals and Phalanges |
|
|
152 | (1) |
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|
152 | (1) |
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|
152 | (1) |
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|
152 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Upper Limb Fractures |
|
|
152 | (1) |
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|
152 | (1) |
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|
153 | (1) |
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|
153 | (1) |
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|
153 | (2) |
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|
153 | (1) |
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|
153 | (1) |
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|
154 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Shoulder Dislocation |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Elbow Fracture Dislocation |
|
|
155 | (1) |
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|
155 | (1) |
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|
155 | (1) |
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|
155 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Elbow Fracture Dislocation |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Wrist Fracture Dislocation |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Forensic Aspects of Upper Limb Injury |
|
|
156 | (1) |
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|
156 | (1) |
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|
156 | (1) |
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|
157 | (1) |
|
Motor Vehicle--Related Injury |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
Trauma Associated with Seizures |
|
|
157 | (1) |
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|
157 | (2) |
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|
159 | (14) |
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|
159 | (1) |
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|
159 | (1) |
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|
159 | (1) |
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|
160 | (7) |
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|
162 | (1) |
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|
163 | (1) |
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|
164 | (1) |
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|
165 | (1) |
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|
166 | (1) |
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|
167 | (1) |
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|
167 | (1) |
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|
167 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Pelvic Fractures |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Pelvic Fractures |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
Forensic Aspects of Pelvic Fractures |
|
|
170 | (1) |
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|
170 | (1) |
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|
170 | (1) |
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|
171 | (1) |
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|
172 | (1) |
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|
173 | (18) |
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|
173 | (4) |
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|
173 | (1) |
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|
173 | (1) |
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|
173 | (1) |
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|
173 | (1) |
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|
173 | (3) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Supracondylar and Condylar Fractures |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Femoral Fractures |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Femoral Fracture |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
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|
177 | (1) |
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|
177 | (3) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
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|
178 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
Nonarticular Proximal Tibial Fractures |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Tibial Fracture |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Forensic Issues in Fractures to the Lower Leg |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Fractures Involving the Foot |
|
|
182 | (4) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
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|
183 | (1) |
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|
183 | (1) |
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|
183 | (1) |
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|
183 | (1) |
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|
183 | (1) |
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|
184 | (1) |
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|
184 | (1) |
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|
184 | (1) |
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|
184 | (1) |
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|
184 | (1) |
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|
184 | (1) |
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|
184 | (1) |
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|
184 | (1) |
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|
185 | (1) |
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|
185 | (1) |
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|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Metatarsals and Tarsometatarsal Complex (TMC) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis in Foot Fractures |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Joint Injury to the Lower Leg |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Reconstruction of Mechanism of Injury |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Pediatric Knee Injuries |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
CT Diagnosis of Ankle Injuries |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
11 The Use of CT in Difficult Forensic Cases |
|
|
191 | (38) |
|
Decomposed and Burnt Remains |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (15) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Falls from Standing Heights and Relatively Low Heights |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
Falls from a Significant Height |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Distribution of Injuries in Significant Falls |
|
|
199 | (4) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Can the Distribution of Injuries Be an Indicator of the Manner of Death? |
|
|
203 | (3) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Studies on Pediatric Falls |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Falls Down Stairs |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Baby Walker--Related Falls |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (5) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Forensic Significance of Fractures |
|
|
209 | (3) |
|
Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Fractures |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (12) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Position of the Deceased in a Motor Vehicle at the Moment of the Collision |
|
|
215 | (4) |
|
CT and External Examination |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Was the Driver of a Vehicle Conscious at the Time of the Collision? |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
An Opinion as to the Type of Vehicle That Struck a Pedestrian |
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
An Opinion as to the Position of the Pedestrian When Struck |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
CT and External Examination of Deceased Pedestrians |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (4) |
Concluding Remarks |
|
229 | (2) |
Index |
|
231 | |