|
|
ix | |
|
|
xix | |
Preface |
|
xxi | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xxiii | |
|
|
|
|
1 | (5) |
|
1.1.1 Artificial radioactivity |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
1.2 Classification of Ions and Research with Accelerated Light Ions |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
1.3 Accelerated Heavy Ions |
|
|
9 | (3) |
|
1.4 Special Features of Heavy Ions |
|
|
12 | (21) |
|
1.5 Motivation for this Book |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
2 Theoretical Tools, Reaction Mechanism and Computer Codes |
|
|
|
2.1 Complete Fusion of Heavy Ions |
|
|
36 | (18) |
|
2.1.1 Hauser-Feshbach formalism for spinless particles |
|
|
38 | (4) |
|
2.1.2 Level width and level separation |
|
|
42 | (4) |
|
2.1.3 Evaporation spectra |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
2.1.4 Width fluctuation correction |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
2.1.5 Effective transmission coefficients |
|
|
49 | (3) |
|
2.1.6 De-excitation sequence of the compound nucleus |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
2.2 The Pre-equilibrium Emission in Statistical Nuclear Reactions |
|
|
54 | (16) |
|
|
57 | (8) |
|
2.2.2 The Harp-Miller-Berne (HMB) model |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
2.2.4 The intra-nuclear cascade model |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
2.2.5 The totally quantum mechanical model of pre-equilibrium emission |
|
|
68 | (2) |
|
2.3 The Incomplete Fusion of Heavy Ions |
|
|
70 | (11) |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
2.3.2 The promptly-emitted particles (PEPs) model |
|
|
71 | (4) |
|
|
75 | (5) |
|
2.3.4 Breakup fusion model (BUF) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
|
81 | (7) |
|
2.4.1 Computer code PACE 4 |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
2.4.2 Computer code CASCADE |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
2.4.3 Computer codes GNASH and McGNASH |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
2.4.4 Computer code ALICE 91 and ALICE IPPE |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
2.4.5 The computer code EMPIRE |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
3 Experimental Details and Formulations |
|
|
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
3.2 Formulations for Measuring Cross-section |
|
|
89 | (3) |
|
|
92 | (8) |
|
3.3.1 Off-beam experiments |
|
|
92 | (2) |
|
3.3.2 Pelletron accelerator at the IUAC, New Delhi |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
3.3.3 Experimental details for the measurement of excitation functions |
|
|
96 | (4) |
|
|
100 | (4) |
|
3.5 Sample Irradiation by HI Beam |
|
|
104 | (3) |
|
3.6 Post-irradiation Analysis |
|
|
107 | (6) |
|
3.6.1 Calibration of HPGe detector and efficiency measurement |
|
|
107 | (3) |
|
3.6.2 Identification of reaction residues |
|
|
110 | (3) |
|
3.7 Measurement of Recoil Range Distribution (RRD) of Heavy Residues |
|
|
113 | (7) |
|
3.7.1 Target and catcher foil preparation for RRD measurements |
|
|
115 | (5) |
|
3.8 Measurement of Angular Distribution of Residues |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
|
122 | (9) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
3.9.2 Experimental setup used |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
3.9.3 The gamma detector array (GDA) setup |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
3.9.4 Charged particle detector array (CPDA) setup |
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
3.9.5 Irradiations for spin distribution measurement |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
|
|
4.1 Measurement of Excitation Functions and their Analysis |
|
|
131 | (72) |
|
4.1.1 Reactions initiated by 12C beam |
|
|
139 | (24) |
|
4.1.2 Reactions initiated by 13C beam |
|
|
163 | (6) |
|
4.1.3 Reactions initiated by 14N beam |
|
|
169 | (6) |
|
4.1.4 Reactions initiated by 16O beam |
|
|
175 | (17) |
|
4.1.5 Reactions initiated by 18O beam |
|
|
192 | (3) |
|
4.1.6 Reactions initiated by 19F beam |
|
|
195 | (8) |
|
4.2 Measurement of Recoil Range Distributions (RRD) and their Analysis |
|
|
203 | (22) |
|
4.2.1 Recoil range distribution for the system 12C+159Tb |
|
|
204 | (9) |
|
4.2.2 Recoil range distribution for the system 16O+159Tb |
|
|
213 | (3) |
|
4.2.3 Recoil range distribution for the system 16O+169Tm |
|
|
216 | (4) |
|
4.2.4 Recoil range distribution for the system 16O+181Ta |
|
|
220 | (5) |
|
4.3 Measurement of Angular Distribution of Heavy Residues and their Analysis |
|
|
225 | (4) |
|
4.3.1 Angular distribution of residues emitted from the system 16O+169Tm |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
4.3.2 Angular distributions of the residues emitted from 16O+27Al system |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
4.4 Measurement of Spin Distribution and Feeding Intensity Profiles |
|
|
229 | (12) |
|
4.4.1 Measurement of spin distribution and feeding intensity for the system 16O+169Tm |
|
|
230 | (5) |
|
4.4.2 Measured spin distribution and feeding intensity profile for the 12C+169Tm system |
|
|
235 | (6) |
|
4.5 Measurement of Pre-equilibrium Component in Heavy Ion Reactions at < 10 MeV/n Energy |
|
|
241 | (8) |
|
4.5.1 Measurement of pre-equilibrium component in the 16O+169Tm system |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
4.5.2 Measurement of pre-equilibrium components in 16O+159Tb, 19O+169Tm and 16O+181Ta systems |
|
|
245 | (4) |
|
5 Results and Conclusions |
|
|
|
5.1 Incomplete Fusion below 10 MeV/A Energy and its Dependence on Entrance Channel Parameters |
|
|
249 | (11) |
|
5.1.1 Dependence of ICF on projectile structure and incident energy |
|
|
252 | (2) |
|
5.1.2 Dependence of ICF on mass asymmetry |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
5.1.3 Dependence of ICF on α Q value of the projectile |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
5.1.4 Dependence of ICF on the Coulomb factor (Zp.ZT) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
5.1.5 Angular momentum (l) distribution and mean input angular momentum for complete and incomplete fusion reactions |
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
5.2 Pre-equilibrium Emission in Heavy Ion Reactions at Energies < 10 MeV/A |
|
|
260 | (3) |
|
5.3 Applications of Heavy Ion Reactions at Energy < 10 MeV/A |
|
|
263 | (6) |
|
5.3.1 Study of high spin states populated via incomplete fusion |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
5.3.2 Incomplete fusion and synthesis of super heavy elements |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
5.2.3 Incomplete fusion and production of isotopes of special interest |
|
|
267 | (2) |
Appendix |
|
269 | (4) |
References |
|
273 | (18) |
Index |
|
291 | |