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E-book: Fundamentals and Applications of Heavy Ion Collisions: Below 10 MeV/ Nucleon Energies

(Aligarh Muslim University, India), (Aligarh Muslim University, India)
  • Format: PDF+DRM
  • Pub. Date: 03-May-2018
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press
  • Language: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108628198
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  • Format: PDF+DRM
  • Pub. Date: 03-May-2018
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press
  • Language: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108628198
Other books in subject:

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An up-to-date text, covering the concept of incomplete fusion (ICF) in heavy ion (HI) interactions at energies below 10 MeV/ nucleon. Important concepts including the exciton model, the Harp Miller and Berne model, Hybrid model, Sum rule model, Hot spot model and promptly emitted particles model are covered in depth. It studies the ICF and PE-emission in heavy ion reactions at low energies using off-beam and in-beam experimental techniques. Theories of complete fusion (CF) of heavy ions based on Compound Nucleus (CN) mechanism of statistical nuclear reactions, details of the Computer code PACE4 based on CN mechanism, pre-equilibrium (PE) emission, modeling of (ICF) and their limits of application are discussed in detail.

A comprehensive text in the field of experimental accelerator physics covering necessary details for performing experiments with accelerated HI beams. It contains a detailed analysis of results which leads to a better understanding of incomplete fusion (ICF) reactions at low energies.

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Provides detailed methodology of carrying out experiments using accelerated HI beams below 10MeV/ nucleon energies.
Figures
ix
Tables
xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1(5)
1.1.1 Artificial radioactivity
4(1)
1.1.2 Neutron era
4(2)
1.2 Classification of Ions and Research with Accelerated Light Ions
6(3)
1.3 Accelerated Heavy Ions
9(3)
1.4 Special Features of Heavy Ions
12(21)
1.5 Motivation for this Book
33(3)
2 Theoretical Tools, Reaction Mechanism and Computer Codes
2.1 Complete Fusion of Heavy Ions
36(18)
2.1.1 Hauser-Feshbach formalism for spinless particles
38(4)
2.1.2 Level width and level separation
42(4)
2.1.3 Evaporation spectra
46(2)
2.1.4 Width fluctuation correction
48(1)
2.1.5 Effective transmission coefficients
49(3)
2.1.6 De-excitation sequence of the compound nucleus
52(2)
2.2 The Pre-equilibrium Emission in Statistical Nuclear Reactions
54(16)
2.2.1 The exciton model
57(8)
2.2.2 The Harp-Miller-Berne (HMB) model
65(1)
2.2.3 The hybrid model
66(1)
2.2.4 The intra-nuclear cascade model
67(1)
2.2.5 The totally quantum mechanical model of pre-equilibrium emission
68(2)
2.3 The Incomplete Fusion of Heavy Ions
70(11)
2.3.1 The hot spot model
71(1)
2.3.2 The promptly-emitted particles (PEPs) model
71(4)
2.3.3 The sum rule model
75(5)
2.3.4 Breakup fusion model (BUF)
80(1)
2.4 Computer Codes
81(7)
2.4.1 Computer code PACE 4
82(1)
2.4.2 Computer code CASCADE
83(1)
2.4.3 Computer codes GNASH and McGNASH
84(1)
2.4.4 Computer code ALICE 91 and ALICE IPPE
85(2)
2.4.5 The computer code EMPIRE
87(1)
3 Experimental Details and Formulations
3.1 Introduction
88(1)
3.2 Formulations for Measuring Cross-section
89(3)
3.3 Experimental Details
92(8)
3.3.1 Off-beam experiments
92(2)
3.3.2 Pelletron accelerator at the IUAC, New Delhi
94(2)
3.3.3 Experimental details for the measurement of excitation functions
96(4)
3.4 Target Preparation
100(4)
3.5 Sample Irradiation by HI Beam
104(3)
3.6 Post-irradiation Analysis
107(6)
3.6.1 Calibration of HPGe detector and efficiency measurement
107(3)
3.6.2 Identification of reaction residues
110(3)
3.7 Measurement of Recoil Range Distribution (RRD) of Heavy Residues
113(7)
3.7.1 Target and catcher foil preparation for RRD measurements
115(5)
3.8 Measurement of Angular Distribution of Residues
120(2)
3.9 In-beam Experiments
122(9)
3.9.1 Target preparation
122(1)
3.9.2 Experimental setup used
123(1)
3.9.3 The gamma detector array (GDA) setup
124(2)
3.9.4 Charged particle detector array (CPDA) setup
126(2)
3.9.5 Irradiations for spin distribution measurement
128(3)
4 Measurements
4.1 Measurement of Excitation Functions and their Analysis
131(72)
4.1.1 Reactions initiated by 12C beam
139(24)
4.1.2 Reactions initiated by 13C beam
163(6)
4.1.3 Reactions initiated by 14N beam
169(6)
4.1.4 Reactions initiated by 16O beam
175(17)
4.1.5 Reactions initiated by 18O beam
192(3)
4.1.6 Reactions initiated by 19F beam
195(8)
4.2 Measurement of Recoil Range Distributions (RRD) and their Analysis
203(22)
4.2.1 Recoil range distribution for the system 12C+159Tb
204(9)
4.2.2 Recoil range distribution for the system 16O+159Tb
213(3)
4.2.3 Recoil range distribution for the system 16O+169Tm
216(4)
4.2.4 Recoil range distribution for the system 16O+181Ta
220(5)
4.3 Measurement of Angular Distribution of Heavy Residues and their Analysis
225(4)
4.3.1 Angular distribution of residues emitted from the system 16O+169Tm
225(2)
4.3.2 Angular distributions of the residues emitted from 16O+27Al system
227(2)
4.4 Measurement of Spin Distribution and Feeding Intensity Profiles
229(12)
4.4.1 Measurement of spin distribution and feeding intensity for the system 16O+169Tm
230(5)
4.4.2 Measured spin distribution and feeding intensity profile for the 12C+169Tm system
235(6)
4.5 Measurement of Pre-equilibrium Component in Heavy Ion Reactions at < 10 MeV/n Energy
241(8)
4.5.1 Measurement of pre-equilibrium component in the 16O+169Tm system
242(3)
4.5.2 Measurement of pre-equilibrium components in 16O+159Tb, 19O+169Tm and 16O+181Ta systems
245(4)
5 Results and Conclusions
5.1 Incomplete Fusion below 10 MeV/A Energy and its Dependence on Entrance Channel Parameters
249(11)
5.1.1 Dependence of ICF on projectile structure and incident energy
252(2)
5.1.2 Dependence of ICF on mass asymmetry
254(1)
5.1.3 Dependence of ICF on α Q value of the projectile
255(2)
5.1.4 Dependence of ICF on the Coulomb factor (Zp.ZT)
257(1)
5.1.5 Angular momentum (l) distribution and mean input angular momentum for complete and incomplete fusion reactions
258(2)
5.2 Pre-equilibrium Emission in Heavy Ion Reactions at Energies < 10 MeV/A
260(3)
5.3 Applications of Heavy Ion Reactions at Energy < 10 MeV/A
263(6)
5.3.1 Study of high spin states populated via incomplete fusion
263(2)
5.3.2 Incomplete fusion and synthesis of super heavy elements
265(2)
5.2.3 Incomplete fusion and production of isotopes of special interest
267(2)
Appendix 269(4)
References 273(18)
Index 291
R. Prasad is an Emeritus Professor of Physics at the Aligarh Muslim University, India, where he has served for forty-three years. During that time, he was Lecturer, Reader, and Professor of Experimental Physics, as well as Chairman of the Department of Physics and Dean of the Faculty of Science. He has taught courses on nuclear physics, thermal physics, electronics, quantum mechanics and modern physics at graduate and postgraduate level. His area of specialization is experimental nuclear physics and he has published more than 175 papers in national and international journals. Prasad carried out postdoctoral research at the University of Hamburg, Germany as DAAD fellow, at the Swiss Institute of Nuclear Research (SIN) Switzerland as visiting professor, at the Atom Institute of Technical University of Vienna, Austria as invited guest professor, at the Abduls Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Triest, Italy, and at the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), India. He is author of a book titled Classical and Quantum Thermal Physics (Cambridge, 2016). B. P. Singh is Professor of Physics at Aligarh Muslim University. His areas of research include experimental nuclear physics with special interest on the topics of pre-equilibrium emission in nuclear reactions and incomplete fusion reactions in heavy ion interaction. He has more than twenty-two years of teaching and research experience and has taught courses on nuclear physics, heavy-ion physics, mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermal and statistical physics at undergraduate and graduate level.