Preface |
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xi | |
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1 | (9) |
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1.1 Historical Review and Perspective |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Classifications of Optical Fiber Sensors |
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3 | (3) |
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1.3 Overview of the Chapters |
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6 | (4) |
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8 | (2) |
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2 Fundamentals Of Optical Fibers |
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10 | (66) |
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2.1 Introduction to Optical Fibers |
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10 | (8) |
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2.1.1 Basic Structure and Fabrication of Optical Fiber |
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10 | (2) |
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2.1.2 Basic Characteristics |
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12 | (5) |
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2.1.3 Classifications of Optical Fibers |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Electromagnetic Theory of Step-Index Optical Fibers |
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18 | (24) |
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2.2.1 Maxwell Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates |
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19 | (4) |
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2.2.2 Boundary Conditions and Eigenvalue Equations |
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23 | (3) |
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2.2.3 Weakly Guiding Approximation, Hybrid Modes, and Linear Polarized Modes |
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26 | (3) |
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2.2.4 Field Distribution and Polarization Characteristics |
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29 | (6) |
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2.2.5 Multimode Fiber and Cladding Modes |
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35 | (4) |
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2.2.6 Propagation of Optical Pulses in Optical Fibers |
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39 | (3) |
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2.3 Basic Theory of the Gradient-Index Optical Fiber |
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42 | (15) |
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2.3.1 Ray Equation in Inhomogeneous Media |
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42 | (4) |
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2.3.2 Ray Optics of GRIN Fiber |
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46 | (5) |
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2.3.3 Wave Optics of GRIN Fiber |
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51 | (5) |
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2.3.4 Basic Characteristics of Gradient Index Lens |
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56 | (1) |
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2.4 Special Optical Fibers |
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57 | (19) |
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2.4.1 Rare-Earth-Doped Fibers and Double-Cladding Fibers |
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57 | (3) |
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2.4.2 Polarization Maintaining Fibers |
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60 | (4) |
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2.4.3 Photonic Crystal Fiber and Microstructure Fiber |
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64 | (5) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (5) |
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3 Fiber Sensitivities And Fiber Devices |
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76 | (107) |
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3.1 Fiber Sensitivities to Physical Conditions |
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76 | (21) |
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3.1.1 Sensitivity to Axial Strain |
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77 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Sensitivity to Lateral Pressure |
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78 | (5) |
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3.1.3 Bending-Induced Birefringence |
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83 | (4) |
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3.1.4 Torsion-Induced Polarization Mode Cross-Coupling |
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87 | (4) |
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91 | (4) |
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3.1.6 Vibration and Mechanical Waves in Fiber |
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95 | (1) |
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3.1.7 Sensitivity to Temperature |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (21) |
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3.2.1 Structures and Fabrications of 2 × 2 Couplers |
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98 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Basic Characteristics and Theoretical Analyses of the Coupler |
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99 | (11) |
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3.2.3 N × N and 1 × N Fiber Star Couplers |
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110 | (4) |
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3.2.4 Coupling in Axial Direction and Tapered Fiber |
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114 | (4) |
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3.3 Fiber Loop Devices Incorporated with Couplers |
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118 | (24) |
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118 | (8) |
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126 | (5) |
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3.3.3 Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometers and Michelson Interferometers |
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131 | (4) |
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3.3.4 Fiber Loops Incorporated with 3 × 3 Couplers |
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135 | (7) |
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3.4 Polarization Characteristics of Fibers |
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142 | (20) |
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3.4.1 Polarization State Evolution in Fibers |
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142 | (12) |
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3.4.2 Basic Characteristics of Polarization Mode Dispersion |
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154 | (3) |
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3.4.3 Spun Fiber and Circular Birefringence Fiber |
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157 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Faraday Rotation and Optical Activity |
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159 | (3) |
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3.5 Fiber Polarization Devices |
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162 | (21) |
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162 | (3) |
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3.5.2 Fiber Polarization Controller |
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165 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Fiber Depolarizer and Polarization Scrambler |
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166 | (4) |
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3.5.4 Fiber Optical Isolator and Circulator |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (9) |
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4 Fiber Gratings And Related Devices |
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183 | (95) |
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4.1 Introduction to Fiber Gratings |
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183 | (11) |
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4.1.1 Basic Structure and Principle |
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183 | (3) |
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4.1.2 Photosensitivity of Optical Fiber |
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186 | (4) |
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4.1.3 Fabrication and Classifications of Fiber Gratings |
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190 | (4) |
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4.2 Theory of Fiber Grating |
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194 | (28) |
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4.2.1 Theory of Uniform FBG |
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194 | (8) |
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4.2.2 Theory of Long-Period Fiber Grating |
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202 | (6) |
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4.2.3 Basic Theory of Nonuniform Fiber Gratings |
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208 | (6) |
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4.2.4 Inverse Engineering Design |
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214 | (5) |
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4.2.5 Apodization of Fiber Grating |
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219 | (3) |
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4.3 Special Fiber Grating Devices |
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222 | (27) |
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222 | (11) |
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4.3.2 Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating |
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233 | (3) |
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4.3.3 Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings |
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236 | (7) |
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4.3.4 Polarization Maintaining Fiber Gratings |
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243 | (3) |
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4.3.5 In-Fiber Interferometers and Acoustic Optic Tunable Filter |
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246 | (3) |
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4.4 Fiber Grating Sensitivities and Fiber Grating Sensors |
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249 | (29) |
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4.4.1 Sensitivities of Fiber Gratings |
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250 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Tunability of Fiber Gratings |
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252 | (3) |
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4.4.3 Packaging of Fiber Grating Devices |
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255 | (4) |
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4.4.4 Fiber Grating Sensor Systems and Their Applications |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (12) |
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5 Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors |
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278 | (73) |
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5.1 Optical Scattering in Fiber |
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278 | (8) |
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5.1.1 Elastic Optical Scattering |
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279 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Inelastic Optical Scattering |
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281 | (4) |
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5.1.3 Stimulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering |
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285 | (1) |
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5.2 Distributed Sensors Based on Rayleigh Scattering |
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286 | (14) |
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5.2.1 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer |
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286 | (6) |
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292 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Coherent OTDR and Phase Sensitive OTDR |
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294 | (4) |
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5.2.4 Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry |
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298 | (2) |
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5.3 Distributed Sensors Based on Raman Scattering |
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300 | (8) |
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5.3.1 Raman Scattering in Fiber |
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301 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Distributed Anti-Stokes Raman Thermometry |
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304 | (3) |
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5.3.3 Frequency Domain DART |
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307 | (1) |
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5.4 Distributed Sensors Based on Brillouin Scattering |
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308 | (14) |
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5.4.1 Brillouin Scattering in Fiber |
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308 | (4) |
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5.4.2 Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectrometer |
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312 | (4) |
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5.4.3 Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analyzer |
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316 | (6) |
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5.5 Distributed Sensors Based on Fiber Interferometers |
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322 | (29) |
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5.5.1 Configuration and Characteristics of Interferometric Fiber Sensors |
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323 | (4) |
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5.5.2 Low Coherence Technology in a Distributed Sensor System |
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327 | (4) |
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5.5.3 Sensors Based on Speckle Effect and Mode Coupling in Multimode Fiber |
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331 | (4) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (14) |
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6 Fiber Sensors With Special Applications |
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351 | (44) |
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6.1 Fiber Optic Gyroscope |
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351 | (13) |
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6.1.1 Interferometric FOG |
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352 | (10) |
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6.1.2 Brillouin Laser Gyro and Resonance Fiber Optic Gyroscope |
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362 | (2) |
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6.2 Fiber Optic Hydrophone |
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364 | (9) |
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365 | (5) |
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6.2.2 Sensor Arrays and Multiplexing |
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370 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Low Noise Laser Source |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Faraday Effect in Fiber |
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374 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Electric Current Sensor Based on Faraday Rotation |
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376 | (3) |
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6.4 Fiber Sensors Based on Surface Plasmon Effect |
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379 | (16) |
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6.4.1 Surface Plasmon Effect |
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379 | (4) |
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6.4.2 Sensors Based on SPW |
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383 | (3) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (8) |
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7 Extrinsic Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer Sensor |
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395 | (32) |
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7.1 Basic Principles and Structures of Extrinsic Fiber F-P Sensors |
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395 | (6) |
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7.1.1 Structures of EFFP Devices |
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396 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Basic Characteristics of a Fabry-Perot Interferometer |
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398 | (3) |
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7.2 Theory of a Gaussian Beam Fabry-Perot Interferometer |
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401 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Basic Model and Theoretical Analysis |
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401 | (3) |
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7.2.2 Approximation as a Fizeau Interferometer |
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404 | (2) |
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7.3 Basic Characteristics and Performances of EFFPI Sensors |
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406 | (11) |
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7.3.1 Sensitivity of an EFFPI Sensor |
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406 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Linear Range and Dynamic Range of Measurement |
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408 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Interrogation and Stability |
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410 | (3) |
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413 | (4) |
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7.4 Applications of the EFFPI Sensor and Related Techniques |
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417 | (10) |
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7.4.1 Localization of the Sound Source |
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417 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Applications in an Atomic Force Microscope |
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418 | (1) |
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7.4.3 More Application Examples |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (5) |
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427 | (32) |
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Appendix 1 Mathematical Formulas |
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427 | (8) |
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A1.1 Bessel Equations and Bessel Functions |
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427 | (5) |
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432 | (1) |
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A1.3 The First-Order Linear Differential Equation |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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A1.5 Airy Equation and Airy Functions |
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434 | (1) |
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Appendix 2 Fundamentals of Elasticity |
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435 | (11) |
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A2.1 Strain, Stress, and Hooke's Law |
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435 | (3) |
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A2.2 Conversions Between Coordinates |
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438 | (2) |
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440 | (3) |
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A2.4 Equilibrium of Plates and Rods |
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443 | (3) |
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446 | (1) |
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Appendix 3 Fundamentals of Polarization Optics |
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446 | (8) |
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A3.1 Polarized Light and Jones Vector |
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446 | (1) |
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A3.2 Stokes Vector and Poincare Sphere |
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447 | (2) |
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A3.3 Optics of Anisotropic Media |
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449 | (1) |
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A3.4 Jones Matrix and Mueller Matrix |
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450 | (3) |
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A3.5 Measurement of Jones Vector and Stokes Vector |
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453 | (1) |
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Appendix 4 Specifications of Related Materials and Devices |
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454 | (5) |
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456 | (3) |
Index |
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