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General Principles as a Source of International Law: Art 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice [Pehme köide]

(Australian National University, Canberra)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 304 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x154x20 mm, kaal: 440 g
  • Sari: Studies in International Law
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Oct-2022
  • Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1509946624
  • ISBN-13: 9781509946624
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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 304 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x154x20 mm, kaal: 440 g
  • Sari: Studies in International Law
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Oct-2022
  • Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1509946624
  • ISBN-13: 9781509946624

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of an often neglected, misunderstood and maligned source of international law. Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice sets out that the Court will apply the 'general principles of law recognized by civilized nations'. This source is variously lauded and criticised: held up as a panacea to all international law woes or denied even normative validity. The contrasting views and treatments of General Principles stem from a lack of a model of the source itself. This book provides that model, offering a new and rigorous understanding of Article 38(1)(c) that will be of immense value to scholars and practitioners of international law alike.

At the heart of the book is a new tetrahedral framework of analysis - looking to function, type, methodology and jurisprudential legitimacy. Adopting an historical approach, the book traces the development of the source from 1875 to 2019, encompassing jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice as well as cases from international criminal tribunals, the International Criminal Court and the World Trade Organisation. The book argues for precision in identifying cases that actually apply General Principles, and builds upon these 'proper use' cases to advance a comprehensive model of General Principles, advocating for a global approach to the methodology of the source.

Arvustused

This is a book that is far, far more than an examination of one paragraph of a section of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. It is a book that examines the very nature of international law and, beyond that, of law itself. It is a stunning work in the finest traditions of the greatest international law thinkers. * Justice James Edelman, High Court of Australia * In this book, Imogen Saunders takes us on a quest and the whole field benefits as a result. She searches for a better way of explaining what general principles are and how they can be found and justified. She is driven by the questions of why and how, she searches for deeper understanding and coherence. Saunders' explanation meets a need that the field has long felt and is particularly timely given that the ILC has picked up this topic. This book will stand the test of time as an important contribution to any international lawyer's library. Citations to Bin Cheng's famous book on the subject will now need to be matched by citations to Imogen Saunderss book. * Professor Anthea Roberts, The Australian National University * It is a truly impressive achievement: its not only an exhaustive study of the doctrine of general principles in international law but also an ambitious theoretical enterprise. * Professor Hilary Charlesworth, The University of Melbourne *

Muu info

This book is a much needed new analysis of the General Principles of International Law.
Acknowledgements v
Introduction 1(4)
1 A Framework for Analysing General Principles
5(16)
I Introduction: A Tetrahedral Framework
5(1)
II Jurisprudential Legitimacy: A Brief Consideration of Positivism and Natural Law
6(2)
III Function: A Binding Source of International Law?
8(4)
A `Hard' and `Soft' Rhetoric: Consent and Voluntarism
9(1)
i Treaties
10(1)
ii Customary International Law
10(1)
iii General Principles
11(1)
IV Type
12(2)
A Principles and Rules
13(1)
B Content of General Principles
13(1)
V Methodology
14(5)
A Domestic/International Forum
15(1)
B Comparativism/Categoricism
15(1)
C Judicial Discretion
16(1)
i Discretion and Gaps in International Law
17(2)
D Appropriateness
19(1)
VI Conclusion
19(2)
2 History of Article 38(l)(c)
21(31)
I Introduction
21(1)
II Development Pre-World War I
22(12)
A Arbitral Procedure Regulations 1875
23(3)
B Permanent Court of Arbitration: 1899 and 1907
26(1)
C Court of Arbitral Justice: 1907
27(2)
D International Prize Court: 1907
29(1)
i General Principles of Justice and Equity
29(3)
ii The Prize Court's Failure: A Bold Solution Goes Too Far
32(1)
E Development 1910-14
33(1)
III Development Post-World War 1
34(4)
A The Draft Schemes
34(1)
i Draft Scheme of Denmark, Norway and Sweden: 1918
34(2)
ii Swiss Avant-projet: 1918-19
36(1)
iii Five Powers Plan
36(1)
iv Proposals of the German Government: 1919
37(1)
v Draft Prepared by Clovis Bevilaqua
37(1)
vi Memorandum, Permanent Secretariat
37(1)
B Discretion and General Principles
38(1)
IV Article 38(l)(c) and the PCIJ
38(14)
A Advisory Committee of Jurists
38(2)
i 13th Meeting of the Committee
40(2)
ii 14th Meeting
42(2)
iii 15th Meeting
44(2)
B Passage through the League of Nations
46(1)
V Conclusion: Applying the Tetrahedral Framework
47(1)
A Jurisprudential Legitimacy
47(1)
B Function
48(1)
C Methodology
48(1)
i The Role of Judicial Discretion
49(1)
ii The Forum from which General Principles are Drawn: The Role of Municipal Law
49(1)
D Type of General Principles
50(1)
i Principles and Rules
50(1)
ii Procedural General Principles
50(1)
iii Jus Cogens
50(2)
3 Consideration of Article 38(l)(c) by the PCIJ
52(39)
I Introduction: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff
52(3)
II Cases in Chronological Order
55(36)
A SS Wimbledon
55(1)
i Salus populi supreme lex
56(1)
ii Good Faith - Impossible Consequences
56(1)
B Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions
57(1)
i Rejection of the Comparative Methodology
58(1)
ii Allegans Contraria Now Est Audiendus
58(1)
iii Jurisdiction
59(1)
C Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions
60(1)
D Polish Upper Silesia (Preliminary Objections)
60(1)
i Stage of Procedure
61(1)
ii Litispendence
62(1)
E Polish Upper Silesia (Merits)
62(1)
F Mosul Boundary Case
63(1)
G SS Lotus
64(1)
i Universal Acceptance
64(1)
ii Methodology
65(1)
iii General Principles as a Source of Law
66(1)
iv Logical Principles of Law
67(1)
H Chorzdw Factory
68(1)
i Obligation to Make Reparation
68(3)
ii No One Can Take Advantage of Their Own Wrong
71(1)
iii Content of Reparations for an Illegal Act
71(1)
I Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig
72(1)
J Interpretation of Judgments Nos 7 and 8 (The Chorzdw Factory)
73(1)
K Brazilian Loans
73(1)
i Contra Preferentum
74(1)
ii Jura Novit Curia
74(1)
L Interpretation of the Greco-Turkish Agreement
75(1)
M Greco-Bulgarian Communities
76(1)
N Polish Nationals in Danzig
76(1)
O Free Zones of Upper Savoy
77(1)
i Abuses of Rights
77(1)
ii Jura Novit Curia
78(1)
iii Jurisdiction
78(1)
P Eastern Greenland
79(1)
Q Oscar Chinn Case
80(1)
R Lighthouses Case
81(1)
i Good Faith
81(1)
ii Nemo Dat
81(1)
S Consistency of Certain Danzig Legislative Decrees
82(1)
T River Meuse
82(1)
i Estoppel
83(1)
ii Inadimplenti Non Est Adimplendum
84(1)
iii Good Faith
85(1)
U Lighthouses in Crete and Samoa
85(1)
V Panevezys-Saldutiskis Railway
86(1)
W Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria
87(1)
i Prejudicial Effect
87(1)
ii Later v Earlier Intentions
88(1)
III Conclusion
88(1)
A Function
89(1)
B Methodology
89(1)
C Type
90(1)
D Jurisprudential Legitimacy
90(1)
4 Development of Article 38(1)(c): 1945-91
91(48)
I Introduction
91(2)
II Historical Development: PCIJ to ICJ
93(3)
III Cases
96(36)
A Corfu Channel
99(1)
i Circumstantial Evidence
99(1)
ii General Principles and Natural Law
100(1)
iii A Dual Approach to General Principles?
100(1)
B International Status of South West Africa
101(1)
C Fisheries Case
102(1)
D Anglo-Iranian Oil
103(1)
E Effect of Awards of Compensation
104(1)
F Voting Procedure
104(1)
G Certain Norwegian Loans
105(2)
H Right of Passage (Preliminary Objections)
107(1)
I Guardianship of Infants
107(1)
i Judge Lauterpacht
107(1)
ii Judge Quintana
108(1)
J Interhandel
108(1)
K Right of Passage (Merits)
109(1)
i Judgment of the Court
110(1)
ii Judge Quintana
111(1)
iii Judge Koo
111(2)
iv Judge Fernandes
113(3)
L PreahVihear
116(2)
M South-West Africa (Preliminary Objections)
118(1)
N South-West Africa
119(1)
i The Court
119(1)
ii Judge Van Wyk
120(1)
iii Judge Read
121(1)
iv Judge Tanaka
121(2)
v Judge Jessup
123(1)
O North Sea Continental Shelf
124(1)
i Judge Tanaka and Judge Bengzon
124(1)
ii Judge Ammoun
124(2)
P Barcelona Traction
126(1)
i Judgment of the Court
126(1)
ii Judge Ammoun
127(1)
Q Legal Consequences for States
127(2)
R ICAO Council Appeal
129(1)
S Fisheries Jurisdiction (Order)
129(1)
T Application for Review of Judgment No 158
129(1)
i The Court
130(1)
ii Dissenting Opinion of Vice President Ammoun
130(1)
iii Judge De Castro
131(1)
U Aegean Sea Continental Shelf
131(1)
V Continental Shelf (Tunisia v Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
132(4)
W Nicaragua
132(1)
i Judgment of the Court
132(1)
ii President Singh
133(1)
iii Judge Oda
133(1)
iv Judge Schwebel
134(1)
X Elettronica Sicula
134(1)
Y UN Privileges and Immunities Convention
135(1)
IV Conclusion
136(3)
A Conflation of Custom and General Principles
136(1)
B Application of the Tetrahedral Model
136(1)
C The Duality of General Principles
137(2)
5 Development of Article 38(l)(c) by the ICJ: 1992-2019
139(38)
I Introduction
139(3)
II Cases (Except for the Separate and Dissenting Opinions of Judges Weeramantry and Cancado Trindade)
142(18)
A Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Provisional Measures)
142(1)
i Judge El-Kosheri
142(1)
ii Judge Ranjeva
143(1)
B Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru
143(1)
C Territorial Dispute
144(1)
i Estoppel
144(1)
ii Uti Possidetis
145(1)
D Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
145(1)
i Now Liquet
146(1)
ii Judge Fleischhauer
147(1)
E Application of the Genocide Convention (Preliminary Objections)
148(1)
F Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Preliminary Objections)
149(1)
G Oil Platforms (Order)
150(1)
H KasikililSedudu Island
150(2)
I Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999
152(1)
J Maritime and Territorial Questions
152(1)
K Arrest Warrant Case
153(1)
L Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan
153(1)
M Oil Platforms (Merits)
154(1)
N Application of the Genocide Convention (Judgment)
155(1)
O Application of the Interim Accord
155(1)
i Judge Simma
156(1)
ii Judge ad hoc Roucounas
156(1)
P Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
157(1)
Q Construction of a Road
158(1)
R Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia
159(1)
III Contributions of Judge Weeramantry
160(5)
A Greenland and Jan Mayen
160(1)
B Application of the Genocide Convention (Provisional Measures)
161(1)
C Gabdtkovo-Nagymaros Project
161(2)
D Land and Maritime Boundary (Preliminary Objections)
163(1)
E Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Application to Intervene)
164(1)
IV Contributions of Judge Cancado-Trindade
165(8)
A Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Provisional Measures)
165(1)
B Pulp Mills
166(1)
i Function
166(1)
ii Jurisprudential Legitimacy
167(1)
iii Methodology
167(1)
iv Type
168(1)
C Certain Activities (Joinder)/Construction of a Road (Joinder)
169(1)
D Access to the Pacific Ocean
170(1)
E Nuclear Arms and Disarmament
171(1)
F Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces (Preliminary Objections)
172(1)
V Conclusion
173(4)
6 General Principles in Other Courts and Tribunals
177(63)
I Introduction
177(1)
II International Criminal Tribunals
178(15)
A International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
179(1)
i Classification of General Principles
180(1)
ii Function
181(1)
iii Methodology and Jurisprudential Legitimacy
182(6)
iv Type
188(1)
B International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
189(2)
C International Criminal Court
191(2)
III International Economic Law
193(5)
A World Trade Organisation
193(2)
B GATT Panels
195(1)
C International Investment Arbitrations
196(2)
IV International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
198(1)
V Regional Bodies
199(7)
A European Court of Justice: General Principles of EULaw
199(2)
B European Court of Human Rights
201(2)
C Inter-American Court of Human Rights
203(3)
VI Conclusion
206(7)
7 Commentary in Context
208(2)
I Article 38(1)(c) as a Norm-Creating Source of International Law
210(1)
A Function Explained by Source Theory
211(1)
B General Principles as Interpreters/General Principles as Unifiers
212(1)
II The Rule/Principle Distinction
213(8)
A `National' International Law
215(2)
B A Temporal Dimension to the Rule/Principle Distinction
217(1)
i Pre-PCIJ
217(1)
ii PCIJ and ICJ
218(1)
C A Blurred Distinction
218(2)
D Generality
220(1)
III Judicial Discretion
221(8)
A Comparativism, Categoricism and Discretion
222(2)
B Discretion as to Appropriateness
224(2)
C A Broader Discretion
226(2)
D Nationality, Judicial Discretion and Methodology
228(1)
IV Where are General Principles Drawn From?
229(8)
A `Civilized' Nations
229(2)
B Domestic Forum
231(1)
C General Principles Drawn from International Law
232(1)
i General Principles as Deductions from Existing Rules of International Law
233(1)
ii General Principles Gathered from International Material
234(2)
iii International Forum as a Measure of Appropriateness
236(1)
V Content of General Principles
237(3)
A Public/Private Law
237(1)
B Procedural/Substantive
238(1)
C Crimes against Humanity and Jus Cogens
238(2)
8 Global General Principles
240(28)
I Types of Legal Systems
243(6)
A Chthonic Legal Systems
243(2)
B Religious Legal Systems
245(2)
C Asian Legal Systems
247(2)
II Perspectives on General Principles
249(12)
A Chthonic Systems
249(1)
i Intersection between Chthonic Systems and International Law
249(1)
ii Chthonic Legal Systems and `Nations'
250(4)
B Religious Legal Systems
254(1)
i Intersections between Religious Legal Systems and International Law
254(1)
ii Law and Morality
255(2)
iii Where Should General Principles be Drawn From?
257(3)
iv Conceptions of International Law
260(1)
C Asian Legal Systems
261(1)
III The Comparativist's Warning
261(2)
A `Thin' Law and Legal Cultures
261(1)
B Legal Systems as Representatives of Legal Families
262(1)
IV Global General Principles in the Information Age
263(5)
9 A Model of General Principles
268(9)
I A Tale of Two Sources: Illegitimate Duality
269(1)
A General Principles as Logical Deductions
270(1)
II General Principles and Legitimate Duality
270(3)
A The Baseline Model
271(1)
B General Principles as Principles
272(1)
C General Principles as Rules
272(1)
III The Future of General Principles
273(4)
Index 277
Imogen Saunders is Lecturer in Law at the Australian National University, Canberra.