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E-raamat: General Principles as a Source of International Law: Art 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice

Imogen Saunders (Australian National University, Canberra)

Formaat: 304 pages
Sari: Studies in International Law
Ilmumisaeg: 25-Feb-2021
Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
ISBN-13: 9781509936083

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Formaat: 304 pages
Sari: Studies in International Law
Ilmumisaeg: 25-Feb-2021
Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
ISBN-13: 9781509936083

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This book provides a comprehensive analysis of an often neglected, misunderstood and maligned source of international law. Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice sets out that the Court will apply the 'general principles of law recognized by civilized nations'. This source is variously lauded and criticised: held up as a panacea to all international law woes or denied even normative validity. The contrasting views and treatments of General Principles stem from a lack of a model of the source itself. This book provides that model, offering a new and rigorous understanding of Article 38(1)(c) that will be of immense value to scholars and practitioners of international law alike.

At the heart of the book is a new tetrahedral framework of analysis - looking to function, type, methodology and jurisprudential legitimacy. Adopting an historical approach, the book traces the development of the source from 1875 to 2019, encompassing jurisprudence of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice as well as cases from international criminal tribunals, the International Criminal Court and the World Trade Organisation. The book argues for precision in identifying cases that actually apply General Principles, and builds upon these 'proper use' cases to advance a comprehensive model of General Principles, advocating for a global approach to the methodology of the source.

Arvustused

This is a book that is far, far more than an examination of one paragraph of a section of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. It is a book that examines the very nature of international law and, beyond that, of law itself. It is a stunning work in the finest traditions of the greatest international law thinkers. * Justice James Edelman, High Court of Australia * In this book, Imogen Saunders takes us on a quest and the whole field benefits as a result. She searches for a better way of explaining what general principles are and how they can be found and justified. She is driven by the questions of why and how, she searches for deeper understanding and coherence. Saunders' explanation meets a need that the field has long felt and is particularly timely given that the ILC has picked up this topic. This book will stand the test of time as an important contribution to any international lawyer's library. Citations to Bin Cheng's famous book on the subject will now need to be matched by citations to Imogen Saunderss book. * Professor Anthea Roberts, The Australian National University * It is a truly impressive achievement: its not only an exhaustive study of the doctrine of general principles in international law but also an ambitious theoretical enterprise. * Professor Hilary Charlesworth, The University of Melbourne *

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This book is a much needed new analysis of the General Principles of International Law.

Acknowledgements

Introduction

(4)

1 A Framework for Analysing General Principles

(16)

I Introduction: A Tetrahedral Framework

(1)

II Jurisprudential Legitimacy: A Brief Consideration of Positivism and Natural Law

(2)

III Function: A Binding Source of International Law?

(4)

A `Hard' and `Soft' Rhetoric: Consent and Voluntarism

(1)

i Treaties

(1)

ii Customary International Law

(1)

iii General Principles

(1)

IV Type

(2)

A Principles and Rules

(1)

B Content of General Principles

(1)

V Methodology

(5)

A Domestic/International Forum

(1)

B Comparativism/Categoricism

(1)

C Judicial Discretion

(1)

i Discretion and Gaps in International Law

(2)

D Appropriateness

(1)

VI Conclusion

(2)

2 History of Article 38(l)(c)

(31)

I Introduction

(1)

II Development Pre-World War I

(12)

A Arbitral Procedure Regulations 1875

(3)

B Permanent Court of Arbitration: 1899 and 1907

(1)

C Court of Arbitral Justice: 1907

(2)

D International Prize Court: 1907

(1)

i General Principles of Justice and Equity

(3)

ii The Prize Court's Failure: A Bold Solution Goes Too Far

(1)

E Development 1910-14

(1)

III Development Post-World War 1

(4)

A The Draft Schemes

(1)

i Draft Scheme of Denmark, Norway and Sweden: 1918

(2)

ii Swiss Avant-projet: 1918-19

(1)

iii Five Powers Plan

(1)

iv Proposals of the German Government: 1919

(1)

v Draft Prepared by Clovis Bevilaqua

(1)

vi Memorandum, Permanent Secretariat

(1)

B Discretion and General Principles

(1)

IV Article 38(l)(c) and the PCIJ

(14)

A Advisory Committee of Jurists

(2)

i 13th Meeting of the Committee

(2)

ii 14th Meeting

(2)

iii 15th Meeting

(2)

B Passage through the League of Nations

(1)

V Conclusion: Applying the Tetrahedral Framework

(1)

A Jurisprudential Legitimacy

(1)

B Function

(1)

C Methodology

(1)

i The Role of Judicial Discretion

(1)

ii The Forum from which General Principles are Drawn: The Role of Municipal Law

(1)

D Type of General Principles

(1)

i Principles and Rules

(1)

ii Procedural General Principles

(1)

iii Jus Cogens

(2)

3 Consideration of Article 38(l)(c) by the PCIJ

(39)

I Introduction: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff

(3)

II Cases in Chronological Order

(36)

A SS Wimbledon

(1)

i Salus populi supreme lex

(1)

ii Good Faith - Impossible Consequences

(1)

B Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions

(1)

i Rejection of the Comparative Methodology

(1)

ii Allegans Contraria Now Est Audiendus

(1)

iii Jurisdiction

(1)

C Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions

(1)

D Polish Upper Silesia (Preliminary Objections)

(1)

i Stage of Procedure

(1)

ii Litispendence

(1)

E Polish Upper Silesia (Merits)

(1)

F Mosul Boundary Case

(1)

G SS Lotus

(1)

i Universal Acceptance

(1)

ii Methodology

(1)

iii General Principles as a Source of Law

(1)

iv Logical Principles of Law

(1)

H Chorzdw Factory

(1)

i Obligation to Make Reparation

(3)

ii No One Can Take Advantage of Their Own Wrong

(1)

iii Content of Reparations for an Illegal Act

(1)

I Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig

(1)

J Interpretation of Judgments Nos 7 and 8 (The Chorzdw Factory)

(1)

K Brazilian Loans

(1)

i Contra Preferentum

(1)

ii Jura Novit Curia

(1)

L Interpretation of the Greco-Turkish Agreement

(1)

M Greco-Bulgarian Communities

(1)

N Polish Nationals in Danzig

(1)

O Free Zones of Upper Savoy

(1)

i Abuses of Rights

(1)

ii Jura Novit Curia

(1)

iii Jurisdiction

(1)

P Eastern Greenland

(1)

Q Oscar Chinn Case

(1)

R Lighthouses Case

(1)

i Good Faith

(1)

ii Nemo Dat

(1)

S Consistency of Certain Danzig Legislative Decrees

(1)

T River Meuse

(1)

i Estoppel

(1)

ii Inadimplenti Non Est Adimplendum

(1)

iii Good Faith

(1)

U Lighthouses in Crete and Samoa

(1)

V Panevezys-Saldutiskis Railway

(1)

W Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria

(1)

i Prejudicial Effect

(1)

ii Later v Earlier Intentions

(1)

III Conclusion

(1)

A Function

(1)

B Methodology

(1)

C Type

(1)

D Jurisprudential Legitimacy

(1)

4 Development of Article 38(1)(c): 1945-91

(48)

I Introduction

(2)

II Historical Development: PCIJ to ICJ

(3)

III Cases

(36)

A Corfu Channel

(1)

i Circumstantial Evidence

(1)

ii General Principles and Natural Law

100

(1)

iii A Dual Approach to General Principles?

100

(1)

B International Status of South West Africa

101

(1)

C Fisheries Case

102

(1)

D Anglo-Iranian Oil

103

(1)

E Effect of Awards of Compensation

104

(1)

F Voting Procedure

104

(1)

G Certain Norwegian Loans

105

(2)

H Right of Passage (Preliminary Objections)

107

(1)

I Guardianship of Infants

107

(1)

i Judge Lauterpacht

107

(1)

ii Judge Quintana

108

(1)

J Interhandel

108

(1)

K Right of Passage (Merits)

109

(1)

i Judgment of the Court

110

(1)

ii Judge Quintana

111

(1)

iii Judge Koo

111

(2)

iv Judge Fernandes

113

(3)

L PreahVihear

116

(2)

M South-West Africa (Preliminary Objections)

118

(1)

N South-West Africa

119

(1)

i The Court

119

(1)

ii Judge Van Wyk

120

(1)

iii Judge Read

121

(1)

iv Judge Tanaka

121

(2)

v Judge Jessup

123

(1)

O North Sea Continental Shelf

124

(1)

i Judge Tanaka and Judge Bengzon

124

(1)

ii Judge Ammoun

124

(2)

P Barcelona Traction

126

(1)

i Judgment of the Court

126

(1)

ii Judge Ammoun

127

(1)

Q Legal Consequences for States

127

(2)

R ICAO Council Appeal

129

(1)

S Fisheries Jurisdiction (Order)

129

(1)

T Application for Review of Judgment No 158

129

(1)

i The Court

130

(1)

ii Dissenting Opinion of Vice President Ammoun

130

(1)

iii Judge De Castro

131

(1)

U Aegean Sea Continental Shelf

131

(1)

V Continental Shelf (Tunisia v Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)

132

(4)

W Nicaragua

132

(1)

i Judgment of the Court

132

(1)

ii President Singh

133

(1)

iii Judge Oda

133

(1)

iv Judge Schwebel

134

(1)

X Elettronica Sicula

134

(1)

Y UN Privileges and Immunities Convention

135

(1)

IV Conclusion

136

(3)

A Conflation of Custom and General Principles

136

(1)

B Application of the Tetrahedral Model

136

(1)

C The Duality of General Principles

137

(2)

5 Development of Article 38(l)(c) by the ICJ: 1992-2019

139

(38)

I Introduction

139

(3)

II Cases (Except for the Separate and Dissenting Opinions of Judges Weeramantry and Cancado Trindade)

142

(18)

A Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Provisional Measures)

142

(1)

i Judge El-Kosheri

142

(1)

ii Judge Ranjeva

143

(1)

B Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru

143

(1)

C Territorial Dispute

144

(1)

i Estoppel

144

(1)

ii Uti Possidetis

145

(1)

D Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

145

(1)

i Now Liquet

146

(1)

ii Judge Fleischhauer

147

(1)

E Application of the Genocide Convention (Preliminary Objections)

148

(1)

F Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Preliminary Objections)

149

(1)

G Oil Platforms (Order)

150

(1)

H KasikililSedudu Island

150

(2)

I Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999

152

(1)

J Maritime and Territorial Questions

152

(1)

K Arrest Warrant Case

153

(1)

L Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan

153

(1)

M Oil Platforms (Merits)

154

(1)

N Application of the Genocide Convention (Judgment)

155

(1)

O Application of the Interim Accord

155

(1)

i Judge Simma

156

(1)

ii Judge ad hoc Roucounas

156

(1)

P Jurisdictional Immunities of the State

157

(1)

Q Construction of a Road

158

(1)

R Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia

159

(1)

III Contributions of Judge Weeramantry

160

(5)

A Greenland and Jan Mayen

160

(1)

B Application of the Genocide Convention (Provisional Measures)

161

(1)

C Gabdtkovo-Nagymaros Project

161

(2)

D Land and Maritime Boundary (Preliminary Objections)

163

(1)

E Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Application to Intervene)

164

(1)

IV Contributions of Judge Cancado-Trindade

165

(8)

A Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Provisional Measures)

165

(1)

B Pulp Mills

166

(1)

i Function

166

(1)

ii Jurisprudential Legitimacy

167

(1)

iii Methodology

167

(1)

iv Type

168

(1)

C Certain Activities (Joinder)/Construction of a Road (Joinder)

169

(1)

D Access to the Pacific Ocean

170

(1)

E Nuclear Arms and Disarmament

171

(1)

F Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces (Preliminary Objections)

172

(1)

V Conclusion

173

(4)

6 General Principles in Other Courts and Tribunals

177

(63)

I Introduction

177

(1)

II International Criminal Tribunals

178

(15)

A International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

179

(1)

i Classification of General Principles

180

(1)

ii Function

181

(1)

iii Methodology and Jurisprudential Legitimacy

182

(6)

iv Type

188

(1)

B International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

189

(2)

C International Criminal Court

191

(2)

III International Economic Law

193

(5)

A World Trade Organisation

193

(2)

B GATT Panels

195

(1)

C International Investment Arbitrations

196

(2)

IV International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

198

(1)

V Regional Bodies

199

(7)

A European Court of Justice: General Principles of EULaw

199

(2)

B European Court of Human Rights

201

(2)

C Inter-American Court of Human Rights

203

(3)

VI Conclusion

206

(7)

7 Commentary in Context

208

(2)

I Article 38(1)(c) as a Norm-Creating Source of International Law

210

(1)

A Function Explained by Source Theory

211

(1)

B General Principles as Interpreters/General Principles as Unifiers

212

(1)

II The Rule/Principle Distinction

213

(8)

A `National' International Law

215

(2)

B A Temporal Dimension to the Rule/Principle Distinction

217

(1)

i Pre-PCIJ

217

(1)

ii PCIJ and ICJ

218

(1)

C A Blurred Distinction

218

(2)

D Generality

220

(1)

III Judicial Discretion

221

(8)

A Comparativism, Categoricism and Discretion

222

(2)

B Discretion as to Appropriateness

224

(2)

C A Broader Discretion

226

(2)

D Nationality, Judicial Discretion and Methodology

228

(1)

IV Where are General Principles Drawn From?

229

(8)

A `Civilized' Nations

229

(2)

B Domestic Forum

231

(1)

C General Principles Drawn from International Law

232

(1)

i General Principles as Deductions from Existing Rules of International Law

233

(1)

ii General Principles Gathered from International Material

234

(2)

iii International Forum as a Measure of Appropriateness

236

(1)

V Content of General Principles

237

(3)

A Public/Private Law

237

(1)

B Procedural/Substantive

238

(1)

C Crimes against Humanity and Jus Cogens

238

(2)

8 Global General Principles

240

(28)

I Types of Legal Systems

243

(6)

A Chthonic Legal Systems

243

(2)

B Religious Legal Systems

245

(2)

C Asian Legal Systems

247

(2)

II Perspectives on General Principles

249

(12)

A Chthonic Systems

249

(1)

i Intersection between Chthonic Systems and International Law

249

(1)

ii Chthonic Legal Systems and `Nations'

250

(4)

B Religious Legal Systems

254

(1)

i Intersections between Religious Legal Systems and International Law

254

(1)

ii Law and Morality

255

(2)

iii Where Should General Principles be Drawn From?

257

(3)

iv Conceptions of International Law

260

(1)

C Asian Legal Systems

261

(1)

III The Comparativist's Warning

261

(2)

A `Thin' Law and Legal Cultures

261

(1)

B Legal Systems as Representatives of Legal Families

262

(1)

IV Global General Principles in the Information Age

263

(5)

9 A Model of General Principles

268

(9)

I A Tale of Two Sources: Illegitimate Duality

269

(1)

A General Principles as Logical Deductions

270

(1)

II General Principles and Legitimate Duality

270

(3)

A The Baseline Model

271

(1)

B General Principles as Principles

272

(1)

C General Principles as Rules

272

(1)

III The Future of General Principles

273

(4)

Index

277

Imogen Saunders is Lecturer in Law at the Australian National University, Canberra.

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E-raamat: General Principles as a Source of International Law: Art 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice

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