| Series Editors' Preface |
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vii | |
| Foreword |
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xi | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
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xxiii | |
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xlv | |
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Table of Conventions, Treaties, etc |
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li | |
| Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (86) |
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1 The Birth of the Abduction Convention and its Inter-Relationship with Other Legal Instruments |
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7 | (28) |
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I The Birth of the Abduction Convention |
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7 | (7) |
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7 | (2) |
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B The Structure of the Abduction Convention |
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9 | (3) |
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C Ratification and Accessions |
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12 | (2) |
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II Inter-Relationship with Other Legal Instruments |
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14 | (21) |
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14 | (3) |
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B The European Custody Convention |
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17 | (2) |
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C Brussels II bis Regulation |
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19 | (6) |
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D European Convention on Human Rights |
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25 | (4) |
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E The 1996 Hague Child Protection Convention |
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29 | (4) |
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F United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 |
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33 | (2) |
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2 The Operation of the Abduction Convention |
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35 | (19) |
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I Sources of Information and Statistics |
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35 | (3) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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II Institutions and other Actors Involved in the Operation of the Convention |
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38 | (5) |
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38 | (1) |
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B Judicial and Law Enforcement Authorities |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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III The Abduction Convention Process |
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43 | (7) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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F Conduct of the Proceedings |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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H Enforcement of Return Orders |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (4) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (3) |
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3 Inter-Disciplinary Aspects of International Child Abduction |
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54 | (17) |
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54 | (7) |
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54 | (1) |
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B Which Parents Abduct and Why |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (3) |
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II Psychological Aspects of Abduction |
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61 | (10) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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C The Impact of Abduction |
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64 | (1) |
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D The Impact of a Move Away from a Primary Carer |
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65 | (2) |
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E The Impact of a Move Away from a Non-Primary Carer |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (2) |
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4 International Relocation and its Inter-Relationship with Child Abduction |
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71 | (20) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (12) |
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A The Different Approaches |
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72 | (5) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (3) |
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D International Harmonisation Initiatives |
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82 | (2) |
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III Inter-Relationship between Child Abduction and Relocation |
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84 | (7) |
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A The Implications of Abduction Law for Relocation Law |
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84 | (2) |
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B The Implications of Relocation Law and Research for Abduction Law |
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86 | (5) |
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Part II Parameters for Analysis |
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91 | (48) |
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5 Parameters Relating to Text and Objectives |
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93 | (15) |
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93 | (1) |
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II Explanation of the Parameters |
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94 | (14) |
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94 | (1) |
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B Consistency with the Intention of the Drafters |
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94 | (2) |
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C Promotion of the Objectives of the Convention |
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96 | (10) |
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D Compatibility with the Summary Nature of Convention Proceedings |
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106 | (2) |
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6 Consistency with General Legal Doctrines |
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108 | (31) |
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108 | (1) |
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II Rights and Interests of Children |
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109 | (12) |
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A Children's Rights and the Abduction Convention |
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109 | (2) |
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B The Best Interests of the Child and Article 3 of the CRC |
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111 | (2) |
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C The Child's Participation Rights and Article 12 of the CRC |
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113 | (5) |
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D The Child's Right to Protection and to Survival and Development |
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118 | (1) |
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E The Child's Right to Contact with his Parents |
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118 | (3) |
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F The Child's Right to Identity |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (5) |
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121 | (1) |
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B The Status of Parental Rights |
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122 | (1) |
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C The Scope of Parental Rights |
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123 | (1) |
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D Conflicts between Children's Rights and Parental Rights |
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124 | (2) |
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IV Private International Law Principles |
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126 | (13) |
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A The Abduction Convention and Private International Law |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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D Rules for Recognition of Foreign Judgments |
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129 | (3) |
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132 | (4) |
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V Certainty versus Flexibility |
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136 | (3) |
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Part III Conditions for Application of Mandatory Return Mechanism |
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139 | (84) |
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7 Wrongful Removal or Retention |
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141 | (34) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (4) |
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A Relationship between the Concepts |
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142 | (1) |
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B Identifying the Date of the Wrongful Retention |
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142 | (2) |
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C Analysis in Relation to the Concept of Retention |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (11) |
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146 | (1) |
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B Local Law versus Autonomous Definition |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (3) |
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E Article 15 Declarations |
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154 | (2) |
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F Actual Exercise of Custody Rights |
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156 | (1) |
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IV Analysis in Relation to Breach and Exercise of Custody Rights |
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157 | (18) |
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157 | (2) |
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B Intention of the Drafters |
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159 | (2) |
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C Promotion of the Objectives of the Convention |
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161 | (4) |
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D Compatibility with the Summary Nature of Convention Proceedings |
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165 | (1) |
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E Consistency with Rights and Interests of Children |
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166 | (1) |
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F Consistency with Rights of the Parents |
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167 | (2) |
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G Consistency with Private International Law Principles |
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169 | (4) |
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H Certainty versus Flexibility |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (48) |
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175 | (5) |
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A Structure of the Chapter |
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175 | (1) |
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B Origin of the Concept of Habitual Residence |
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175 | (1) |
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C Use of Habitual Residence in Relation to Children |
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176 | (2) |
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D Does a Person have a Single Habitual Residence at all Times? |
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178 | (1) |
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E Nature of the Determination of Habitual Residence |
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179 | (1) |
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II Role of Habitual Residence in the Abduction Convention |
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180 | (6) |
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A In Determining the Applicability of the Convention |
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180 | (2) |
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B In Determining Whether the Removal or Retention was Wrongful |
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182 | (1) |
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C As the Place to Where the Child is Returned |
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182 | (4) |
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186 | (9) |
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A The Parental Intention Model |
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186 | (3) |
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B The Independent/Child-Centred Model |
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189 | (3) |
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C The Combined/Hybrid Model |
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192 | (3) |
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IV Illustrating the Different Models |
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195 | (28) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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C Relocations for an Indefinite Period |
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198 | (2) |
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D Shuttle Custody Arrangements |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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B Consistency with the Intention of the Drafters |
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206 | (1) |
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C Promotion of the Objectives of the Convention |
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207 | (4) |
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D Compatibility with the Summary Nature of Convention Proceedings |
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211 | (1) |
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E Consistency with Rights and Interests of Children |
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212 | (1) |
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F Consistency with Rights of the Parents |
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213 | (2) |
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G Consistency with Matrimonial Law |
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215 | (1) |
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H Consistency with Contract Law |
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216 | (2) |
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I Certainty versus Flexibility |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (3) |
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Part IV Defences to Mandatory Return |
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223 | (148) |
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225 | (20) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (10) |
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A Expiration of the 12-Month Period |
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226 | (2) |
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B The Child is Settled in his New Environment |
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228 | (5) |
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C Discretion to Order Return |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (8) |
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236 | (1) |
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B Consistency with the Intention of the Drafters |
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237 | (1) |
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C Promotion of the Objectives of the Convention |
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237 | (5) |
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D Compatibility with the Summary Nature of Convention Proceedings |
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242 | (1) |
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E Consistency with Rights and Interests of Children |
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242 | (1) |
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F Consistency with Private International Law Principles |
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243 | (1) |
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G Certainty versus Flexibility |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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10 Consent and Acquiescence |
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245 | (25) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (5) |
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A Content of Acquiescence or Consent |
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247 | (1) |
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B Subjective or Objective Test |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (5) |
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252 | (1) |
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B Statements Made During Negotiations |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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D Statements Made in Immediate Aftermath of the Removal or Retention |
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254 | (1) |
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E Pursuance of Other Remedies |
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255 | (1) |
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F Actions for the Benefit of the Children |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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H Acquiescence Following Initiation of Proceedings |
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256 | (1) |
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IV Exercise of Discretion |
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257 | (13) |
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A The Nature of the Discretion |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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B Consistency with the Intention of the Drafters |
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262 | (1) |
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C Promotion of the Objectives of the Convention |
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263 | (2) |
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D Compatibility with the Summary Nature of Convention Proceedings |
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265 | (1) |
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E Consistency with Rights and Interests of Children |
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265 | (1) |
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F Consistency with Principles of Private International Law |
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266 | (1) |
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G Consistency with Contract Law |
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267 | (1) |
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H Certainty versus Flexibility |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (47) |
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270 | (3) |
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270 | (1) |
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B Scope of the Investigation |
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271 | (2) |
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II Interpretation and Application of the Grave Risk Defence |
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273 | (16) |
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273 | (4) |
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277 | (12) |
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289 | (9) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (3) |
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C Ensuring Enforceability of Undertakings/Conditions |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (19) |
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298 | (2) |
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B Consistency with the Intention of the Drafters |
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300 | (1) |
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C Promotion of the Objectives of the Convention |
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301 | (4) |
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D Compatibility with the Summary Nature of Convention Proceedings |
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305 | (1) |
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E Consistency with Rights and Interests of Children |
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306 | (5) |
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F Consistency with Rights of the Parents |
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311 | (1) |
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G Consistency with Private International Law Principles |
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312 | (2) |
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H Consistency with Domestic Abuse Policy |
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314 | (1) |
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I Certainty versus Flexibility |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (37) |
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317 | (6) |
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317 | (2) |
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B The Scope of the Court's Discretion |
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319 | (4) |
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II Interpretation and Application of Article 13(2) |
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323 | (20) |
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323 | (4) |
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327 | (9) |
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C Considerations Relevant to the Court's Exercise of its Discretion |
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336 | (7) |
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343 | (8) |
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343 | (1) |
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B Consistency with the Intention of the Drafters |
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344 | (1) |
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C Promotion of the Objectives of the Convention |
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345 | (3) |
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D Compatibility with the Summary Nature of Proceedings |
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348 | (1) |
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E Consistency with Rights and Interests of Children |
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348 | (1) |
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F Consistency with Private International Law Principles |
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349 | (1) |
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G Certainty versus Flexibility |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (3) |
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13 Violation of Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms |
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354 | (17) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (6) |
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A Claims Based on Inconsistency with the Best Interests of the Child |
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355 | (3) |
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B Claims Based on Lack of Due Process in the Requesting State |
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358 | (2) |
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C Claims Based on Right to Freedom of Movement |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (8) |
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361 | (1) |
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B Consistency with the Intention of the Drafters |
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362 | (1) |
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C Promotion of the Objectives of the Convention |
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363 | (2) |
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D Compatibility with the Summary Nature of Convention Proceedings |
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365 | (1) |
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E Consistency with Rights and Interests of Children |
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365 | (1) |
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F Consistency with Rights of the Parents |
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366 | (2) |
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G Consistency with Private International Law Principles |
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368 | (1) |
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H Certainty versus Flexibility |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (2) |
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Part V The Voice of the Child |
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371 | (36) |
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14 Ascertaining the Child's Views |
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373 | (16) |
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I Requirement to Ascertain the Child's Views |
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373 | (2) |
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II Method of Ascertaining the Child's Views in Abduction Convention Cases |
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375 | (5) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (4) |
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380 | (7) |
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A Arguments in Favour of Judges Hearing Children Directly |
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380 | (4) |
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B Arguments against Judges Hearing Children Directly |
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384 | (2) |
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C Making Participation Meaningful |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (2) |
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15 Status of the Child in Abduction Convention Proceedings |
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389 | (18) |
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389 | (2) |
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II The Child's Right to Separate Representation |
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391 | (5) |
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A The Source of the Right |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (4) |
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III Separate Representation in Abduction Convention Cases |
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396 | (7) |
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396 | (3) |
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B The Arguments in Favour |
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399 | (4) |
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IV Application by the Child |
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403 | (4) |
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403 | (1) |
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B The Need for Provision for Application by Children |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (2) |
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Part VI Related Proceedings and Processes |
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407 | (28) |
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409 | (8) |
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409 | (1) |
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II Advantages of Mediation |
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410 | (2) |
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III Problems and Solutions |
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412 | (4) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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17 Compensating the Left-Behind Parent |
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417 | (6) |
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417 | (1) |
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II To What Extent is Compensation Appropriate? |
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417 | (2) |
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A Arguments in Favour of Compensation |
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417 | (1) |
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B Arguments against Compensation |
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418 | (1) |
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III Analysis of the Various Models |
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419 | (3) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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C The Abduction Convention Model |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (1) |
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18 Enforcing Rights of Access |
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423 | (12) |
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423 | (1) |
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II Article 21 of the Abduction Convention |
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424 | (6) |
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A Interpretation and Application of Article 21 |
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424 | (2) |
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426 | (4) |
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III Other International Instruments |
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430 | (2) |
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A The 1980 European Custody Convention |
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430 | (1) |
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B The 1996 Hague Convention on the Protection of Children |
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430 | (1) |
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C The 2003 European Convention on Contact Concerning Children |
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431 | (1) |
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D The Brussels II bis Regulation |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (3) |
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435 | (16) |
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19 Conclusions and Recommendations |
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437 | (14) |
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437 | (1) |
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II Significance of the Developments Since 1980 |
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437 | (5) |
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437 | (2) |
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B Primary Carer Abductions |
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439 | (2) |
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C The Call for a Protocol |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (9) |
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A Hierarchy of Objectives |
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442 | (2) |
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B Recommendations in Relation to the Interpretation and Application of the Abduction Convention |
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444 | (3) |
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C Recommendations Concerning other Aspects of Implementation of the Abduction Convention |
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447 | (4) |
| Appendix -- Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction |
|
451 | (10) |
| Index |
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461 | |