Contributors |
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xxi | |
Section A. Introductions and Overviews |
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1 | (14) |
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1 The Eye and Vision: An Overview |
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3 | (12) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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The Anterior Structures of the Eye |
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7 | (3) |
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The Posterior Structures of the Eye |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
Section B. Macular Degeneration |
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15 | (150) |
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2 Overview of Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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17 | (14) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (3) |
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Cardiovascular Risk Factors |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Discussion and Conclusions |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (5) |
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30 | (1) |
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3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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31 | (16) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Retinal Imaging for the Diagnosis and Management of AMD |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (4) |
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4 The Role of Lipids and Lipid Metabolism in Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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47 | (26) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (5) |
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Mechanism and Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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53 | (7) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (11) |
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5 Dietary Hyperlipidemia and Retinal Microaneurysms |
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73 | (12) |
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Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar |
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Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca |
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74 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Inflammation |
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74 | (2) |
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Hypercholesterolemia and Retinal Vascular Lesions |
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76 | (1) |
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Obesity Metabolic Syndrome, and Retinopathy Signs |
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77 | (3) |
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Glycemia and Diabetic Retinopathy |
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80 | (1) |
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Blood Pressure and Retinal Vascular Lesions |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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6 Antioxidants and Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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85 | (22) |
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85 | (1) |
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Generation of Oxidatively Modified Macromolecules: The Starting Point in the Pathogenesis of AMD |
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86 | (2) |
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The Organization of Antioxidant Defense System |
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88 | (1) |
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Antioxidant Protection of the Macular Region |
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88 | (2) |
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The Organization of Antioxidant Protection of Retina: The Nonenzymatic Antioxidants |
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90 | (7) |
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Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense |
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97 | (4) |
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101 | (6) |
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7 Dietary Patterns and Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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107 | (20) |
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Alexandra P.M. de Koning-Backus |
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Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong |
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108 | (1) |
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Single Nutrients Versus Dietary Patterns |
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108 | (2) |
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The Effects of Different Dietary Patterns and AMD |
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110 | (4) |
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General Dietary Guidelines for a Healthy Lifestyle and AMD |
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114 | (7) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (5) |
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8 Resveratrol and the Human Retina |
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127 | (20) |
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129 | (1) |
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Chemical Structure and Derivatives of Resveratrol |
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129 | (1) |
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Bioavailability and Safety of Resveratrol |
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129 | (2) |
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Antioxidative Role of Resveratrol in Eye Diseases |
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131 | (3) |
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Resveratrol as Anti-VEGF Agent in Eye Diseases |
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134 | (4) |
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Resveratrol as a Sirtuin Activator |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (6) |
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9 Vitamin D and Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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147 | (18) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (3) |
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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150 | (3) |
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Vitamin D and Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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153 | (3) |
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156 | (4) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (5) |
Section C. Glaucomas and Cataracts |
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165 | (126) |
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167 | (22) |
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168 | (1) |
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The Definition and Classification of Glaucoma |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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Intraocular Pressure as a Risk Factor |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (9) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (6) |
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11 Quercetin and Glaucoma |
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189 | (14) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress and Transcription |
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191 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress and Glaucoma |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (5) |
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12 Glaucoma and Antioxidant Status |
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203 | (18) |
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203 | (3) |
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206 | (2) |
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Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Glaucoma |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Nonenzymatic Antioxidants |
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211 | (1) |
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Antioxidant Status in Glaucoma |
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211 | (4) |
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Potential Value of Antioxidants for the Treatment of Glaucoma |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (5) |
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13 Role of Natural Products in Glaucoma Management |
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221 | (10) |
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222 | (1) |
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Natural Products and Glaucoma |
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222 | (6) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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14 Cataracts: An Overview |
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231 | (14) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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Classification, Pathogenesis, and Risk Factors |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (4) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
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15 Role of Amino Acids on Prevention of Lens Proteins Nonenzymatic Glycation In Vitro, in Senile, and Diabetic Cataract |
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245 | (26) |
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246 | (1) |
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History and Overview of the Advanced Glycation End-Products |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (1) |
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Different Advanced Glycation End-Products |
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249 | (1) |
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Advanced Glycation End-Products Formation in the Lens |
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250 | (1) |
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Effects of Advanced Glycation End-Products on Proteins Function |
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251 | (4) |
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Biological Detoxification of Advanced Glycation End-Products |
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255 | (1) |
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Prevention/Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End-Products Formation |
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256 | (3) |
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Inhibitory Effects of Amino Acids on Formation of Advanced Glycation End-Products and Cataract |
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259 | (6) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (5) |
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16 Diabetic Cataract and Role of Antiglycating Phytochemicals |
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271 | (20) |
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271 | (3) |
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Inhibitory Potential of Foods |
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274 | (1) |
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Inhibitory Potential of Single and Polyherbal/Ayurvedic Drugs |
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274 | (4) |
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Inhibitory Potential of Individual Phytochemicals |
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278 | (5) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (6) |
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290 | (1) |
Section D. Other Eye Conditions |
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291 | (76) |
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17 Effects of Coffee and Tea on Ocular Health and Disease |
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293 | (10) |
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293 | (1) |
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Coffee, Tea, and Ocular Physiology |
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293 | (1) |
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Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma |
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294 | (3) |
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Ocular Circulation and Microstructure |
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297 | (1) |
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Cornea and the Anterior Segment of the Eye |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (4) |
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18 Molecular Pathways, Green Tea Extract, (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate, and Ocular Tissue |
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303 | (18) |
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303 | (1) |
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Molecular Pathway of Green Tea and (-) -Epigallocatechin Gallate |
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304 | (2) |
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Beneficial Effects of Green Tea Extract and (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate on the Corneal Epithelium |
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306 | (3) |
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Antioxidant Effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate on Human Lens Epithelial Cells |
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309 | (4) |
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Protective Effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate on Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells |
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313 | (1) |
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Effects on Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma |
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314 | (1) |
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Benefits for Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, Ophthalmic Artery, and Optic Nerve |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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How to Supply Green Tea Extract and Epigallocatechin Gallate |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (3) |
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19 Dry Eye Disease and Essential Fatty Acids |
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321 | (12) |
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321 | (1) |
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Essential Fatty Acids and Dry Eye Disease |
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322 | (4) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (6) |
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20 Effect of Glucosamine on Intraocular Pressure |
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333 | (6) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Glycosaminoglycans and the Eye |
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334 | (1) |
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Clinical Studies on the Effect of Glucosamine on IOP |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (3) |
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21 Nutrition and Viral Infections of the Eye |
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339 | (12) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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Micronutrients and Deficiencies |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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Lutein- and Zeaxanthin-Rich Foods |
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344 | (1) |
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Riboflavin- and Niacin-Rich Foods |
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344 | (1) |
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Natural Treatment of Viral Eye Infections |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (4) |
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22 Effects of Grape-Enriched Antioxidant Diet on Retinal Pigment Epithelium Organelles Under Oxidative Stress |
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351 | (16) |
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351 | (2) |
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Grape Consumption and Retinal Degeneration: Previous Studies |
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353 | (1) |
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Organelles Involved in Cellular Antioxidant Mechanisms |
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354 | (3) |
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Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A, a Mitochondrial Enzyme Critical for RPE Function |
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357 | (3) |
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MsrA-/- Mice, a Model for Oxidative Stress |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (4) |
Section E. Obesity and Macronutrients |
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367 | (72) |
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23 The Impact of Low Omega-3 Fatty Acids Diet on the Development of the Visual System |
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369 | (28) |
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Patricia Coelho de Velasco |
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Development of the Visual System |
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370 | (5) |
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Critical Periods for Brain Development |
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375 | (2) |
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Omega-3 and Brain Development |
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377 | (4) |
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Role of Omega-3 on the Development of Visual Connections |
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381 | (3) |
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Nutritional Restriction of Omega-3 Alters the Duration of Critical Periods of Plasticity |
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384 | (1) |
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Impact of n-3 Nutritional Restriction on Retinal Development |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (8) |
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395 | (2) |
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24 Interlinks Between Vitamin A and Retinopathy |
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397 | (18) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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History of Vitamin A and Retinopathy |
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398 | (1) |
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Vitamin A Absorption, Metabolism, and Transport |
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399 | (1) |
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The Role of Vitamin A in Vision and Eye Development |
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400 | (1) |
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Vitamin A Deficiency Retinopathy |
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400 | (1) |
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Demographics and Causes of Vitamin A Deficiency |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (3) |
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The Role of Vitamin A in Other Retinal Disorders |
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405 | (3) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (6) |
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25 Molecular Aspects of Carotenoid Metabolizing Enzymes and Implications for Ophthalmology |
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415 | (10) |
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415 | (1) |
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Carotenoid Metabolism-An Overview |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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Molecular Biology of BCO1 and BCO2 |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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Implications of BCO1 and BCO2 for Ophthalmology |
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418 | (1) |
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BCO2 Might or Might Not Be Enzymatically Active in the Human Retina |
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419 | (1) |
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BCO2 Knockout Mouse Models |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (4) |
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26 Interconnecting the Mediterranean Diet and Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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425 | (14) |
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425 | (1) |
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Diet, Dietary Patterns, and AMD Risk |
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426 | (2) |
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428 | (1) |
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Measuring Adherence to a MD: The MD Score (MDS) |
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429 | (3) |
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Epidemiologic Evidence Linking Adherence to a Med Diet and AMD Risk |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (3) |
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438 | (1) |
Section F. Micronutrients |
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439 | (74) |
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27 Optic Neuropathies Caused by Micronutrients Deficiencies |
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441 | (20) |
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442 | (4) |
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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency |
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446 | (3) |
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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency |
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449 | (3) |
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452 | (2) |
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454 | (1) |
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Epidemic Nutritional Optic Neuropathies |
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454 | (1) |
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Redefinition of Tobacco-Alcohol Amblyopia and Tobacco Optic Neuropathy and Their Link With Nutritional Status |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (4) |
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28 Vitamin C and L-Arginine in Retinal Cells and Its Relationship With the Visual System |
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461 | (24) |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (7) |
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469 | (8) |
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Ascorbate, L-Arginine, and Nitric Oxide Interplay in the Retina |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (1) |
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479 | (6) |
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29 Bariatric (Weight-Loss) Surgery and the Eye |
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485 | (12) |
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485 | (1) |
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Restrictive and Malabsorptive Forms of Weight Loss Surgery |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (2) |
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Nutritional Consequences of Weight Loss Surgery |
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488 | (1) |
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Sequelae of Weight Loss Surgery for the Eye |
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488 | (1) |
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488 | (3) |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (1) |
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Nutrients That Have Potential Ocular Effects and Can Be Deficient Post Operatively |
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493 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine |
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493 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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Diabetic Retinopathy Following Weight Loss Surgery |
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493 | (1) |
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Recommended Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation After Weight Loss Surgery |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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30 Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Intraocular Pressure, and Glaucoma |
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497 | (16) |
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Catherine P. Creuzot-Garcher |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (5) |
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503 | (3) |
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506 | (3) |
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509 | (4) |
Section G. Nutraceuticals |
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513 | |
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31 Anticataractogenic Potential of Dietary Spices in diabetic condition |
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515 | (14) |
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515 | (1) |
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Curcumin-The Bioactive Phytochemical of Turmeric (Curcuma Tonga) |
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516 | (3) |
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Crocin of Saffron (Crocus sativus) |
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519 | (2) |
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521 | (1) |
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Garlic (Allium sativum) and Onion (Allium cepa) |
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521 | (2) |
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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) |
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523 | (1) |
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Cumin (Cuminum cymminum) Seeds |
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524 | (1) |
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525 | (1) |
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525 | (4) |
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32 Fruit and Vegetable Intake and the Macular Pigment Optical Density |
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529 | (22) |
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529 | (1) |
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Fruit and Vegetable Intake-An Indicator of Diet Quality and Food Sources of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds |
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530 | (1) |
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Macular Pigment-A Long-Term Marker of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Status |
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531 | (2) |
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Associations Between Fruit and Vegetable Intake and the MPOD |
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533 | (11) |
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Dietary Intake Recommendations on Visual Health |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (1) |
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545 | (6) |
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33 Gene Expression and the Impact of an Antioxidant Supplement in the Cataractous Lens |
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551 | (18) |
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552 | (1) |
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Antioxidants Are Expected to Prevent Cataract Progression |
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552 | (1) |
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Epidemiological Studies Resulted in Unclear Conclusions Regarding the Role of Nutrition in Cataract Prevention |
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553 | (1) |
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The Changes in G6PDH Are Possible Indicators for Measuring the Effects of Antioxidant Supplements on Cataract Prevention |
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554 | (1) |
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The Changes in 18S rRNA Could Also Be Used to Assess the Effects of Antioxidant Nutrients on Cataract Prevention |
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554 | (1) |
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The Changes in AQP8 and Gpx Could Be the Key to Determining How Oxidative Stress in the Aqueous Humor Affects the Lens |
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554 | (1) |
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Gene Expression Is a Good Indicator of Antioxidant Enzyme Production |
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555 | (1) |
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Gene Expression of G6PDH, 18S rRNA, AQP8, and Gpx Changed After Intake of a Lutein-Containing Supplement |
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555 | (9) |
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564 | (1) |
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564 | (1) |
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565 | (4) |
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34 Statins and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Implications for Dietary Intake |
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|
569 | (16) |
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General Concepts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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569 | (3) |
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Lipids and Retinal Physiology |
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572 | (1) |
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Lipids and Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
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573 | (2) |
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575 | (3) |
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578 | (1) |
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579 | (1) |
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579 | (6) |
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35 Citicoline and Eye Health |
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585 | (20) |
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585 | (1) |
|
Citicoline as a Source of Choline, Cytidine, and Phosphate |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Citicoline: A Neuroprotectant and Promoter of Neuroregeneration |
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
Citicoline: A Psychostimulant |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Citicoline as a Retinal Neuroprotectant |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Benefits of Citicoline for Patients With Glaucoma |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Citicoline for Eye Diseases Other Than Glaucoma |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
Is Citicoline a Superior Choline Source? |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (7) |
|
36 New Ultra-Structural Aspects of Cornea: Significance of Ascorbate Micronutrient Deficiency |
|
|
605 | |
|
|
|
|
606 | (13) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
620 | |
Index |
|
62 | |