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Indian Nitrogen Assessment: Sources of Reactive Nitrogen, Environmental and Climate Effects, Management Options, and Policies [Pehme köide]

Edited by (J), Edited by (GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India), Edited by , Edited by (KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India), Edited by (North Carolina State University, USA), Edited by , Edited by (Society for Conservation of Nature, New Delhi, India), Edited by (National Rice Research Instt, Cuttack, India)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 568 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 1090 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Aug-2017
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128118369
  • ISBN-13: 9780128118368
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 568 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 1090 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Aug-2017
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128118369
  • ISBN-13: 9780128118368
Reactive Nitrogen Assessment in India is a reference for anyone interested in Reactive N, from researchers to students to environmental managers. Although the main processes that affect the N cycle are well known, this book is focused on the causes and effects of disruption of the N cycle, specifically in India. In understanding the complexity of the interactions between variables like industry or local ecology, it impacts both the science and the policy of managing nitrogen. As a global, regional, as well as local issue, this work adds to the scientific body of knowledge working towards solutions and the understanding of the nitrogen issue in a region with a rapidly growing population, with limited agricultural land available and diverse socio-economic pressures. Reactive Nitrogen Assessment in India provides a precise understanding of the scale of the nitrogen use, misuse, and release through various agricultural, industrial, vehicular, and other activities as well as their contribution to the pollution of water and air. Drawing upon the collective work of the Indian Nitrogen Group, this reference book will help with the major challenge in providing reliable estimates of Nitrogen transfers within different ecosystems as well as the next steps, which is to be able to develop balanced, cost-effective, and feasible strategies to reduce the amount of reactive nitrogen where it is not wanted.Identifies all significant sources of reactive Nitrogen flows and their contribution to the Nitrogen-cycle on a national, regional, and global levelCovers nitrogen management across sectors: environment, food security, energy, and healthProvides a single reference on Reactive Nitrogen in India to help in a number of activities including: evaluating, analyzing, synthesizing, documenting, and communicating on Reactive Nitrogen

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The definitive work on nitrogen's impact on every aspect of life in India, including its environmental, food security, health, energy, and industry ramifications
List of Contributors
xix
Preface xxvii
Foreword xxix
1 Technical Summary
1(6)
Y.P. Abrol
T.K. Adhya
References
5(2)
SECTION A Nitrogen in India in a Global Perspective
7(50)
2 The Indian Nitrogen Challenge in a Global Perspective
9(20)
M.A. Sutton
J. Drewer
A. Moring
T.K. Adhya
A. Ahmed
A. Bhatia
W. Brownlie
U. Dragosits
S.D. Ghude
J. Hillier
S. Hooda
C.M. Howard
N. Jain
Dinesh Kumar
R.M. Kumar
D.R. Nayak
C.N. Neeraja
R. Prasanna
A. Price
B. Ramakrishnan
D.S. Reay
Renu Singh
U. Skiba
J.U. Smith
S. Sohi
D. Subrahmanyan
K. Surekha
H.J.M. van Grinsven
M. Vieno
S.R. Voleti
H. Pathak
N. Raghuram
The Global Nitrogen Challenge
10(4)
Nitrogen in Relation to Other Nutrient Cycles
14(1)
Emerging Priorities for the Indian Nitrogen Challenge
15(8)
Conclusion: India as an Emerging "Nitrogen Champion"
23(2)
Acknowledgments
25(1)
References
25(4)
3 Concepts for Considerations in the Design of an Indian Integrated Nitrogen Assessment
29(16)
J. Rudek
V.P. Aneja
Y.P. Abrol
Introduction
29(2)
Overview of the Development of an Integrated Science Assessment
31(11)
Conclusion
42(1)
References
42(3)
4 Trends in Fertilizer Nitrogen Production and Consumption in India
45(12)
R.K. Tewatia
T.K. Chanda
Introduction
45(1)
Fertilizer Nitrogen Production
46(3)
Fertilizer Nitrogen Consumption
49(4)
Impact of Fertilizer Policies
53(2)
Demand Supply Projections of Fertilizer Nutrients by 2030--31
55(1)
Conclusion
56(1)
References
56(1)
SECTION B Nitrogen Processes in the Biosphere
57(264)
5 Nitrogen Processes in Agroecosystems of India
59(18)
A. Subba Rao
Pramod Jha
B.P. Meena
A.K. Biswas
Brij Lai Lakaria
Ashok K. Patra
Introduction
59(2)
Nitrogen Inputs
61(3)
Nitrogen Cycling
64(6)
Nitrogen Outputs
70(2)
Conclusion
72(1)
Future Research Needs
72(1)
References
73(4)
6 Nitrogen Balances of Intensively Cultivated Rice---Wheat Cropping Systems in Original Green Revolution States of India
77(18)
D.K. Benbi
Introduction
77(1)
Pre-green Revolution Scenario
78(1)
Green Revolution in India
78(2)
Growth of Production Factors in Original Green Revolution States
80(2)
Fluxes of Reactive Nitrogen
82(1)
Nitrogen Inputs in Original Green Revolution States
82(2)
Losses of Nitrogen
84(1)
Nitrate Leaching
85(3)
Groundwater Pollution
88(1)
Nitrogen Balances
89(2)
Future Scenario
91(1)
References
91(4)
7 Efficient Nitrogen Management Under Predominant Cropping Systems of India
95(22)
B.S. Dwivedi
V.K. Singh
M.C. Meena
Introduction
96(2)
Soil N: Transformation and Fertility Status
98(1)
Nitrogen Application and Its Removal Under Different Cropping Systems
98(3)
Nitrogen Use Efficiency Computations
101(1)
Management Practices---to Enhance NUE
101(6)
Precision N Management for Enhancing NUE
107(2)
Decision Support Tools for Enhancing NUE
109(1)
Efficient N Management Under Conservation Agriculture
110(1)
Other Important Agronomic Practices for Enhancing NUE
111(1)
Conclusion
111(1)
References
112(5)
8 Nitrogen Inputs From Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Indian Agriculture
117(16)
D.L.N. Rao
D. Balachandar
Introduction
117(2)
Global N and BNF---Historical Trends
119(1)
Agrosystem and Nr
119(1)
BNF-Nr
120(1)
World Agriculture and BNF-Nr
120(2)
Indian Agriculture and BNF-Nr
122(6)
Conclusion and Way Forward
128(2)
References
130(3)
9 Nitrogen Management Paradigm in Horticulture Systems in India
133(16)
A.N. Ganeshamurthy
T.R. Rupa
D. Kalaivanan
T.K. Radha
Introduction
133(2)
Biogeochemical Processes in Horti-Ecosystems
135(4)
Toward an Ecosystem-Based Approach to Improving N Use Efficiency
139(2)
Using Plant Diversity to Restore Ecosystem Functions
141(1)
Restoration of Ecosystem Function Through Plant-Microbial Interactions
141(2)
Microbially Mediated Processes
143(1)
Conclusion
144(1)
Future Projections
145(1)
References
145(4)
10 Management and Use Efficiency of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Production of Cereals in India---Issues and Strategies
149(14)
Bijay-Singh
Introduction
149(1)
Time Trends in Input, Output, and Balance of Nitrogen in Cropping Systems and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in India
150(4)
Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Fertilizer Nitrogen Management in Cereals
154(1)
Blanket Fertilizer Nitrogen Management Recommendations
155(1)
Evolution in the Understanding of Researchers Regarding Better Management of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Cereals
156(1)
Site-Specific Fertilizer Nitrogen Management in Cereals
157(2)
Conclusion
159(1)
References
159(4)
11 Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency
163(12)
V. Jain
Y.P. Abrol
Introduction
163(1)
Uptake and Assimilation of Nitrate
164(1)
Contribution of Different Plant Parts
164(1)
Contribution of Upper Three Leaf Blades
165(2)
Potential Nitrate Reductase Activity
167(1)
Variation in Nitrate Reductase Activity Among Genotypes
167(1)
Biochemical Basis of Differential NR Activity in Cultivars
168(1)
Physiological Basis of Split Application/Slow-Release N Fertilizers
169(2)
Conclusion
171(1)
References
172(3)
12 Nitrogen Nutrition in Crops and Its Importance in Crop Quality
175(12)
M. Maheswari
A.N.G. Murthy
A.K. Shanker
Introduction
175(1)
Metabolic Aspects of N Uptake, Assimilation and Crop Quality
176(1)
Nitrogen and Crop Quality
177(4)
Strategies to Improve Crop Quality With Efficient Use of N
181(1)
Conclusion and Future Outlook
181(1)
References
182(5)
13 Nitrogen Dynamics in Grasslands
187(20)
P.K. Ghosh
S.K. Mahanta
S.N. Ram
Introduction
187(1)
Status of Indian Grasslands
188(2)
Grassland Nitrogen: Transformations of N
190(1)
Grassland Nitrogen: Uptake of N
190(2)
Grassland Nitrogen: Forage Composition, Yield and Quality
192(3)
Grassland Nitrogen: Consumption and Utilization in Ruminant Animals
195(2)
Grassland Nitrogen: Animal Health and Production
197(2)
Grassland Nitrogen: Balances of N in Tropical Grasslands
199(2)
Grassland Nitrogen: Environmental Impacts
201(2)
Grassland Nitrogen: Future Research
203(1)
References
204(3)
14 Reactive Nitrogen in Agroforestry Systems of India
207(12)
A. Ram
I. Dev
A.R. Uthappa
Dhiraj Kumar
N. Kumar
O.P. Chaturvedi
M.L. Dotaniya
B.P. Meena
Agroforestry and Nitrogen Cycling
209(1)
Reactive Nitrogen Addition in Agroforestry System
210(5)
Prospects of Nitrogen Focused Research in Agroforestry
215(1)
References
215(4)
15 Nitrogen and Soil Quality
219(16)
R. Bhattacharyya
S. Kundu
H.S. Thind
B.N. Ghosh
D. Sarkar
K. Batabyal
B. Mandal
S. Rajendiran
K.S. Anil
M. Lalitha
Introduction
219(1)
Effects of N Use on Soil Quality
220(2)
Long-Term Effect of Balanced Fertilization and Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Quality
222(1)
Long-Term Effect of Balanced Fertilization and Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Quality and Crop Productivity
223(2)
How to Use N for Improving Soil Health
225(3)
Do We Overuse N?
228(1)
Conclusion
229(1)
References
230(5)
16 Reactive Nitrogen in Environment vis-a-vis Livestock Production System: Possible Remedies
235(14)
C.S. Prasad
N.K.S. Gowda
S. Anandan
K. Sharma
M. Mohini
Introduction
235(1)
Nitrogen Cycle and Reactive Nitrogen
236(1)
Livestock Production Systems and Nitrogen Transactions
237(2)
N Emissions From Indian Livestock Sector
239(2)
Implications of Other Nitrogenous Compounds
241(1)
Mitigation Options
241(2)
Conclusion
243(1)
References
244(5)
17 Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Poultry Husbandry---Indian Perspective
249(18)
A.B. Mandal
S.K. Bhanja
Introduction
249(1)
Total Feed and Protein Requirements for Poultry
250(3)
Partitioning of Intake Protein into Meat, Eggs, Offal, and Excreta
253(1)
Dietary Sources of Proteins
254(1)
Improving Nitrogen Utilization in Poultry
255(8)
References
263(4)
18 Assessment of Nitrogen in Freshwater Aquaculture in India
267(20)
K.K. Vass
G.N. Chattopadhyay
S. Adhikari
S. Datta
S. Samanta
Introduction
267(2)
Nitrogen in Pond Environment
269(7)
Addition of Nitrogen Through External Sources
276(4)
Options for Better Nitrogen Management in the Culture Systems
280(1)
Way Forward
281(2)
References
283(4)
19 Nitrogen Assessment and Management in Brackish-Water Aquaculture of India
287(18)
M. Muralidhar
R. Saraswathy
J. Syama Dayal
K.K. Vass
Introduction
288(1)
Role of N in Brackish-Water Ecosystems
289(3)
Nitrogen Transformation/Dynamics and Budgeting
292(3)
Nitrogen Management
295(3)
Research Needs/Gaps
298(1)
Conclusion
299(1)
References
299(6)
20 Reactive Nitrogen in Coastal and Marine Waters of India and Its Relationship With Marine Aquaculture
305(16)
D. Prema
V.V. Singh
R. Jeyabaskaran
V. Kripa
Introduction
305(1)
Nitrogen Dynamics in Coastal and Marine Environment
306(2)
Eutrophication in Coastal/Marine Scenario
308(1)
Nitrogen in Coastal/Marine Habitats and Food Webs
309(2)
Nitrogen in Coastal Aquaculture/Mariculture
311(2)
Atmospheric Nitrogen Contribution and Sea to Air Exchanges in the Indian Seas
313(1)
Conclusion
314(1)
References
315(6)
SECTION C Nitrogen Flows (Air, Soil, Water)
321(60)
21 Assessment of Nitrate Threat to Water Quality in India
323(12)
E.V.S. Prakasa Rao
K. Puttanna
K.R. Sooryanarayana
A.K. Biswas
J.S. Arunkumar
Introduction
323(1)
Nitrogen Enrichment in Indian Waters
324(6)
Conclusion
330(1)
References
331(4)
22 Reactive Nitrogen Dynamics in the Mangroves of India
335(26)
N. Priya
P. Ranjan
S.M. Sappal
A.L. Ramanathan
Mangrove and Its Distribution in India
335(1)
Reactive Nitrogen Species and Its Transformation Processes
336(2)
Significance of Nitrogen in Mangrove Ecosystem
338(1)
Dissolved Nitrogen Dynamics in Mangrove Water
339(4)
Reactive Nitrogen in the Mangrove Sediments
343(4)
Nitrogen Dynamics in Mangrove Atmosphere
347(3)
Conclusion
350(2)
Acknowledgments
352(1)
References
352(9)
23 Nitrogen Assessment in Indian Coastal Systems
361(20)
R. Ramesh
A. Paneer Selvam
R.S. Robin
D. Ganguly
G. Singh
R. Purvaja
Introduction
361(2)
Nitrogen Transformation Processes in the Coastal Systems
363(3)
Sources of Nitrogen to the Coastal Systems
366(4)
Impacts of Changes in N Balance
370(3)
Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Estuaries
373(1)
Summary and Way Forward
374(1)
References
375(6)
SECTION D Environmental and Climate Impacts
381(64)
24 Reactive Nitrogen and Its Impacts on Climate Change: an Indian Synthesis
383(20)
H. Pathak
A. Bhatia
Introduction
383(2)
Nitrogen Use in Indian Agriculture
385(3)
Climate Change and Indian Agriculture
388(1)
Role of Nitrogen in Climate Change
389(1)
Emission of Gaseous-N
389(4)
Global Temperature Potential of N2O Emission
393(1)
Net Climate Change Impact of Reactive Nitrogen Use in Indian Agriculture
394(1)
Nitrogen Management for Mitigation
395(2)
Nitrogen Management for Climate Change Adaptation
397(1)
Conclusion
398(1)
References
398(5)
25 Reactive Nitrogen and Air Quality in India
403(24)
G. Beig
S. Maji
A.S. Panicker
S.K. Sahu
Introduction
403(1)
Emission Inventory of Reactive Nitrogen
404(12)
Distribution of Reactive Nitrogen Species
416(6)
Future Nitrogen Challenges in India
422(1)
Summary
423(1)
References
424(3)
26 Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions and Depositions of Major Nr Species in Indian Region
427(18)
U. Kulshrestha
Introduction
428(1)
Trends of Reactive Nitrogen
429(1)
Emission of Reactive Nitrogen
430(4)
Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen
434(5)
Gap Areas
439(1)
Conclusion
440(1)
Recommendations
440(1)
Acknowledgment
440(1)
References
441(4)
SECTION E Managing Nitrogen in Relation to Key Societal Effects
445(44)
27 Dietary Patterns and Implications for Reactive N Flows in India
447(12)
T.K. Adhya
E.J.M. Joy
S. Agrawal
M. Tak
Introduction
447(9)
Conclusion
456(1)
References
456(3)
28 Pathophysiology of Nitrate Toxicity in Humans in View of the Changing Trends of the Global Nitrogen Cycle With Special Reference to India
459(10)
S.K. Gupta
A.B. Gupta
R. Gupta
Introduction
459(1)
Epidemiology
460(1)
Sources of Reactive-N
460(1)
Metabolism of Ingested Nitrate in Human Body at Cellular Level
461(1)
Excretion
462(1)
Acute Toxic Effects
462(1)
Chronic Toxic Effect
463(1)
Indian Scenario on Health Effects of Reactive-N
464(1)
Treatment
464(1)
Prevention
465(1)
Policy Issues and Recommendation
465(1)
Conclusion
466(1)
References
466(3)
29 Assessment of Reactive Nitrogen Emissions From Indian Transport Sector
469(14)
B.R. Gurjar
V. Sahu
A. Nagpure
C. Sharma
A. Singh
S. Bhattacharya
Introduction
469(1)
Energy Demand in Transport Sector
470(1)
Fuel Consumption
470(1)
Road Transportation
471(1)
Rail Transportation
471(1)
Aviation
472(1)
Marine Navigation
472(1)
Energy Consumptions in Transport Sector and Reactive Nitrogen Emissions
472(1)
NOx Emission Assessment From Transport Sector
473(3)
Contribution of Different Types of Vehicles to NOx Emissions
476(1)
Reactive Nitrogen Emissions From Transport Sector in Delhi
477(2)
Future Challenges
479(1)
References
480(3)
30 Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen From Energy and Industry Sectors in India
483(6)
C. Sharma
Richa Singh
B.R. Gurjar
V. Sahu
S. Bhattacharya
Introduction
483(1)
Energy Sector
484(2)
Industrial Sector
486(2)
Conclusions
488(1)
References
488(1)
SECTION F Nitrogen Policies and Future Challenges
489(26)
31 Issues and Policies for Reactive Nitrogen Management in the Indian Region
491(24)
S. Bhattacharya
T.K. Adhya
H. Pathak
N. Raghuram
C. Sharma
Introduction
492(1)
Drivers of Reactive Nitrogen in India
493(7)
Policy Options for Scientific Nitrogen Management and Potential Emission Reduction
500(10)
Conclusion
510(1)
References
510(3)
Further Reading
513(2)
Index 515
Prof. Y.P. Abrol, President ING-SCON (Indian Nitrogen Group), Former Head of the Division of Plant Physiology at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Hamdard University, India. Professor Abrols exhaustive Analysis on nitrogen fertilizer use contributed significantly to the 'understanding of the 'regulation of nitrate assimilation'. Professor Abrol worked out a complete N balance sheet of wheat and barley, which formed the basis for understanding and recommendation for optimal utilization of Nitrogen. He published more than 150 research papers and several review papers in different Indian/International Journals, and also edited 15 volumes of publication in various fields relating to agricultural and plant studies. Professor T.K. Adhya has research interest in the area of environmental microbiology and sustainable agriculture with emphasis on greenhouse gas emission, nitrogen nutrition and microbial diversity analysis, with flooded rice soil as the model ecosystem. Tapan has published more than 140 original research papers in leading national and international journals and authored more than 27 chapters in books published by established national and international publishing houses. He is also the author/coauthor of several international reports published by UNEP, Nairobi, SACEP, Colombo, WRI, USA, FAO, Rome and ISRIC, Netherlands.