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xix | |
Preface |
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xxvii | |
Foreword |
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xxix | |
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1 | (6) |
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5 | (2) |
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SECTION A Nitrogen in India in a Global Perspective |
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7 | (50) |
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2 The Indian Nitrogen Challenge in a Global Perspective |
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9 | (20) |
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The Global Nitrogen Challenge |
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10 | (4) |
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Nitrogen in Relation to Other Nutrient Cycles |
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14 | (1) |
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Emerging Priorities for the Indian Nitrogen Challenge |
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15 | (8) |
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Conclusion: India as an Emerging "Nitrogen Champion" |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (4) |
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3 Concepts for Considerations in the Design of an Indian Integrated Nitrogen Assessment |
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29 | (16) |
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29 | (2) |
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Overview of the Development of an Integrated Science Assessment |
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31 | (11) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (3) |
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4 Trends in Fertilizer Nitrogen Production and Consumption in India |
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45 | (12) |
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45 | (1) |
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Fertilizer Nitrogen Production |
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46 | (3) |
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Fertilizer Nitrogen Consumption |
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49 | (4) |
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Impact of Fertilizer Policies |
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53 | (2) |
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Demand Supply Projections of Fertilizer Nutrients by 2030--31 |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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SECTION B Nitrogen Processes in the Biosphere |
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57 | (264) |
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5 Nitrogen Processes in Agroecosystems of India |
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59 | (18) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (6) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (4) |
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6 Nitrogen Balances of Intensively Cultivated Rice---Wheat Cropping Systems in Original Green Revolution States of India |
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77 | (18) |
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77 | (1) |
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Pre-green Revolution Scenario |
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78 | (1) |
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Green Revolution in India |
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78 | (2) |
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Growth of Production Factors in Original Green Revolution States |
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80 | (2) |
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Fluxes of Reactive Nitrogen |
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82 | (1) |
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Nitrogen Inputs in Original Green Revolution States |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (4) |
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7 Efficient Nitrogen Management Under Predominant Cropping Systems of India |
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95 | (22) |
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96 | (2) |
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Soil N: Transformation and Fertility Status |
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98 | (1) |
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Nitrogen Application and Its Removal Under Different Cropping Systems |
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98 | (3) |
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Nitrogen Use Efficiency Computations |
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101 | (1) |
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Management Practices---to Enhance NUE |
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101 | (6) |
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Precision N Management for Enhancing NUE |
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107 | (2) |
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Decision Support Tools for Enhancing NUE |
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109 | (1) |
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Efficient N Management Under Conservation Agriculture |
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110 | (1) |
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Other Important Agronomic Practices for Enhancing NUE |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (5) |
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8 Nitrogen Inputs From Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Indian Agriculture |
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117 | (16) |
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117 | (2) |
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Global N and BNF---Historical Trends |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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World Agriculture and BNF-Nr |
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120 | (2) |
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Indian Agriculture and BNF-Nr |
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122 | (6) |
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Conclusion and Way Forward |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (3) |
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9 Nitrogen Management Paradigm in Horticulture Systems in India |
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133 | (16) |
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133 | (2) |
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Biogeochemical Processes in Horti-Ecosystems |
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135 | (4) |
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Toward an Ecosystem-Based Approach to Improving N Use Efficiency |
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139 | (2) |
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Using Plant Diversity to Restore Ecosystem Functions |
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141 | (1) |
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Restoration of Ecosystem Function Through Plant-Microbial Interactions |
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141 | (2) |
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Microbially Mediated Processes |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (4) |
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10 Management and Use Efficiency of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Production of Cereals in India---Issues and Strategies |
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149 | (14) |
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149 | (1) |
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Time Trends in Input, Output, and Balance of Nitrogen in Cropping Systems and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in India |
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150 | (4) |
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Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Fertilizer Nitrogen Management in Cereals |
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154 | (1) |
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Blanket Fertilizer Nitrogen Management Recommendations |
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155 | (1) |
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Evolution in the Understanding of Researchers Regarding Better Management of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Cereals |
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156 | (1) |
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Site-Specific Fertilizer Nitrogen Management in Cereals |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (4) |
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11 Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency |
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163 | (12) |
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163 | (1) |
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Uptake and Assimilation of Nitrate |
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164 | (1) |
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Contribution of Different Plant Parts |
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164 | (1) |
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Contribution of Upper Three Leaf Blades |
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165 | (2) |
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Potential Nitrate Reductase Activity |
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167 | (1) |
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Variation in Nitrate Reductase Activity Among Genotypes |
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167 | (1) |
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Biochemical Basis of Differential NR Activity in Cultivars |
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168 | (1) |
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Physiological Basis of Split Application/Slow-Release N Fertilizers |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (3) |
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12 Nitrogen Nutrition in Crops and Its Importance in Crop Quality |
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175 | (12) |
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175 | (1) |
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Metabolic Aspects of N Uptake, Assimilation and Crop Quality |
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176 | (1) |
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Nitrogen and Crop Quality |
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177 | (4) |
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Strategies to Improve Crop Quality With Efficient Use of N |
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181 | (1) |
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Conclusion and Future Outlook |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (5) |
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13 Nitrogen Dynamics in Grasslands |
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187 | (20) |
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187 | (1) |
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Status of Indian Grasslands |
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188 | (2) |
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Grassland Nitrogen: Transformations of N |
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190 | (1) |
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Grassland Nitrogen: Uptake of N |
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190 | (2) |
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Grassland Nitrogen: Forage Composition, Yield and Quality |
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192 | (3) |
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Grassland Nitrogen: Consumption and Utilization in Ruminant Animals |
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195 | (2) |
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Grassland Nitrogen: Animal Health and Production |
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197 | (2) |
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Grassland Nitrogen: Balances of N in Tropical Grasslands |
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199 | (2) |
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Grassland Nitrogen: Environmental Impacts |
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201 | (2) |
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Grassland Nitrogen: Future Research |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (3) |
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14 Reactive Nitrogen in Agroforestry Systems of India |
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207 | (12) |
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Agroforestry and Nitrogen Cycling |
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209 | (1) |
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Reactive Nitrogen Addition in Agroforestry System |
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210 | (5) |
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Prospects of Nitrogen Focused Research in Agroforestry |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (4) |
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15 Nitrogen and Soil Quality |
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219 | (16) |
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219 | (1) |
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Effects of N Use on Soil Quality |
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220 | (2) |
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Long-Term Effect of Balanced Fertilization and Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Quality |
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222 | (1) |
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Long-Term Effect of Balanced Fertilization and Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Quality and Crop Productivity |
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223 | (2) |
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How to Use N for Improving Soil Health |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (5) |
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16 Reactive Nitrogen in Environment vis-a-vis Livestock Production System: Possible Remedies |
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235 | (14) |
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235 | (1) |
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Nitrogen Cycle and Reactive Nitrogen |
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236 | (1) |
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Livestock Production Systems and Nitrogen Transactions |
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237 | (2) |
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N Emissions From Indian Livestock Sector |
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239 | (2) |
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Implications of Other Nitrogenous Compounds |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (5) |
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17 Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Poultry Husbandry---Indian Perspective |
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249 | (18) |
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249 | (1) |
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Total Feed and Protein Requirements for Poultry |
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250 | (3) |
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Partitioning of Intake Protein into Meat, Eggs, Offal, and Excreta |
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253 | (1) |
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Dietary Sources of Proteins |
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254 | (1) |
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Improving Nitrogen Utilization in Poultry |
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255 | (8) |
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263 | (4) |
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18 Assessment of Nitrogen in Freshwater Aquaculture in India |
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267 | (20) |
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267 | (2) |
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Nitrogen in Pond Environment |
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269 | (7) |
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Addition of Nitrogen Through External Sources |
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276 | (4) |
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Options for Better Nitrogen Management in the Culture Systems |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (4) |
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19 Nitrogen Assessment and Management in Brackish-Water Aquaculture of India |
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287 | (18) |
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288 | (1) |
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Role of N in Brackish-Water Ecosystems |
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289 | (3) |
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Nitrogen Transformation/Dynamics and Budgeting |
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292 | (3) |
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295 | (3) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (6) |
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20 Reactive Nitrogen in Coastal and Marine Waters of India and Its Relationship With Marine Aquaculture |
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305 | (16) |
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305 | (1) |
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Nitrogen Dynamics in Coastal and Marine Environment |
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306 | (2) |
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Eutrophication in Coastal/Marine Scenario |
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308 | (1) |
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Nitrogen in Coastal/Marine Habitats and Food Webs |
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309 | (2) |
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Nitrogen in Coastal Aquaculture/Mariculture |
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311 | (2) |
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Atmospheric Nitrogen Contribution and Sea to Air Exchanges in the Indian Seas |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (6) |
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SECTION C Nitrogen Flows (Air, Soil, Water) |
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321 | (60) |
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21 Assessment of Nitrate Threat to Water Quality in India |
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323 | (12) |
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323 | (1) |
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Nitrogen Enrichment in Indian Waters |
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324 | (6) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (4) |
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22 Reactive Nitrogen Dynamics in the Mangroves of India |
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335 | (26) |
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Mangrove and Its Distribution in India |
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335 | (1) |
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Reactive Nitrogen Species and Its Transformation Processes |
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336 | (2) |
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Significance of Nitrogen in Mangrove Ecosystem |
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338 | (1) |
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Dissolved Nitrogen Dynamics in Mangrove Water |
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339 | (4) |
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Reactive Nitrogen in the Mangrove Sediments |
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343 | (4) |
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Nitrogen Dynamics in Mangrove Atmosphere |
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347 | (3) |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (9) |
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23 Nitrogen Assessment in Indian Coastal Systems |
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361 | (20) |
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361 | (2) |
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Nitrogen Transformation Processes in the Coastal Systems |
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363 | (3) |
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Sources of Nitrogen to the Coastal Systems |
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366 | (4) |
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Impacts of Changes in N Balance |
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370 | (3) |
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Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Estuaries |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (6) |
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SECTION D Environmental and Climate Impacts |
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381 | (64) |
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24 Reactive Nitrogen and Its Impacts on Climate Change: an Indian Synthesis |
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383 | (20) |
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383 | (2) |
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Nitrogen Use in Indian Agriculture |
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385 | (3) |
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Climate Change and Indian Agriculture |
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388 | (1) |
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Role of Nitrogen in Climate Change |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (4) |
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Global Temperature Potential of N2O Emission |
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393 | (1) |
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Net Climate Change Impact of Reactive Nitrogen Use in Indian Agriculture |
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394 | (1) |
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Nitrogen Management for Mitigation |
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395 | (2) |
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Nitrogen Management for Climate Change Adaptation |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (5) |
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25 Reactive Nitrogen and Air Quality in India |
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403 | (24) |
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403 | (1) |
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Emission Inventory of Reactive Nitrogen |
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404 | (12) |
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Distribution of Reactive Nitrogen Species |
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416 | (6) |
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Future Nitrogen Challenges in India |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (3) |
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26 Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions and Depositions of Major Nr Species in Indian Region |
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427 | (18) |
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428 | (1) |
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Trends of Reactive Nitrogen |
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429 | (1) |
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Emission of Reactive Nitrogen |
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430 | (4) |
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Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen |
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434 | (5) |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (4) |
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SECTION E Managing Nitrogen in Relation to Key Societal Effects |
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445 | (44) |
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27 Dietary Patterns and Implications for Reactive N Flows in India |
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447 | (12) |
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447 | (9) |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (3) |
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28 Pathophysiology of Nitrate Toxicity in Humans in View of the Changing Trends of the Global Nitrogen Cycle With Special Reference to India |
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459 | (10) |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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460 | (1) |
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Metabolism of Ingested Nitrate in Human Body at Cellular Level |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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Indian Scenario on Health Effects of Reactive-N |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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Policy Issues and Recommendation |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (3) |
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29 Assessment of Reactive Nitrogen Emissions From Indian Transport Sector |
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469 | (14) |
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469 | (1) |
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Energy Demand in Transport Sector |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (1) |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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Energy Consumptions in Transport Sector and Reactive Nitrogen Emissions |
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472 | (1) |
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NOx Emission Assessment From Transport Sector |
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473 | (3) |
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Contribution of Different Types of Vehicles to NOx Emissions |
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476 | (1) |
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Reactive Nitrogen Emissions From Transport Sector in Delhi |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (3) |
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30 Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen From Energy and Industry Sectors in India |
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483 | (6) |
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483 | (1) |
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484 | (2) |
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486 | (2) |
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488 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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SECTION F Nitrogen Policies and Future Challenges |
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489 | (26) |
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31 Issues and Policies for Reactive Nitrogen Management in the Indian Region |
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491 | (24) |
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492 | (1) |
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Drivers of Reactive Nitrogen in India |
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493 | (7) |
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Policy Options for Scientific Nitrogen Management and Potential Emission Reduction |
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500 | (10) |
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510 | (1) |
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510 | (3) |
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513 | (2) |
Index |
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515 | |