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Introducing Communication Research: Paths of Inquiry 4th ed. [Pehme köide]

(Western New England University USA),
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 352 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 254x203x18 mm, kaal: 708 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Aug-2019
  • Kirjastus: Corwin Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1506369057
  • ISBN-13: 9781506369051
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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 352 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 254x203x18 mm, kaal: 708 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Aug-2019
  • Kirjastus: Corwin Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1506369057
  • ISBN-13: 9781506369051
Teised raamatud teemal:
"Introducing Communication Research: Paths of Inquiry, Fourth Edition demystifies the theories and applications of communication research through its focus on methods in practice. Offering an overview of the research process with a focus on examples of research in real-world settings, this text introduces both quantitative and qualitative methods."--

This textbook explains the basics of communication research design. It covers the basic assumptions and disagreements about human communication, how to understand it, and the ethical implications of researching human participants; bibliographic research and the literature review; measurement, sampling, statistics, and research methods; and writing and presentation using traditional and social media for scholarly and other publics. This edition has new vignettes that introduce chapter content; new and updated content, including expanded discussion of basic research perspectives and assumptions, online consent and permissions, statistical significance, and writing and presenting research through social media, as well as new content on big data; and an emphasis on social media and the internet as tools in communication research. Annotation ©2020 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

Introducing Communication Research: Paths of Inquiry, Fourth Edition demystifies the theories and applications of communication research through its focus on methods in practice. Offering an overview of the research process with a focus on examples of research in real-world settings, Donald Treadwell and Andrea Davis introduce both quantitative and qualitative methods.

List of Exhibits xix
Preface xxi
Chapter 1 Getting Started: Possibilities and Decisions 1(21)
Overview
5(1)
Objectives
6(1)
Getting Started in Research
6(1)
Basic Assumptions Behind Communication Research
6(3)
Observations Capture/Do Not Capture an Underlying Reality
7(1)
Theories About Human Behavior Can/Cannot Be Generalized
7(1)
Researchers Should/Should Not Distance Themselves From Their Research Participants
7(1)
Research Should/Should Not Be Done for a Specific Purpose
7(1)
There Is/Is Not One Best Position From Which to Observe Human Behavior
8(1)
Some Research Possibilities: What Can We Do With an Ad?
9(3)
Does the Ad Work?
10(1)
What Can Readers and Viewers Tell Us?
10(1)
What Can the Content Tell Us?
11(1)
What Can the Creators of the Ad Tell Us?
12(1)
Some Research Possibilities: Beyond the Ad
12(1)
A Series of Unavoidable Decisions
13(4)
The Field of Study-Wide or Narrow?
13(1)
The Researcher-Dispassionate or Involved?
13(2)
The Approach-Objective or Subjective?
15(1)
The Perspective-Your Questions or Their Answers?
15(1)
The Sample-Large or Small?
15(1)
The Data-Quantitative or Qualitative?
16(1)
The Report-Subjective or Objective?
16(1)
Ethics Panel: A Health Communication Dilemma
17(1)
Summary
18(1)
Key Terms
18(1)
Application Exercises
18(1)
Exercise 1: Finding Research Questions
18(1)
Exercise 2: Exploring Communication Interest Areas
19(1)
Exercise 3: The Internet and American Life
19(1)
Exercise 4: Improving the Effectiveness of Health and Safety Messages
19(1)
Recommended Reading
19(1)
General
19(1)
Mass Communication
20(1)
Organizational Communication
20(1)
Group Communication
20(1)
Interpersonal Communication
20(1)
Social Media
20(1)
Recommended Web Resources
20(1)
References
21(1)
Chapter 2 First Decisions: From Inspiration to Implementation 22(21)
Overview
23(1)
Objectives
24(1)
Starting With Basic Beliefs and Perspectives
24(5)
The Relationship Between Theory and Observations
27(2)
Induction
27(1)
Deduction
28(1)
Abduction
28(1)
Starting With a Focus
29(3)
Research Questions: Less Certainty; More Room to Move
29(1)
Hypotheses: Statements of Prediction
30(1)
Operationalizing Constructs
30(2)
Starting With a Purpose
32(3)
Exploration
32(1)
Description
33(1)
Explanation
33(1)
Prediction
33(1)
Control
34(1)
Interpretation
34(1)
Criticism
34(1)
Starting With the "What" Question
35(1)
Starting With "Who," "Where," and "When" Questions
36(1)
Starting With the "How" Question
37(1)
Starting From the Work of Others
37(1)
Ethics Panel: Do Some Research Methods Have More Ethical Implications Than Others?
38(1)
Summary
38(1)
Key Terms
39(1)
Application Exercises
39(2)
Exercise 1: Identifying Your Interests
39(1)
Exercise 2: Finding Your Worldview
40(1)
Exercise 3: Fine-Tuning Your Worldview
41(1)
Recommended Reading
41(1)
Recommended Web Resources
42(1)
Scholarly Organizations
42(1)
Applied Communication Research
42(1)
References
42(1)
Chapter 3 Ethics: What are My Responsibilities as a Researcher? 43(21)
Overview
44(1)
Objectives
44(1)
Introduction: Some Ethical Decisions
44(2)
Sex, Violence, and Deception
45(1)
Money and Relationships
45(1)
Ethics Issues in Communication Research
46(4)
Honesty
46(1)
Confidentiality and Anonymity
47(1)
Making Generalizations
47(1)
Debriefing
48(1)
The Literature Review
48(1)
Acknowledging Others
49(1)
Appropriate Language
49(1)
Plagiarism
49(1)
Some Classic Ethical Positions
50(1)
Two Brief Histories-Or Why We Care About Research Ethics
50(1)
Contemporary Codes of Ethics
51(1)
The Nuremberg Code
51(1)
The Declaration of Helsinki
51(1)
The Belmont Report
51(1)
Regulations
51(2)
Peer Review and Institutional Review Boards
53(1)
What Should I Call You? The Ethics of Involvement
53(1)
The Internet and Research Ethics
54(4)
What Is the Internet?
54(1)
Anonymity and Identification on the Internet
55(1)
Privacy on the Internet
55(1)
Informed Consent and Debriefing on the Internet
56(1)
Guidelines and Questions for Internet Research
57(1)
Ethics Panel: Data Security and Access
58(1)
Summary
59(1)
Key Terms
59(1)
Application Exercises
60(1)
Exercise 1: The Ethics of Internet Research
60(1)
Exercise 2: IRBs Revisited
60(1)
Exercise 3: "#MeToo" and Research Ethics
60(1)
Recommended Reading
60(1)
Recommended Web Resources
61(1)
Formal Ethics and Codes of Practice
61(1)
Internet Research Ethics
61(1)
e-Consents
62(1)
Human Subjects Protection Training
62(1)
References
62(2)
Chapter 4 You Could Look It Up: Reading, Recording, and Reviewing Research 64(26)
Overview
65(1)
Objectives
65(1)
Library Research: Why Bother?
66(1)
Methods
66(1)
Theory
66(1)
Ethics
67(1)
Language and Style
67(1)
Inspiration
67(1)
Finding Relevance, Finding Quality
67(1)
Identifying Relevant Information
68(1)
Identifying Quality Information
68(1)
Scholarly Databases Versus Search Engines
68(2)
Search Engines
68(1)
Databases
69(1)
Scholarly Journals: A Good Starting Point
70(1)
Assessing Scholarly Journals
70(1)
Scholarly, Popular, and Trade Publications: What Is the Difference?
71(1)
How Will I Know a Scholarly Article When I See One?
71(1)
Primary Versus Secondary Sources
72(1)
Search Strategies: General to Specific and Specific to General
73(1)
Search Terms and Search Fields
73(2)
How Can the Library of Congress Help My Literature Search?
75(1)
Other Resources
75(1)
Being Skeptical About Information: Websites and Fake News
75(2)
Stage 1: Think Book or Journal
75(1)
Stage 2: Additional Questions for Websites
76(1)
Assessing Fake News and Other Nonscholarly Sources
77(1)
Mr. Boole and the Three Bears
77(1)
Saving Your Search Results
78(3)
Information You Must Record
78(1)
Information You Should Record
79(2)
Citation Management Software
81(1)
Reviewing the Literature
81(1)
The Literature Review: Writing Your Search Results
81(3)
Structuring the Literature Review
83(1)
Questions of Style
83(1)
Ethics Panel: The Ethics of Scholarly Publication
84(1)
Summary
85(1)
Key Terms
85(1)
Application Exercises
86(1)
Exercise 1: APA Style
86(1)
Exercise 2: Comparing Primary and Secondary Sources
86(1)
Exercise 3: Nonscholarly Sources and Fake News
86(1)
Exercise 4: Search Terms and Boolean Operators
86(1)
Exercise 5: Writing a Literature Review
86(1)
Recommended Reading
87(1)
Recommended Web Resources
87(1)
APA, Chicago, and MLA Style Guides
88(1)
Evaluating Websites
88(1)
Citation Management Software
88(1)
Journal Impact Sites
88(1)
Miscellaneous
88(1)
What Is Everybody Else Searching For?
88(1)
References
88(2)
Chapter 5 Measurement: Research Using Numbers 90(18)
Overview
91(1)
Objectives
91(1)
What Do Your Head Size, Attitudes, and Readability Have in Common?
91(1)
An Introduction to Scales
92(1)
Research NOIR
93(3)
Nominal Measurement
93(1)
Ordinal Measurement
94(1)
Interval Measurement
94(1)
Ratio Measurement
94(1)
Why Do We Care?
95(1)
NOIR in Action
96(1)
To NOIR Is Not Enough: Reliability and Validity
96(1)
Reliability
96(3)
Test-Retest
97(1)
Intercoder or Observer Reliability
97(1)
Inter-Item or Internal Reliability
98(1)
Established Measures Reliability
99(1)
Validity
99(2)
Content Validity: Looks OK
100(1)
Construct Validity: Theoretically OK
100(1)
Criterion Validity: Tests OK
101(1)
Who Wins in the Reliability-Validity Shootout?
101(1)
Two Common Measurement Scales
101(3)
The Likert Scale
102(1)
The Semantic Differential Scale
102(2)
Ethics Panel: The Ethics of Measurement Scales
104(1)
Questions
104(1)
Summary
105(1)
Key Terms
105(1)
Application Exercises
105(1)
Exercise 1: NOIR Revisited
105(1)
Exercise 2: Teens, Social Media, and Technology
106(1)
Exercise 3: Parlez-moi d'amour
106(1)
Recommended Reading
106(1)
References
107(1)
Chapter 6 Sampling: Who, What, and How Many? 108(21)
Overview
109(1)
Objectives
109(1)
Introduction
109(1)
Nonprobability Sampling
110(3)
Convenience Sampling
110(1)
Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
110(1)
Quota Sampling
111(1)
Network or Snowball Sampling
111(1)
Volunteer Sampling
111(2)
Probability Sampling
113(5)
Random Sampling
114(1)
Stratified Random Sampling
114(1)
Systematic Sampling
115(2)
Multistage Cluster Sampling
117(1)
How Big Does My Sample Have to Be?
118(1)
Some Issues With Sampling Frames
119(5)
Postal Sampling Frames
119(1)
Telephone Sampling Frames
120(1)
Internet Sampling Frames
121(2)
Special Population Sampling
123(1)
The Future of Survey Sampling
123(1)
Ethics Panel: Checking the Ethics of Survey Research
124(1)
Questions
124(1)
Summary
124(1)
Key Terms
125(1)
Application Exercises
125(1)
Exercise 1: Systematic Sampling
125(1)
Exercise 2: How Does Sampling for One Variable Affect Another Variable?
125(1)
Exercise 3: Multistage Cluster Sampling
125(1)
Exercise 4: Pew Research Center Internet Knowledge Survey
125(1)
Recommended Reading
126(1)
Recommended Web Resources
126(1)
References
127(2)
Chapter 7 Summarizing Research Results: Data Reduction and Descriptive Statistics 129(23)
Overview
130(1)
Objectives
131(1)
Introduction
131(3)
Preliminary Considerations: Missing Data and Anomalous Data
132(2)
Data Reduction
134(5)
Data Reduction and Univariate Data
135(1)
Data Reduction and Bivariate Data
136(2)
Data Reduction and Multivariate Data
138(1)
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode
139(1)
Measures of Dispersion: Minimum, Maximum, Range, Interquartile Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation
140(4)
Minimum, Maximum, Range, and Interquartile Range
141(1)
Variance and Standard Deviation
141(3)
Variance: Formula
141(1)
Standard Deviation: Formula
142(1)
Variance and Standard Deviation: Example
142(2)
z Score
144(1)
z Score: Formula
144(1)
z Score: Example
144(1)
The Chi-Square Test
145(3)
Chi-Square: Formula
146(1)
Chi-Square: Example
146(2)
Ethics Panel: Can Rankings Be Misleading?
148(1)
Questions
148(1)
Summary
148(1)
Key Terms
149(1)
Application Exercises
149(1)
Exercise 1: Basic Statistics
149(1)
Exercise 2: Brand, Color, and Gender Preferences
149(1)
Exercise 3: "The Internet of Things"
149(1)
Exercise 4: A Social Media Study
150(1)
Recommended Reading
150(1)
Recommended Web Resources
151(1)
College Rankings
151(1)
References
151(1)
Chapter 8 Generalizing From Research Results: Inferential Statistics 152(23)
Overview
153(1)
Objectives
153(1)
Introduction
154(1)
The Language of Curves
154(1)
Generalizing From Data: Inferential Statistics
155(6)
The Normal Curve and the Central Limit Theorem
155(1)
The Normal Curve, z Scores, and the Return of Standard Deviation
156(2)
Calculating Probabilities Based on the Normal Distribution
158(1)
z Scores, Hypotheses, and Decision Making
159(1)
Confidence Level and Sample Size
160(1)
Testing for Differences Between and Among Groups
161(6)
The t Test
161(4)
t Test: Formula
162(2)
t Test: Example
164(1)
t Test for Dependent Samples
165(1)
Analysis of Variance
165(2)
ANOVA: Formula
166(1)
ANOVA: Example
166(1)
Testing for Relationships Between and Among Variables
167(4)
Correlation
167(1)
Regression
168(1)
Two Final Decisions
168(1)
Accept or Reject My Findings?
168(1)
If It's Significant, Is It Significant?
169(2)
Ethics Panel: A Communicative Tension
171(1)
Questions
171(1)
Summary
171(1)
Key Terms
172(1)
Application Exercises
172(1)
Exercise 1: Predicting Group Wealth
172(1)
Exercise 2: Generalizing From a Sample to a Population
172(1)
Exercise 3: Occupation and Beverage Preferences
173(1)
Exercise 4: "The Internet of Things" Revisited
173(1)
Recommended Reading
173(1)
Recommended Web Resources
173(1)
References
174(1)
Chapter 9 Surveys: Putting Numbers On Opinions 175(22)
Overview
176(1)
Objectives
176(1)
Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys
177(1)
Types of Surveys
178(1)
Cross-Sectional
178(1)
Trend
178(1)
Panel
178(1)
Cohort
179(1)
Cross-Lagged
179(1)
Survey Methods
179(4)
Face-to-Face
179(1)
Telephone
179(1)
Mail
180(1)
Online
180(1)
Mobile
180(3)
Online and Mobile Survey Design
181(2)
Writing, Introducing, and Formatting Questions
183(3)
Open-Ended Questions
184(1)
Dichotomous Questions
184(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
185(1)
Scale Questions
186(1)
Survey Wording: "If It Can be Misinterpreted, It Will Be"
186(4)
Common Problems With Wording
187(1)
Leading Questions
187(1)
Double-Barreled Questions
187(1)
Framing Questions
187(1)
The Double Negative
188(1)
Language
188(1)
Guiding Respondents Through Surveys
188(1)
Branching and Filter Questions
189(1)
Improving Survey Response Rates
190(1)
Using Other People's Surveys
191(1)
Big Data and the End of Surveys?
191(1)
Ethics Panel: Clients and Methods as Ethical Decisions
192(1)
Questions
192(1)
Summary
193(1)
Key Terms
193(1)
Application Exercises
193(1)
Exercise 1: Comparing Survey Methods
193(1)
Exercise 2: Survey Wording and Formatting
193(1)
Exercise 3: Mobile Technologies
194(1)
Exercise 4: Balancing Respondent and Researcher Interests in an Age of Gender Fluidity
194(1)
Recommended Reading
194(1)
Recommended Web Resources
195(1)
Survey Software Sites
195(1)
References
196(1)
Chapter 10 Experiments: Researching Cause and Effect 197(21)
Overview
198(1)
Objectives
198(1)
Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments
198(2)
Field Experiments and Ex Post Facto Designs
200(2)
Basic Experimental Design
202(1)
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
202(1)
Designing for Control
203(1)
Two-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
203(1)
Designing for Random Assignment
204(1)
Two-Group Random Assignment Pretest-Posttest Design
204(1)
The Solomon Four-Group Design
205(1)
Factorial Designs
205(2)
Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Design
207(1)
Time Series Analysis
208(1)
Validity and Experimental Design
208(4)
Internal Validity
208(2)
External Validity
210(1)
Manipulation Checks
211(1)
Online Experiments
212(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Experiments
212(1)
Running Online Experiments
213(1)
Ethics Panel: Two Famous and Controversial Experiments
213(1)
Stanley Milgram's Experiments on Authority
214(1)
Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment
214(1)
Questions
214(1)
Summary
214(1)
Key Terms
215(1)
Application Exercises
215(1)
Exercise 1: Assessing the Effect of an Instructional Program
215(1)
Exercise 2: Students and the "Opt Out" Question
215(1)
Recommended Reading
216(1)
Recommended Web Resources
216(1)
References
217(1)
Chapter 11 Quantitative Understanding of Content: Content Analysis 218(19)
Overview
219(1)
Objectives
219(1)
Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Content Analysis
220(2)
A Basic Content Analysis
222(5)
Research Questions
223(1)
Define the Content to Be Analyzed
223(1)
Sample the Content
223(1)
Select Units for Coding
223(1)
Develop a Coding Scheme
224(1)
Assign Each Occurrence of a Unit in the Sample to a Code in the Coding Scheme
224(1)
Count Occurrences of the Coded Units
224(1)
Report Results, Patterns of Data, and Inferences From Data
225(1)
A Basic Content Analysis: Further Questions
226(1)
Content Analysis of Human Interaction
227(2)
Content Analysis of the Web
229(1)
Computer Analysis of Content
230(1)
Content Analysis as Quantitative and Qualitative
231(2)
Ethics Panel: Could Content Analysis Result In Harm?
233(1)
Questions
233(1)
Summary
233(1)
Key Terms
234(1)
Application Exercises
234(1)
Exercise 1: Warming Up With Wordle
234(1)
Exercise 2: A Basic Content Analysis
234(1)
Exercise 3: News Media Bias
234(1)
Exercise 4: Stereotyping in Entertainment Media and Advertising
234(1)
Exercise 5: Analyzing Online Harassment: Quantitatively
234(1)
Recommended Web Resources
235(1)
Software
235(1)
References
235(2)
Chapter 12 Qualitative Understanding of Content: Rhetorical and Critical Analyses, and More 237(21)
Overview
238(1)
Objectives
238(1)
Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Qualitative Analyses of Content
239(1)
Rhetorical Analyses
239(3)
Aristotelian Analysis
239(1)
Dramatistic Analysis
240(1)
Fantasy Theme Analysis
241(1)
Narrative Analysis
242(1)
Metaphor Analysis
242(1)
Discourse Analysis
243(1)
Conversation Analysis
244(3)
Utterances
245(1)
Adjacency Pairs
245(1)
Turn Taking
245(1)
Repair Mechanisms
246(1)
Semiotics
247(2)
Semiotic Thinking: The Tobacco King and Sleeping Policemen
247(1)
Roman Jakobson Visits Sam's Car Lot
248(1)
Critical Analyses
249(4)
Rhetorical Analysis
250(1)
Critical Discourse Analysis
250(1)
Marxist Criticism
251(1)
Feminist Criticism
252(1)
Ethics Panel: Research as Manipulative Practice
253(1)
Questions
253(1)
Summary
254(1)
Key Terms
254(1)
Application Exercises
254(1)
Exercise 1: Discourse Analysis
254(1)
Exercise 2: Matching Method With Interest
255(1)
Exercise 3: Analyzing Organizational Stories
255(1)
Exercise 4: Analyzing Online Harassment: Qualitatively
255(1)
Recommended Reading
255(1)
Aristotle
255(1)
Bormann
255(1)
Burke
256(1)
Conversation Analysis
256(1)
Discourse Analysis
256(1)
Feminist Criticism
256(1)
Marxist Criticism
256(1)
Metaphor
256(1)
Narrative Analysis
256(1)
Semiotics
256(1)
Recommended Web Resources
256(1)
References
257(1)
Chapter 13 Qualitative Understanding of Communication Behavior: Interviews, Focus Groups, and Ethnography 258(22)
Overview
259(1)
Objectives
259(1)
Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Watching and Listening Methods
260(1)
Qualitative and Quantitative: Similarities and Differences
260(1)
Researcher-Participant Relationships
261(1)
Watching and Listening Methods
262(11)
Interviews
262(1)
Structure
262(3)
Sequence
263(1)
Question Types
263(1)
Prompts
263(1)
Interviewee Considerations
264(1)
Recording
264(1)
Focus Groups
265(1)
Online Focus Groups
266(1)
Ethnographic Methods
266(4)
Ethnographic Starting Points
268(1)
Online Ethnography
269(1)
Observational Studies
270(1)
Unobtrusive Measures
270(1)
Performance Studies
271(2)
Making Sense of Qualitative Data
273(2)
Fixed Coding
273(1)
Flexible Coding
273(2)
Qualitative Analysis Software
275(1)
Ethics Panel: In Which a Professor Becomes a Student
275(1)
Questions
276(1)
Resources
276(1)
Summary
276(1)
Key Terms
277(1)
Application Exercises
277(1)
Exercise 1: An Ethnographic Study
277(1)
Exercise 2: An Interview
277(1)
Exercise
3. Performance Studies
277(1)
Recommended Reading
278(1)
Recommended Web Resources
278(1)
Qualitative Data Analysis Software
278(1)
References
278(2)
Chapter 14 Research Results In Print and Online: Writing and Presenting for Scholarly and Other Publics 280(20)
Overview
281(1)
Objectives
281(1)
Introduction
282(1)
The Publics of Research
283(3)
Scholarly Publics
283(1)
News Media
284(1)
Interest Groups
285(1)
The Voices of Research
286(5)
Scholarly Publications
286(2)
Authors
288(2)
Qualitative-Quantitative
288(1)
Active-Passive
289(1)
Subjective-Objective (Language and Bias)
290(1)
Research Participants
290(1)
Disseminating Research
291(2)
Websites
291(1)
Blogs
292(1)
Podcasts
292(1)
Webinars
292(1)
Conference Presentations
293(1)
Visualizing Research
293(3)
Ethics Panel: Balancing Between Scholarly and Popular Writing
296(1)
Questions
296(1)
Summary
296(1)
Key Terms
296(1)
Application Exercises
297(1)
Exercise 1: Readability
297(1)
Exercise 2: Writing Styles
297(1)
Exercise 3: Assessing Researchers' Community Engagement
297(1)
Recommended Reading
297(1)
Recommended Web Resources
298(1)
Infographics
298(1)
Scholarly Social Networks
298(1)
References
299(1)
Glossary 300(13)
Index 313(10)
About the Authors 323