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Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics: Multimessenger Astronomy and its Particle Physics Foundations Second Edition 2018 [Pehme köide]

  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 733 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, 266 Illustrations, color; 114 Illustrations, black and white; XXX, 733 p. 380 illus., 266 illus. in color., 1 Paperback / softback
  • Sari: Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2018
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319781804
  • ISBN-13: 9783319781808
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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 733 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, 266 Illustrations, color; 114 Illustrations, black and white; XXX, 733 p. 380 illus., 266 illus. in color., 1 Paperback / softback
  • Sari: Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2018
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319781804
  • ISBN-13: 9783319781808
Teised raamatud teemal:

This book introduces particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. Starting from an experimental perspective, it provides a unified view of these fields that reflects the very rapid advances being made. This new edition has a number of improvements and has been updated to describe the recent discovery of gravitational waves and astrophysical neutrinos, which started the new era of multimessenger astrophysics; it also includes new results on the Higgs particle. Astroparticle and particle physics share a common problem: we still don’t have a description of the main ingredients of the Universe from the point of view of its energy budget. Addressing these fascinating issues, and offering a balanced introduction to particle and astroparticle physics that requires only a basic understanding of quantum and classical physics, this book is a valuable resource, particularly for advanced undergraduate students and for those embarking on graduate courses. It includes exercises that offer readers practical insights. It can be used equally well as a self-study book, a reference and a textbook. 



This book, written by researchers who worked in accelerator physics before becoming leaders of groups in astroparticle physics, demonstrates that a renewed study of cosmic rays must be a part of "modern" research in the new particle physics.

1 Understanding the Universe: Cosmology, Astrophysics, Particles, and Their Interactions
1(26)
1.1 Particle and Astroparticle Physics
1(2)
1.2 Particles and Fields
3(5)
1.3 The Particles of Everyday Life
8(1)
1.4 The Modern View of Interactions: Quantum Fields and Feynman Diagrams
9(1)
1.5 A Quick Look at the Universe
10(9)
1.6 Cosmic Rays
19(4)
1.7 Multimessenger Astrophysics
23(4)
2 Basics of Particle Physics
27(56)
2.1 The Atom
27(1)
2.2 The Rutherford Experiment
28(2)
2.3 Inside the Nuclei: β Decay and the Neutrino
30(2)
2.4 A Look into the Quantum World: Schrodinger's Equation
32(7)
2.4.1 Properties of Schrodinger's Equation and of its Solutions
33(5)
2.4.2 Uncertainty and the Scale of Measurements
38(1)
2.5 The Description of Scattering: Cross Section and Interaction Length
39(5)
2.5.1 Total Cross Section
39(2)
2.5.2 Differential Cross Sections
41(1)
2.5.3 Cross Sections at Colliders
41(1)
2.5.4 Partial Cross Sections
42(1)
2.5.5 Interaction Length
43(1)
2.6 Description of Decay: Width and Lifetime
44(2)
2.7 Fermi Golden Rule and Rutherford Scattering
46(4)
2.7.1 Transition Amplitude
47(2)
2.7.2 Flux
49(1)
2.7.3 Density of States
49(1)
2.7.4 Rutherford Cross Section
50(1)
2.8 Particle Scattering in Static Fields
50(3)
2.8.1 Extended Charge Distributions (Nonrelativistic)
50(1)
2.8.2 Finite Range Interactions
51(1)
2.8.3 Electron Scattering
52(1)
2.9 Special Relativity
53(21)
2.9.1 Lorentz Transformations
55(4)
2.9.2 Space--Time Interval
59(1)
2.9.3 Velocity Four-Vector
60(1)
2.9.4 Energy and Momentum
61(3)
2.9.5 Examples of Relativistic Dynamics
64(1)
2.9.6 Mandelstam Variables
65(2)
2.9.7 Lorentz Invariant Fermi Rule
67(2)
2.9.8 The Electromagnetic Tensor and the Covariant Formulation of Electromagnetism
69(5)
2.10 Natural Units
74(9)
3 Cosmic Rays and the Development of Particle Physics
83(26)
3.1 The Puzzle of Atmospheric Ionization and the Discovery of Cosmic Rays
84(6)
3.1.1 Underwater Experiments and Experiments Carried Out at Altitude
86(4)
3.1.2 The Nature of Cosmic Rays
90(1)
3.2 Cosmic Rays and the Beginning of Particle Physics
90(13)
3.2.1 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Antimatter: From the Schrodinger Equation to the Klein--Gordon and Dirac Equations
91(4)
3.2.2 The Discovery of Antimatter
95(2)
3.2.3 Cosmic Rays and the Progress of Particle Physics
97(1)
3.2.4 The μ Lepton and the n Mesons
98(3)
3.2.5 Strange Particles
101(1)
3.2.6 Mountain-Top Laboratories
102(1)
3.3 Particle Hunters Become Farmers
103(2)
3.4 The Recent Years
105(4)
4 Particle Detection
109(98)
4.1 Interaction of Particles with Matter
109(20)
4.1.1 Charged Particle Interactions
109(8)
4.1.2 Range
117(1)
4.1.3 Multiple Scattering
117(2)
4.1.4 Photon Interactions
119(4)
4.1.5 Nuclear (Hadronic) Interactions
123(1)
4.1.6 Interaction of Neutrinos
123(1)
4.1.7 Electromagnetic Showers
124(4)
4.1.8 Hadronic Showers
128(1)
4.2 Particle Detectors
129(16)
4.2.1 Track Detectors
130(8)
4.2.2 Photosensors
138(2)
4.2.3 Cherenkov Detectors
140(2)
4.2.4 Transition Radiation Detectors
142(1)
4.2.5 Calorimeters
142(3)
4.3 High-Energy Particles
145(5)
4.3.1 Artificial Accelerators
146(3)
4.3.2 Cosmic Rays as Very-High-Energy Beams
149(1)
4.4 Detector Systems and Experiments at Accelerators
150(13)
4.4.1 Examples of Detectors for Fixed-Target Experiments
151(3)
4.4.2 Examples of Detectors for Colliders
154(9)
4.5 Cosmic-Ray Detectors
163(34)
4.5.1 Interaction of Cosmic Rays with the Atmosphere: Extensive Air Showers
164(3)
4.5.2 Detectors of Charged Cosmic Rays
167(8)
4.5.3 Detection of Hard Photons
175(17)
4.5.4 Neutrino Detection
192(5)
4.6 Detection of Gravitational Waves
197(10)
5 Particles and Symmetries
207(58)
5.1 A Zoo of Particles
207(2)
5.2 Symmetries and Conservation Laws: The Noether Theorem
209(2)
5.3 Symmetries and Groups
211(21)
5.3.1 A Quantum Mechanical View of the Noether's Theorem
212(2)
5.3.2 Some Fundamental Symmetries in Quantum Mechanics
214(3)
5.3.3 Unitary Groups and Special Unitary Groups
217(1)
5.3.4 SU(2)
217(3)
5.3.5 SU(3)
220(2)
5.3.6 Discrete Symmetries: Parity, Charge Conjugation, and Time Reversal
222(3)
5.3.7 Isospin
225(4)
5.3.8 The Eightfold Way
229(3)
5.4 The Quark Model
232(9)
5.4.1 SU(3)flavor
232(2)
5.4.2 Color
234(2)
5.4.3 Excited States (Nonzero Angular Momenta Between Quarks)
236(1)
5.4.4 The Charm Quark
236(4)
5.4.5 Beauty and Top
240(1)
5.4.6 Exotic Hadrons
241(1)
5.4.7 Quark Families
241(1)
5.5 Quarks and Partons
241(14)
5.5.1 Elastic Scattering
242(1)
5.5.2 Inelastic Scattering Kinematics
243(2)
5.5.3 Deep Inelastic Scattering
245(3)
5.5.4 The Quark--Parton Model
248(5)
5.5.5 The Number of Quark Colors
253(2)
5.6 Leptons
255(3)
5.6.1 The Discovery of the τ Lepton
256(1)
5.6.2 Three Neutrinos
257(1)
5.7 The Particle Data Group and the Particle Data Book
258(7)
5.7.1 PDG: Estimates of Physical Quantities
259(1)
5.7.2 Averaging Procedures by the PDG
259(6)
6 Interactions and Field Theories
265(128)
6.1 The Lagrangian Representation of a Dynamical System
267(3)
6.1.1 The Lagrangian and the Noether Theorem
268(1)
6.1.2 Lagrangians and Fields; Lagrangian Density
269(1)
6.1.3 Lagrangian Density and Mass
270(1)
6.2 Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)
270(45)
6.2.1 Electrodynamics
270(3)
6.2.2 Minimal Coupling
273(3)
6.2.3 Gauge Invariance
276(2)
6.2.4 Dirac Equation Revisited
278(12)
6.2.5 Klein--Gordon Equation Revisited
290(2)
6.2.6 The Lagrangian for a Charged Fermion in an Electromagnetic Field: Electromagnetism as a Field Theory
292(2)
6.2.7 An Introduction to Feynman Diagrams: Electromagnetic Interactions Between Charged Spinless Particles
294(6)
6.2.8 Electron-Muon Elastic Scattering (e-μ-→ e-μ-)
300(4)
6.2.9 Feynman Diagram Rules for QED
304(2)
6.2.10 Muon Pair Production from e-e+ Annihilation (e-e+ → μ-μ+)
306(2)
6.2.11 Bhabha Scattering e-e+ → e-e+
308(3)
6.2.12 Renormalization and Vacuum Polarization
311(4)
6.3 Weak Interactions
315(38)
6.3.1 The Fermi Model of Weak Interactions
315(3)
6.3.2 Parity Violation
318(2)
6.3.3 V-A Theory
320(2)
6.3.4 "Left" and "Right" Chiral Particle States
322(3)
6.3.5 Intermediate Vector Bosons
325(8)
6.3.6 The Cabibbo Angle and the GIM Mechanism
333(4)
6.3.7 Extension to Three Quark Families: The CKM Matrix
337(3)
6.3.8 CP Violation
340(11)
6.3.9 Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry
351(2)
6.4 Strong Interactions and QCD
353(40)
6.4.1 Yang-Mills Theories
354(2)
6.4.2 The Lagrangian of QCD
356(1)
6.4.3 Vertices in QCD; Color Factors
357(2)
6.4.4 The Strong Coupling
359(2)
6.4.5 Asymptotic Freedom and Confinement
361(1)
6.4.6 Hadronization; Final States from Hadronic Interactions
362(9)
6.4.7 Hadronic Cross Section
371(22)
7 The Higgs Mechanism and the Standard Model of Particle Physics
393(62)
7.1 The Higgs Mechanism and the Origin of Mass
395(7)
7.1.1 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
396(1)
7.1.2 An Example from Classical Mechanics
396(1)
7.1.3 Application to Field Theory: Massless Fields Acquire Mass
397(3)
7.1.4 From SSB to the Higgs Mechanism: Gauge Symmetries and the Mass of Gauge Bosons
400(2)
7.2 Electroweak Unification
402(13)
7.2.1 The Formalism of the Electroweak Theory
403(5)
7.2.2 The Higgs Mechanism in the Electroweak Theory and the Mass of the Electroweak Bosons
408(3)
7.2.3 The Fermion Masses
411(1)
7.2.4 Interactions Between Fermions and Gauge Bosons
411(3)
7.2.5 Self-interactions of Gauge Bosons
414(1)
7.2.6 Feynman Diagram Rules for the Electroweak Interaction
414(1)
7.3 The Lagrangian of the Standard Model
415(4)
7.3.1 The Higgs Particle in the Standard Model
415(1)
7.3.2 Standard Model Parameters
416(3)
7.3.3 Accidental Symmetries
419(1)
7.4 Observables in the Standard Model
419(3)
7.5 Experimental Tests of the Standard Model at Accelerators
422(21)
7.5.1 Data Versus Experiments: LEP (and the Tevatron)
423(13)
7.5.2 LHC and the Discovery of the Higgs Boson
436(7)
7.6 Beyond the Minimal SM of Particle Physics; Unification of Forces
443(12)
7.6.1 Grand Unified Theories
444(3)
7.6.2 Supersymmetry
447(3)
7.6.3 Strings and Extra Dimensions; Superstrings
450(1)
7.6.4 Compositeness
451(4)
8 The Standard Model of Cosmology and the Dark Universe
455(88)
8.1 Experimental Cosmology
456(30)
8.1.1 The Universe Is Expanding
456(5)
8.1.2 Expansion Is Accelerating
461(2)
8.1.3 Cosmic Microwave Background
463(9)
8.1.4 Primordial Nucleosynthesis
472(5)
8.1.5 Astrophysical Evidence for Dark Matter
477(8)
8.1.6 Age of the Universe: A First Estimate
485(1)
8.2 General Relativity
486(24)
8.2.1 Equivalence Principle
487(1)
8.2.2 Light and Time in a Gravitational Field
487(3)
8.2.3 Flat and Curved Spaces
490(4)
8.2.4 Einstein's Equations
494(2)
8.2.5 The Friedmann---Lemaitre---Robertson---Walker Model (Friedmann Equations)
496(4)
8.2.6 Critical Density of the Universe; Normalized Densities
500(3)
8.2.7 Age of the Universe from the Friedmann Equations and Evolution Scenarios
503(2)
8.2.8 Black Holes
505(3)
8.2.9 Gravitational Waves
508(2)
8.3 Past, Present, and Future of the Universe
510(10)
8.3.1 Early Universe
510(5)
8.3.2 Inflation and Large-Scale Structures
515(5)
8.4 The ACDM Model
520(5)
8.4.1 Dark Matter Decoupling and the "WIMP Miracle"
522(3)
8.5 What Is Dark Matter Made of, and How Can It Be Found?
525(18)
8.5.1 WISPs: Neutrinos, Axions and ALPs
527(2)
8.5.2 WIMPs
529(11)
8.5.3 Other Nonbaryonic Candidates
540(3)
9 The Properties of Neutrinos
543(32)
9.1 Sources and Detectors; Evidence of the Transmutation of the Neutrino Flavor
544(19)
9.1.1 Solar Neutrinos, and the Solar Neutrino Problem
544(5)
9.1.2 Neutrino Oscillation in a Two-Flavor System
549(4)
9.1.3 Long-Baseline Reactor Experiments
553(1)
9.1.4 Estimation of ve → vμ Oscillation Parameters
554(1)
9.1.5 Atmospheric Neutrinos and the vμ → vτ Oscillation
555(2)
9.1.6 Phenomenology of Neutrino Oscillations: Extension to Three Families
557(2)
9.1.7 Short-Baseline Reactor Experiments, and the Determination of θ13
559(1)
9.1.8 Accelerator Neutrino Beams
560(2)
9.1.9 Explicit Appearance Experiment
562(1)
9.1.10 A Gift from Nature: Geo-Neutrinos
563(1)
9.2 Neutrino Oscillation Parameters
563(2)
9.3 Neutrino Masses
565(10)
9.3.1 The Constraints from Cosmological and Astrophysical Data
566(1)
9.3.2 Direct Measurements of the Electron Neutrino Mass: Beta Decays
567(1)
9.3.3 Direct Measurements of the Muon- and Tau-Neutrino Masses
568(1)
9.3.4 Incorporating Neutrino Masses in the Theory
569(1)
9.3.5 Majorana Neutrinos and the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay
570(2)
9.3.6 Present Mass Limits and Prospects
572(3)
10 Messengers from the High-Energy Universe
575(108)
10.1 How Are High-Energy Cosmic Rays Produced?
580(14)
10.1.1 Acceleration of Charged Cosmic Rays: The Fermi Mechanism
580(6)
10.1.2 Production of High-Energy Gamma Rays and Neutrinos
586(7)
10.1.3 Top-Down Mechanisms; Possible Origin from Dark Matter Particles
593(1)
10.2 Possible Acceleration Sites and Sources
594(23)
10.2.1 Stellar Endproducts as Acceleration Sites
595(8)
10.2.2 Other Galactic Sources
603(1)
10.2.3 Extragalactic Acceleration Sites: Active Galactic Nuclei and Other Galaxies
603(5)
10.2.4 Extragalactic Acceleration Sites: Gamma Ray Bursts
608(2)
10.2.5 Gamma Rays and the Origin of Cosmic Rays: The Roles of SNRs and AGN
610(4)
10.2.6 Sources of Neutrinos
614(2)
10.2.7 Sources of Gravitational Waves
616(1)
10.3 The Propagation
617(14)
10.3.1 Magnetic Fields in the Universe
618(1)
10.3.2 Photon Background
619(1)
10.3.3 Propagation of Charged Cosmic Rays
619(7)
10.3.4 Propagation of Photons
626(4)
10.3.5 Propagation of Neutrinos
630(1)
10.3.6 Propagation of Gravitational Waves
630(1)
10.4 More Experimental Results
631(40)
10.4.1 Charged Cosmic Rays: Composition, Extreme Energies, Correlation with Sources
631(14)
10.4.2 Photons: Different Source Types, Transients, Fundamental Physics
645(17)
10.4.3 Astrophysical Neutrinos
662(4)
10.4.4 Gravitational Radiation
666(5)
10.5 Future Experiments and Open Questions
671(12)
10.5.1 Charged Cosmic Rays
671(2)
10.5.2 Gamma Rays
673(1)
10.5.3 The PeV Region
674(1)
10.5.4 High Energy Neutrinos
674(2)
10.5.5 Gravitational Waves
676(1)
10.5.6 Multi-messenger Astrophysics
677(6)
11 Astrobiology and the Relation of Fundamental Physics to Life
683(28)
11.1 What Is Life?
684(8)
11.1.1 Schrodinger's Definition of Life
685(1)
11.1.2 The Recipe of Life
686(4)
11.1.3 Life in Extreme Environments
690(1)
11.1.4 The Kickoff
691(1)
11.2 Life in the Solar System, Outside Earth
692(5)
11.2.1 Planets of the Solar System
693(2)
11.2.2 Satellites of Giant Planets
695(2)
11.3 Life Outside the Solar System, and the Search for Alien Civilizations
697(12)
11.3.1 The "Drake Equation"
697(2)
11.3.2 The Search for Extrasolar Habitable Planets
699(2)
11.3.3 The Fermi Paradox
701(1)
11.3.4 Searching for Biosignatures
702(1)
11.3.5 Looking for Technological Civilizations: Listening to Messages from Space
703(3)
11.3.6 Sending Messages to the Universe
706(3)
11.4 Conclusions
709(2)
Appendix A Periodic Table of the Elements 711(2)
Appendix B Properties of Materials 713(2)
Appendix C Physical and Astrophysical Constants 715(2)
Appendix D Particle Properties 717(6)
Index 723
Alessandro de Angelis is a high energy physicist and astrophysicist. Professor at the Universities of Udine, Padua and Lisbon, he is currently the Principal Investigator of the proposed space mission e-ASTROGAM and for many years has been director of research at INFN Padua, and scientific coordinator and chairman of the board managing the MAGIC gamma-ray telescopes in the Canary Island of La Palma. His main research interest is on fundamental physics, especially astrophysics and elementary particle physics at accelerators. He graduated from Padua, was employed at CERN for seven years in the 1990s ending as a staff member, and  later was among the founding members of  NASA's Fermi gamma-ray telescope. His original scientific contributions have been mostly related to electromagnetic calorimeters, advanced trigger systems, QCD, artificial neural networks, and to the study of the cosmological propagation of photons. He has taught electromagnetism and astroparticle physics in Italy and Portugal and has been a visiting professor in the ICRR of Tokyo, at the Max-Planck Institute in Munich, and at the University of Paris VI. 





Mário Pimenta is a high energy physicist and astrophysicist.  Professor at the Instituto Superior Técnico  of the University of Lisbon, he is currently the  president of the Portuguese national organization for Particle and Astroparticle Physics, coordinator of the international PhD doctoral network IDPASC, and the representative for Portugal at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina. Formerly member of the WA72, WA74, NA38 and DELPHI experiments at CERN and of the EUSO collaboration at ESA, his main interest of research is on high-energy physics, especially cosmic rays of extremely high energy and development of detectors for astroparticle physics. He graduated from Lisbon and Paris VI, and was employed at CERN in the late 1980s. His original contributions have been mostly related to advanced trigger systems, search for new particles, hadronic interactions at extremely high energies, and recently to innovative particle detectors. He has taught general physics and particle physics in Portugal, has lectured at the University of Udine and has been visiting professor at SISSA/ISAS in Trieste.