About the Author |
|
iv | |
Preface |
|
v | |
Acknowledgments |
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vii | |
Chapter 1 Introduction to the American Legal System |
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1 | (12) |
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The American Legal System |
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1 | (9) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (3) |
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Sources of Judicial Power |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Interpretations of Federal Law |
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10 | (1) |
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The Law and Special Education |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
Chapter 2 Legal Research |
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13 | (23) |
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14 | (13) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Finding Federal Regulation |
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18 | (1) |
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State Statutes and Regulations |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (4) |
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Legal Dictionaries and Encyclopedias |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Law Review and Journal Articles |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Looseleaf or Topical Services |
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29 | (1) |
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News and Current Awareness |
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30 | (1) |
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Electronic Legal Research |
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31 | (1) |
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The Internet and Legal Research |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Legal Directories and Search Engines |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Legal Research Strategies |
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34 | (1) |
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Step 1: Analyze the Problem |
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34 | (1) |
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Step 2: Conduct the Research |
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34 | (1) |
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Step 3: Evaluate the Results |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
Chapter 3 The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities |
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36 | (17) |
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37 | (1) |
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The Exclusion of Students with Disabilities |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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The White House Conference of 1910 |
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38 | (1) |
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Public School Programming |
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38 | (1) |
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The Organization of Advocacy Groups |
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39 | (1) |
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The Civil Rights Movement and Brown v. Board of Education |
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40 | (1) |
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Parental Advocacy in the Wake of Brown |
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41 | (1) |
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The Equal Opportunity Cases |
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41 | (2) |
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Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Pennsylvania, 1972 |
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41 | (1) |
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Mills v. Board of Education, 1972 |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (7) |
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Early Federal Involvement |
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43 | (4) |
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Recent Federal Involvement |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (1) |
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The History of Special Education Law: From Access to Accountability |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
Chapter 4 The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act |
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53 | (30) |
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The Development of the IDEA |
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54 | (2) |
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Early Court Rulings and Legislation |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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The Purpose and Structure of the IDEA |
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56 | (13) |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (10) |
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The IDEA and the Reauthorization Process |
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69 | (8) |
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69 | (1) |
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The IDEA Amendments of 1997 |
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70 | (2) |
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The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 |
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72 | (5) |
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77 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Enforcing the IDEA |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
Chapter 5 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 |
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83 | (37) |
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The Development of Section 504 |
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84 | (1) |
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The Purpose and Structure of Section 504 |
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85 | (8) |
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The Purpose of Section 504 |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (6) |
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The Structure of Section 504 |
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92 | (1) |
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Major Principles of Section 504 |
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93 | (8) |
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Protection from Discrimination |
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93 | (5) |
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Free Appropriate Public Education |
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98 | (2) |
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Evaluation and Placement Procedures |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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School District Responsibilities Under Section 504 |
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101 | (10) |
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Administrative Responsibilities |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (9) |
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Enforcement of Section 504 |
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111 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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Filing a Complaint with the Office of Civil Rights |
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111 | (2) |
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Filing for a Due Process Hearing |
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113 | (1) |
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Filing a Suit in Federal Court |
|
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113 | (1) |
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Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools (2017) |
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113 | (3) |
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Remedies Under Section 504 |
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115 | (1) |
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Retaliation Claims Under Section 504 |
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|
115 | (1) |
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Comparison of the IDEA and Section 504 |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
Chapter 6 The Americans with Disabilities Act |
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120 | (16) |
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The Development of the ADA |
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121 | (1) |
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The Purpose and Structure of the ADA |
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122 | (11) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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The U.S. Supreme Court and the ADA |
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|
124 | (2) |
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The ADA Amendments of 2008 |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (6) |
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School District Responsibilities |
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133 | (1) |
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ADA Compliance Coordinator |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Prohibition Against Discrimination |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
Chapter 7 The Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 |
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136 | (22) |
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The History of Federal Involvement in Education: From Assistance to Accountability and Back Again |
|
|
137 | (5) |
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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The National Education Summit and America 2000 |
|
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139 | (1) |
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The Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 |
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139 | (1) |
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The National Assessment of Educational Progress |
|
|
139 | (1) |
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The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 |
|
|
140 | (1) |
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The American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 |
|
|
140 | (1) |
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|
141 | (1) |
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The Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 |
|
|
141 | (1) |
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Summary of the Federal Role in Education |
|
|
142 | (1) |
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The Reauthorization of the ESEA in NCLB |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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|
143 | (1) |
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The Major Principles of NCLB |
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|
143 | (6) |
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144 | (1) |
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|
144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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|
146 | (1) |
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Sanctions for Failing to Meet AYP |
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|
147 | (1) |
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Scientifically-Based Instruction |
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|
147 | (1) |
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Highly Qualified Teachers |
|
|
148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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|
149 | (2) |
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The Reauthorization of the ESEA in the ESSA |
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|
150 | (1) |
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|
150 | (1) |
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|
150 | (1) |
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The Major Principles of the ESSA |
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|
151 | (4) |
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|
151 | (1) |
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|
151 | (2) |
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Accountability for Results |
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153 | (1) |
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Evidence-Based Interventions |
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154 | (1) |
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Highly Qualified Teacher Requirements |
|
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154 | (1) |
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Additional Provisions of ESSA |
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155 | (1) |
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|
155 | (1) |
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For Further Information on the ESSA |
|
|
156 | (1) |
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For Further Information on Evidence-Based Practices |
|
|
156 | (1) |
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|
156 | (2) |
Chapter 8 Free Appropriate Public Education |
|
158 | (37) |
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The FAPE Mandate of the IDEA |
|
|
159 | (1) |
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159 | (4) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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|
162 | (1) |
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|
162 | (1) |
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|
163 | (9) |
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Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson School District v. Rowley, 1982 |
|
|
164 | (3) |
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The Higher Educational Benefit Standard |
|
|
167 | (1) |
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The Lower Educational Benefit Standard |
|
|
168 | (1) |
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Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District, 2017 |
|
|
169 | (2) |
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The Endrew Decision on Remand |
|
|
171 | (1) |
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The U.S Department of Education and the Endrew Decision |
|
|
171 | (1) |
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|
172 | (2) |
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Peer-Reviewed Research and FAPE |
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|
174 | (3) |
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Related Services and FAPE |
|
|
177 | (5) |
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The U.S. Supreme Court and Related Services |
|
|
180 | (2) |
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Extended School Year and FAPE |
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|
182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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IEP Implementation and FAPE |
|
|
185 | (2) |
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Is There a New FAPE Standard? |
|
|
187 | (2) |
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Lessons from Litigation and Legislation |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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|
191 | (4) |
Chapter 9 Identification, Assessment, and Evaluation |
|
195 | (24) |
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196 | (3) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Accountability/Outcome Decisions |
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|
199 | (1) |
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The Assessment/Evaluation Process |
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|
199 | (4) |
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200 | (1) |
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|
201 | (2) |
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Protection in Evaluation Procedures |
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203 | (6) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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|
205 | (1) |
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Comprehensiveness of the Evaluation |
|
|
205 | (1) |
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Qualifications of Evaluators |
|
|
206 | (1) |
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Evaluation Materials and Procedures |
|
|
206 | (1) |
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Special Rules for Eligibility Determination |
|
|
207 | (1) |
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Nondiscriminatory Evaluation |
|
|
208 | (1) |
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Interpreting Evaluation Data |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Medical Diagnosis and Eligibility Determination |
|
|
210 | (1) |
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|
210 | (1) |
|
Independent Educational Evaluations |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
Accountability Efforts and Students with Disabilities |
|
|
213 | (1) |
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Including Students with Disabilities in Accountability Efforts |
|
|
214 | (1) |
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Lessons From Litigation and Legislation |
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|
214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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|
216 | (3) |
Chapter 10 The Individualized Education Program |
|
219 | (37) |
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|
221 | (2) |
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Communication and Collaboration |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Compliance and Monitoring |
|
|
222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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|
223 | (1) |
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IEP Development: Procedural Requirements |
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|
223 | (20) |
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223 | (4) |
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227 | (5) |
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232 | (11) |
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IEP Development: Substantive Requirements |
|
|
243 | (2) |
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|
243 | (2) |
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Reviewing and Revising the IEP |
|
|
245 | (2) |
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Communicating the Requirements of the IEP and Implementing the IEP |
|
|
245 | (1) |
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Placement in Private Schools |
|
|
246 | (1) |
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|
247 | (1) |
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|
248 | (1) |
|
Lessons From Litigation and Legislation |
|
|
248 | (4) |
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|
252 | (1) |
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|
252 | (1) |
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|
252 | (4) |
Chapter 11 Placing Students in the Least Restrictive Environment |
|
256 | (23) |
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LRE, Mainstreaming, and Inclusion |
|
|
258 | (3) |
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|
258 | (1) |
|
Continuum of Alternative Placements |
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
Considerations in Educational Placements |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
Determining a Student's Placement |
|
|
261 | (1) |
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Placement in the Neighborhood School |
|
|
261 | (1) |
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|
262 | (1) |
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The Interests of Peers Without Disabilities |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Judicial Standards of Review |
|
|
263 | (8) |
|
The Roncker Test (Sixth and Eighth Circuits) |
|
|
263 | (2) |
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The Daniel Test (Second, Third, Fifth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
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The Rachel H. Test (Ninth Circuit) |
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|
266 | (3) |
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The DeVries Test (Fourth Circuit) |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Summary of Judicial Standards of Review |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Factors in Determining the LRE |
|
|
271 | (4) |
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|
271 | (2) |
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|
273 | (1) |
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|
273 | (1) |
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|
273 | (1) |
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|
274 | (1) |
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The Use of Supplementary Aids and Services |
|
|
274 | (1) |
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A Model for Determining LRE |
|
|
275 | (1) |
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Lessons from Litigation and Legislation |
|
|
276 | (1) |
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|
276 | (1) |
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|
277 | (1) |
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|
277 | (2) |
Chapter 12 Procedural Safeguards |
|
279 | (37) |
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Procedural Rights of Parents |
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|
280 | (2) |
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Identification of Parents |
|
|
280 | (2) |
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|
282 | (1) |
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General Procedural Requirements |
|
|
282 | (5) |
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|
283 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
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Opportunity to Examine Records |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Independent Educational Evaluation |
|
|
286 | (1) |
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|
287 | (11) |
|
State Complaint Procedures |
|
|
287 | (1) |
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|
288 | (2) |
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|
290 | (1) |
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|
290 | (1) |
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|
290 | (6) |
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School District Responsibilities in the Hearing |
|
|
296 | (1) |
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The Burden of Persuasion in an Administrative Hearing |
|
|
296 | (2) |
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Alternatives to the Due Process Hearing |
|
|
298 | (1) |
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|
299 | (13) |
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|
299 | (4) |
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|
303 | (1) |
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|
304 | (3) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Compensatory Awards Under the IDEA |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
308 | (4) |
|
Lessons from Legislation and Litigation |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
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|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (3) |
Chapter 13 Disciplining Students with Disabilities |
|
316 | (34) |
|
Discipline in the Schools |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Procedural Due Process: The Right to Fair Procedures |
|
|
318 | (4) |
|
Developing Schoolwide Discipline Policies |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Extending Due Process Protections to Students |
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
Ensuring That Discipline Practices Are Nondiscriminatory |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Substantive Due Process: The Right to Reasonableness |
|
|
321 | (1) |
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|
322 | (13) |
|
Addressing Problem Behavior in the IEP Process |
|
|
324 | (3) |
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|
327 | (5) |
|
The Manifestation Determination |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
Interim Alternative Educational Settings |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Disciplining Students Not Yet Eligible for Special Education |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
Referral to Law Enforcement and Courts |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
The Legal Status of Disciplinary Procedures |
|
|
337 | (6) |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
337 | (3) |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Lessons from Litigation and Legislation |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (3) |
Chapter 14 Additional Issues: Bullying, Charter Schools, Response to Intervention, Educational Records, and Liability for Student Injury |
|
350 | (33) |
|
Bullying and Harassment of Students with Disabilities |
|
|
351 | (6) |
|
Bullying as a Violation of the Civil Rights of Students with Disabilities |
|
|
352 | (3) |
|
Bullying as a Violation of a Free Appropriate Public Education |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
Lessons from Litigation and Legislation |
|
|
357 | (3) |
|
Summary of Bullying and Harassment of Students with Disabilities |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Students with Disabilities in Charter Schools |
|
|
360 | (4) |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
Section 504 and Charter Schools |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Lessons from Litigation and Legislation |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Summary of Students with Disabilities and Charter Schools |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (4) |
|
RTI and the IDEA: Administrative Guidance and Litigation |
|
|
366 | (3) |
|
Lessons from Litigation and Legislation |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Summary of Response to Intervention |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
370 | (3) |
|
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
Lessons from Litigation and Legislation |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Summary of Student Records |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Liability for Student Injury |
|
|
374 | (5) |
|
|
374 | (3) |
|
Monetary Damages in Personal Injury Suits |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Teachers' Defenses Against Liability |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Lessons from Litigation and Legislation |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Summary of Liability for Student Injury |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (3) |
Appendices |
|
|
Appendix A Major Changes of IDEA 2004 |
|
|
383 | (8) |
|
Appendix B Relevant Sections of the U.S. Constitution |
|
|
391 | (2) |
Glossary of Key Terms and Acronyms |
|
393 | (2) |
Case Index |
|
395 | (4) |
Author Index |
|
399 | (3) |
Subject Index |
|
402 | |